This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental he... more This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental health therapists in the United States. Using the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, the authors aimed to provide a better understanding of stress appraisals (i.e., cultural racism) that affect burnout among Black mental health therapists. Perceived cultural racism and hours worked per week were found to be predictive of burnout. The findings highlight the importance of attending to cultural racism as a work stress that impacts the well‐being of Black mental health therapists.
The present study examined the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and... more The present study examined the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and race-related stress among a national sample of 250 Black mental health therapists (counselors, social workers, psychologists, and marriage and family therapists). We investigated the predictive nature of the three subscales (Individual Racism, Cultural Racism, and Institutional Racism) of the Index of Race-Related Stress–Brief Version (IRRS-B) and selected demographic variables on therapists’ reports of burnout and STS assessed on the Professional Quality of Life Scale–Version 5 (ProQOL-5). All three forms of race-related stress significantly predicted both burnout and STS for Black mental health therapists. Of the demographic variables, hours worked per week significantly predicted burnout and STS. Additionally, highest degree obtained significantly predicted STS for Black mental health therapists. The utility of these findings in understanding the connections among race-related stress...
Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describ... more Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describes the unique opportunities and challenges encountered in RTI with English learners (ELs). This phenomenological study explored the experiences of school counselors engaging in RTI for ELs. The researchers identified three themes: (a) key stakeholders impacting RTI for ELs, (b) school counselors advocating for ELs in RTI, and (c) challenges distinguishing language from learning. We include implications for school counseling practice and research.
The present study examines the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and... more The present study examines the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and race-related stress among a national sample of 250 Black mental health therapists (counselors, social workers, psychologists, and marriage and family therapists). We investigated the predictive nature of the three subscales (Individual Racism, Cultural Racism, and Institutional Racism) of the Index of Race-Related Stress-Brief Version (IRRS-B) and selected demographic variables on therapists' reports of burnout and STS assessed on the Professional Quality of Life Scale-Version 5 (ProQOL-5). All three forms of race-related stress significantly predicted both burnout and STS for Black mental health therapists. Of the demographic variables, hours worked per week significantly predicted burnout and STS. Additionally, highest degree obtained significantly predicted STS for Black mental health therapists. The utility of these findings in understanding the connections among race-related stress, burnout, and STS are discussed as well as directions for future research.
This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental he... more This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental health therapists in the United States. Using the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, the authors aimed to provide a better understanding of stress appraisals (i.e., cultural racism) that affect burnout among Black mental health therapists. Perceived cultural racism and hours worked per week were found to be predictive of burnout. The findings highlight the importance of attending to cultural racism as a work stress that impacts the well‐being of Black mental health therapists.
Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describ... more Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describes the unique opportunities and challenges encountered in RTI with English learners (ELs). This phenomenological study explored the experiences of school counselors engaging in RTI for ELs. The researchers identified three themes: (a) key stakeholders impacting RTI for ELs, (b) school counselors advocating for ELs in RTI, and (c) challenges distinguishing language from learning. We include implications for school counseling practice and research.
Response to intervention (RTI) is a process used to identify academic, behavioral, and/or social-... more Response to intervention (RTI) is a process used to identify academic, behavioral, and/or social-emotional supports for students with school related concerns. School counselors often serve on this team as supporters, interveners, advocates, and facilitators. English learners present unique language, access and identification challenges to RTI. This article presents a framework for school counselors to utilize during their advocacy for English learners in the instructional RTI process. The model outlines relevant stakeholders, parent/guardian supports, interpreter guidelines, and pertinent academic resources needed to advocate for English learners in the instructional RTI process.
The demographics of public schools in the United States have changed immensely since the peak of ... more The demographics of public schools in the United States have changed immensely since the peak of the Civil Rights Era in 1968 from a majority White population to a nearly 50% heterogenous mix of Culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. Culturally and Linguistically Diverse students face longstanding issues of inequity within public schools in the United States. Culturally responsive school leadership is one method to address and redress the longstanding inequities for CLD students. School counselors are uniquely positioned to bridge the multicultural and social justice leadership practices to traditional models of school leadership based on their training, access to school-wide data and infusion of Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts and Greenleaf, 2017). This conceptual article seeks to promote school counselors as culturally responsive school leaders by revealing their training and skillsets through a Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies framework.
While school counselors work with students in special education, little research describes their ... more While school counselors work with students in special education, little research describes their work with African American students in or at risk of special education or the phenomenon of disproportionality of African American students in special education. This phenomenological study explored the experiences and perceptions of eight high school counselors working with African American students in special education, and their perception of disproportionality among this identified population. Three themes were identified: (a) Dis-Regard, (b) separate worlds and (c) professional knowledge. Intentional strategies to introduce counselors to the concept of disproportionality and its antecedents may mitigate processes that potentially lead to overrepresentation of African Americans in special education.
Culturally and linguistically diverse students face longstanding issues of inequity within public... more Culturally and linguistically diverse students face longstanding issues of inequity within public schools in the United States. Response to intervention (RTI) is one proposed solution that addresses the inequities. As advocates for all students, school counselors possess the training and knowledge to promote fairness and equity within the RTI process. Using critical race theory, the authors present a vignette and conceptualize methods based on school counselors’ education and training that school counselors can use to promote equity within RTI for culturally diverse students. Keywords: response to intervention, school counselors, critical race theory, culturally and linguistically diverse students
This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental he... more This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental health therapists in the United States. Using the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, the authors aimed to provide a better understanding of stress appraisals (i.e., cultural racism) that affect burnout among Black mental health therapists. Perceived cultural racism and hours worked per week were found to be predictive of burnout. The findings highlight the importance of attending to cultural racism as a work stress that impacts the well‐being of Black mental health therapists.
The present study examined the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and... more The present study examined the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and race-related stress among a national sample of 250 Black mental health therapists (counselors, social workers, psychologists, and marriage and family therapists). We investigated the predictive nature of the three subscales (Individual Racism, Cultural Racism, and Institutional Racism) of the Index of Race-Related Stress–Brief Version (IRRS-B) and selected demographic variables on therapists’ reports of burnout and STS assessed on the Professional Quality of Life Scale–Version 5 (ProQOL-5). All three forms of race-related stress significantly predicted both burnout and STS for Black mental health therapists. Of the demographic variables, hours worked per week significantly predicted burnout and STS. Additionally, highest degree obtained significantly predicted STS for Black mental health therapists. The utility of these findings in understanding the connections among race-related stress...
Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describ... more Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describes the unique opportunities and challenges encountered in RTI with English learners (ELs). This phenomenological study explored the experiences of school counselors engaging in RTI for ELs. The researchers identified three themes: (a) key stakeholders impacting RTI for ELs, (b) school counselors advocating for ELs in RTI, and (c) challenges distinguishing language from learning. We include implications for school counseling practice and research.
The present study examines the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and... more The present study examines the relationships among burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and race-related stress among a national sample of 250 Black mental health therapists (counselors, social workers, psychologists, and marriage and family therapists). We investigated the predictive nature of the three subscales (Individual Racism, Cultural Racism, and Institutional Racism) of the Index of Race-Related Stress-Brief Version (IRRS-B) and selected demographic variables on therapists' reports of burnout and STS assessed on the Professional Quality of Life Scale-Version 5 (ProQOL-5). All three forms of race-related stress significantly predicted both burnout and STS for Black mental health therapists. Of the demographic variables, hours worked per week significantly predicted burnout and STS. Additionally, highest degree obtained significantly predicted STS for Black mental health therapists. The utility of these findings in understanding the connections among race-related stress, burnout, and STS are discussed as well as directions for future research.
This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental he... more This study examined the correlation between cultural racism and burnout among 252 Black mental health therapists in the United States. Using the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, the authors aimed to provide a better understanding of stress appraisals (i.e., cultural racism) that affect burnout among Black mental health therapists. Perceived cultural racism and hours worked per week were found to be predictive of burnout. The findings highlight the importance of attending to cultural racism as a work stress that impacts the well‐being of Black mental health therapists.
Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describ... more Although school counselors participate in response to intervention (RTI), little research describes the unique opportunities and challenges encountered in RTI with English learners (ELs). This phenomenological study explored the experiences of school counselors engaging in RTI for ELs. The researchers identified three themes: (a) key stakeholders impacting RTI for ELs, (b) school counselors advocating for ELs in RTI, and (c) challenges distinguishing language from learning. We include implications for school counseling practice and research.
Response to intervention (RTI) is a process used to identify academic, behavioral, and/or social-... more Response to intervention (RTI) is a process used to identify academic, behavioral, and/or social-emotional supports for students with school related concerns. School counselors often serve on this team as supporters, interveners, advocates, and facilitators. English learners present unique language, access and identification challenges to RTI. This article presents a framework for school counselors to utilize during their advocacy for English learners in the instructional RTI process. The model outlines relevant stakeholders, parent/guardian supports, interpreter guidelines, and pertinent academic resources needed to advocate for English learners in the instructional RTI process.
The demographics of public schools in the United States have changed immensely since the peak of ... more The demographics of public schools in the United States have changed immensely since the peak of the Civil Rights Era in 1968 from a majority White population to a nearly 50% heterogenous mix of Culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. Culturally and Linguistically Diverse students face longstanding issues of inequity within public schools in the United States. Culturally responsive school leadership is one method to address and redress the longstanding inequities for CLD students. School counselors are uniquely positioned to bridge the multicultural and social justice leadership practices to traditional models of school leadership based on their training, access to school-wide data and infusion of Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts and Greenleaf, 2017). This conceptual article seeks to promote school counselors as culturally responsive school leaders by revealing their training and skillsets through a Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies framework.
While school counselors work with students in special education, little research describes their ... more While school counselors work with students in special education, little research describes their work with African American students in or at risk of special education or the phenomenon of disproportionality of African American students in special education. This phenomenological study explored the experiences and perceptions of eight high school counselors working with African American students in special education, and their perception of disproportionality among this identified population. Three themes were identified: (a) Dis-Regard, (b) separate worlds and (c) professional knowledge. Intentional strategies to introduce counselors to the concept of disproportionality and its antecedents may mitigate processes that potentially lead to overrepresentation of African Americans in special education.
Culturally and linguistically diverse students face longstanding issues of inequity within public... more Culturally and linguistically diverse students face longstanding issues of inequity within public schools in the United States. Response to intervention (RTI) is one proposed solution that addresses the inequities. As advocates for all students, school counselors possess the training and knowledge to promote fairness and equity within the RTI process. Using critical race theory, the authors present a vignette and conceptualize methods based on school counselors’ education and training that school counselors can use to promote equity within RTI for culturally diverse students. Keywords: response to intervention, school counselors, critical race theory, culturally and linguistically diverse students
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Papers by E Mackenzie (Ken) Shell
Three themes were identified: (a) Dis-Regard, (b) separate worlds and (c) professional knowledge. Intentional strategies to introduce counselors to the concept of disproportionality and its antecedents may mitigate processes that potentially lead to overrepresentation of African Americans in special education.
Keywords: response to intervention, school counselors, critical race theory,
culturally and linguistically diverse students
Three themes were identified: (a) Dis-Regard, (b) separate worlds and (c) professional knowledge. Intentional strategies to introduce counselors to the concept of disproportionality and its antecedents may mitigate processes that potentially lead to overrepresentation of African Americans in special education.
Keywords: response to intervention, school counselors, critical race theory,
culturally and linguistically diverse students