I am Oceanographer.I am using Python and R ,MATLAB, Java ,C++ for data analysis, data visualization, Machine learning and Ocean/ climate modeling. I have strong working skill on MS Office ,tableau,ArcGIS .I am currently working on Machine learning and Deep learning applications in Environmental Sciences. Phone: +8801828463046 Address: kotowali, chittagong email: hafezahmad100@gmail.com
Future prediction modeling of land use/land cover (LULC) is crucial for coastal regions due to un... more Future prediction modeling of land use/land cover (LULC) is crucial for coastal regions due to unique challenges and vulnerabilities associated with these areas. This research aims to evaluate the performance of three models: Logistic Regressor (LR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Weight of Evidence (CA-WoE) combined with Cellular Automata (CA) to predict the future LULC change for the Sundarbans coastal area, straddling the international boundary of Bangladesh and India. Hybrid models of CA-LR, CA-ANN, and CA-WoE were applied to predict LULC changes for the Sundarbans deltaic region for 2030 and 2050, based on a host of spatial and environmental variables. The supervised machine learning algorithm of the Random Forest (RF) classification model was used to classify satellite images during 1990–2020 to create LULC maps. Image classification was based on four distinct LULC classes: (i) mangroves, (ii) waterbodies, (iii) built-up, and (iv) barren land. Respective percentage correctness (PCN) for model types of CA-LR, CA-ANN, and CA-WoE was 90.82%, 92.06%, and 92.12% with overall Cohen's kappa metrics (OKM) of 0.815, 0.841, and 0.842, respectively. Overall, CA-WoE model performance was superior to CA-ANN and CA-LR models in predicting LULC maps for 2030 and 2050. Model results suggest that future mangrove forest area in the Sundarbans will decrease, and waterbodies will increase in area by 2050. The findings of this study may guide future sustainable land use management in the Sundarbans. This study also provides model selection techniques for predicting coastal LULC changes worldwide.
Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also a... more Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also an ecological hot spot. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found. At the same time St. Martin’s Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting places in the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as being a wintering site for migratory birds. There are also commercial important seaweed and oyster and shell.
Coastal Zone (CZ) is the region where land, ocean and atmosphere interact with each other hence i... more Coastal Zone (CZ) is the region where land, ocean and atmosphere interact with each other hence it is dynamic and diverse in nature. This zone is being continually attacked by cyclones, sea level rise, storm surge which have caused terrible impacts on this low lying coastal area. The complex and active coastal zone needs to manage and requires an integrated holistic approach. This study aims to identify the background of coastal zone management, scope, the rationality of coastal development, challenges, framework, environmental impacts, and future trends. Currently integrated coastal zone management is mainly used for coastal development strategy in Bangladesh (BD). CZ of BD requires an integrated management to establish a mutual interaction among coastal community, policy, environment to achieve sustainable development of CZ. CZ has development opportunities that can reduce coastal poverty and contribute to the local and overall economic development of Bangladesh. The zone has dive...
Climate is changing from its very beginning, but the impacts are becoming noticeable over last se... more Climate is changing from its very beginning, but the impacts are becoming noticeable over last several decades. Coastal zone of Bangladesh is geomorphologically and hydrologically dominated by the Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna (GBM) river system and Bay of Bengal. This zone is being continually attacked by cyclones, sea level rise, storm surge which have caused terrible impacts on this low lying coastal area. Due to climate change and geographic location, coastal areas of Bangladesh are highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Climate change will create an additional stress and have direct a negative consequence coastal ecosystems, biodiversity livelihood, and economy and food security. This study aims to identify Background of present status of climate change and its impacts of regional scale, rationality of coastal risks assessment, environmental impacts, risks potentials, quantifying vulnerability, climate change adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms. Several studies are initiat...
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables to take decision based ... more Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables to take decision based on data. Artificial intelligence makes possible to integrate ML capabilities into data driven modelling systems in order to bridge the gaps and lessen demands on human experts in oceanographic research .ML algorithms have proven to be a powerful tool for analysing oceanographic and climate data with high accuracy in efficient way. ML has a wide spectrum of real time applications in oceanography and Earth sciences. This study has explained in simple way the realistic uses and applications of major ML algorithms. The main application of machine learning in oceanography is prediction of ocean weather and climate, habitat modelling and distribution, species identification , coastal water monitoring, marine resources management, detection of oil spill and pollution and wave modelling.
The karnafully is the most important river of Chittagong division.it is originated from the lusai... more The karnafully is the most important river of Chittagong division.it is originated from the lusai hill of Assam in India at latitude 22•53'N and longitude 92•27'E and has entered into Chittagong from northeastern side to the west and southwest direction and finally falls into the bay of Bengal (latitude 22•12'N and longitude 92•47'E) at Patenga. Karnafully River is full of biodiversity and enriched estuarine ecosystem. But it is degrading day by day in this report, karnafully phytoplankton (13 species), zooplankton (10 species), benthos (11 species) and sediment from two sites have been studied plankton are higher during low tide than high tide. And from sediment texture sand are greater quantities. The study also involved determination physical-chemical parameters of karnafully river estuary from different points (10 Ghat and 18 Ghat stations).
Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also a... more Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also an ecological hot spot. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found. At the same time St. Martin’s Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting places in the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as being a wintering site for migratory birds. There are also commercial important seaweed and oyster and shell.
Machine Learning (ML) is a discipline of computer science that develops dynamic algorithms capabl... more Machine Learning (ML) is a discipline of computer science that develops dynamic algorithms capable to produce data-driven decisions (Thessen, 2016). ML has proven itself to be an answer to many real-world problems with its capabilities. ML has the advantage over the traditional methods because it can a build model which is highly dimensional and nonlinear data with complex relations and missing values. ML has proven useful for a very large number of applications in many parts of the Earth system (land, ocean, and atmosphere) and beyond, from retrieval algorithms, crop disease detection, new product creation, bias correction and code acceleration (Yi & Prybutok, 1996). A large amount of data is collected by scientific instruments then separated into train set and test set. Therefore, ML algorithms are trained by this data. then build model with high accuracy and its parameters are optimized based on sample data during the learning step. During prediction the model parameters are used to infer results on the previously unseen data. ML has multiple algorithms, techniques, and methodologies that can be used to build models to solve real-world problems using oceanographic data. (a) A supervised Learning (SL) is a type of ML algorithm that uses labeled data. After that, the machine is provided with new set of data so that SL algorithms analyses the training data and produce a correct outcome from the labeled data. SL mainly trials to model the relationship between the inputs and their corresponding outputs from the training data so that we would be able to predict the output based on the knowledge it gained earlier with regard to relationships. SL are classified into two major categories. a. classification and b. regression. (b) Unsupervised learning (USL) is the training of the machine using data that is neither classified nor labeled. The task of the machine is to group unsorted data based on the similarities, patterns and differences without any guidance. USL can be classified into following the categories a. clustering, b. dimensionality reduction c. anomaly detection. (c) The reinforcement learning (RL) methods are slightly different from SL or USL. RL is a type of ML where an agent learns how to behave in the environment by performing actions and thereby drawing intuitions and seeing the results. (d) Deep learning (DL) is the subset of ML concerned with algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the human brain called an artificial neural network. Neural networks (NNs) come in several forms such as recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and artificial neural networks and feed forward neural networks. An ANN is an interconnected group of nodes. Here, each circular node represents an artificial neuron and an arrow represents a connection from the output of one artificial neuron to the input of another (Burkitt, 2006).However, in the present circumstances of limited and poor infrastructural opportunities for oceanographic research in Bangladesh, ML techniques could be a robust, fast, and highly accurate option.
Research Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions and testing ... more Research Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions and testing hypothesis. Because. Research must be systematic and follow a series of steps and a rigid standard protocol. There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate results. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope. Methods are set of specific techniques for selecting cases, measuring and observing aspects of social life, gathering and refining data, analyzing data and reporting on results. Types of research 1: quantitative research: This research is based on numeric figures or numbers. Quantitative research aim to measure the quantity or amount and compares it with past records and tries to project for future period. 2: qualitative research: Qualitative research refers to the meanings, definitions, characteristics, symbols, metaphors, and description of things. Qualitative research is much more subjective and uses very different methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups Qualitative research Quantitative research 1 Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that develops understanding on human and social sciences, to find the way people think and feel Quantitative research is a research method that is used to generate numerical data and hard facts, by employing statistical, logical and mathematical technique 2 nature Holistic Particularistic 3 approach Subjective Objective 4 data Verbal Measurable 5 hypothesis Generated Tested 6 objective To explore and discover ideas used in the ongoing processes. To examine cause and effect relationship between variables. result Develops initial understanding Recommends final course of action 3: applied research : Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world. The goal of applied research is to improve the human condition. It focuses on analysis and solving social and real life problems. This research is generally conducted on a large scale basis and is expensive. 4: descriptive research: Descriptive research provides information about conditions, situations, and events that occur in the present. It is also called statistical research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. 5: basic research 6: longitudinal research: A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Scope and importance of ocean research for sustainable development The ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It regulates our climate and holds vast and in some cases untouched resources. It provides us with basics such as food, materials, energy, and transportation. Today, Research tools in Oceanography hafez ahmad, 4 th batch 1
Future prediction modeling of land use/land cover (LULC) is crucial for coastal regions due to un... more Future prediction modeling of land use/land cover (LULC) is crucial for coastal regions due to unique challenges and vulnerabilities associated with these areas. This research aims to evaluate the performance of three models: Logistic Regressor (LR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Weight of Evidence (CA-WoE) combined with Cellular Automata (CA) to predict the future LULC change for the Sundarbans coastal area, straddling the international boundary of Bangladesh and India. Hybrid models of CA-LR, CA-ANN, and CA-WoE were applied to predict LULC changes for the Sundarbans deltaic region for 2030 and 2050, based on a host of spatial and environmental variables. The supervised machine learning algorithm of the Random Forest (RF) classification model was used to classify satellite images during 1990–2020 to create LULC maps. Image classification was based on four distinct LULC classes: (i) mangroves, (ii) waterbodies, (iii) built-up, and (iv) barren land. Respective percentage correctness (PCN) for model types of CA-LR, CA-ANN, and CA-WoE was 90.82%, 92.06%, and 92.12% with overall Cohen's kappa metrics (OKM) of 0.815, 0.841, and 0.842, respectively. Overall, CA-WoE model performance was superior to CA-ANN and CA-LR models in predicting LULC maps for 2030 and 2050. Model results suggest that future mangrove forest area in the Sundarbans will decrease, and waterbodies will increase in area by 2050. The findings of this study may guide future sustainable land use management in the Sundarbans. This study also provides model selection techniques for predicting coastal LULC changes worldwide.
Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also a... more Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also an ecological hot spot. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found. At the same time St. Martin’s Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting places in the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as being a wintering site for migratory birds. There are also commercial important seaweed and oyster and shell.
Coastal Zone (CZ) is the region where land, ocean and atmosphere interact with each other hence i... more Coastal Zone (CZ) is the region where land, ocean and atmosphere interact with each other hence it is dynamic and diverse in nature. This zone is being continually attacked by cyclones, sea level rise, storm surge which have caused terrible impacts on this low lying coastal area. The complex and active coastal zone needs to manage and requires an integrated holistic approach. This study aims to identify the background of coastal zone management, scope, the rationality of coastal development, challenges, framework, environmental impacts, and future trends. Currently integrated coastal zone management is mainly used for coastal development strategy in Bangladesh (BD). CZ of BD requires an integrated management to establish a mutual interaction among coastal community, policy, environment to achieve sustainable development of CZ. CZ has development opportunities that can reduce coastal poverty and contribute to the local and overall economic development of Bangladesh. The zone has dive...
Climate is changing from its very beginning, but the impacts are becoming noticeable over last se... more Climate is changing from its very beginning, but the impacts are becoming noticeable over last several decades. Coastal zone of Bangladesh is geomorphologically and hydrologically dominated by the Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna (GBM) river system and Bay of Bengal. This zone is being continually attacked by cyclones, sea level rise, storm surge which have caused terrible impacts on this low lying coastal area. Due to climate change and geographic location, coastal areas of Bangladesh are highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Climate change will create an additional stress and have direct a negative consequence coastal ecosystems, biodiversity livelihood, and economy and food security. This study aims to identify Background of present status of climate change and its impacts of regional scale, rationality of coastal risks assessment, environmental impacts, risks potentials, quantifying vulnerability, climate change adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms. Several studies are initiat...
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables to take decision based ... more Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence that enables to take decision based on data. Artificial intelligence makes possible to integrate ML capabilities into data driven modelling systems in order to bridge the gaps and lessen demands on human experts in oceanographic research .ML algorithms have proven to be a powerful tool for analysing oceanographic and climate data with high accuracy in efficient way. ML has a wide spectrum of real time applications in oceanography and Earth sciences. This study has explained in simple way the realistic uses and applications of major ML algorithms. The main application of machine learning in oceanography is prediction of ocean weather and climate, habitat modelling and distribution, species identification , coastal water monitoring, marine resources management, detection of oil spill and pollution and wave modelling.
The karnafully is the most important river of Chittagong division.it is originated from the lusai... more The karnafully is the most important river of Chittagong division.it is originated from the lusai hill of Assam in India at latitude 22•53'N and longitude 92•27'E and has entered into Chittagong from northeastern side to the west and southwest direction and finally falls into the bay of Bengal (latitude 22•12'N and longitude 92•47'E) at Patenga. Karnafully River is full of biodiversity and enriched estuarine ecosystem. But it is degrading day by day in this report, karnafully phytoplankton (13 species), zooplankton (10 species), benthos (11 species) and sediment from two sites have been studied plankton are higher during low tide than high tide. And from sediment texture sand are greater quantities. The study also involved determination physical-chemical parameters of karnafully river estuary from different points (10 Ghat and 18 Ghat stations).
Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also a... more Saint Martin’s island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is also an ecological hot spot. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found. At the same time St. Martin’s Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting places in the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as being a wintering site for migratory birds. There are also commercial important seaweed and oyster and shell.
Machine Learning (ML) is a discipline of computer science that develops dynamic algorithms capabl... more Machine Learning (ML) is a discipline of computer science that develops dynamic algorithms capable to produce data-driven decisions (Thessen, 2016). ML has proven itself to be an answer to many real-world problems with its capabilities. ML has the advantage over the traditional methods because it can a build model which is highly dimensional and nonlinear data with complex relations and missing values. ML has proven useful for a very large number of applications in many parts of the Earth system (land, ocean, and atmosphere) and beyond, from retrieval algorithms, crop disease detection, new product creation, bias correction and code acceleration (Yi & Prybutok, 1996). A large amount of data is collected by scientific instruments then separated into train set and test set. Therefore, ML algorithms are trained by this data. then build model with high accuracy and its parameters are optimized based on sample data during the learning step. During prediction the model parameters are used to infer results on the previously unseen data. ML has multiple algorithms, techniques, and methodologies that can be used to build models to solve real-world problems using oceanographic data. (a) A supervised Learning (SL) is a type of ML algorithm that uses labeled data. After that, the machine is provided with new set of data so that SL algorithms analyses the training data and produce a correct outcome from the labeled data. SL mainly trials to model the relationship between the inputs and their corresponding outputs from the training data so that we would be able to predict the output based on the knowledge it gained earlier with regard to relationships. SL are classified into two major categories. a. classification and b. regression. (b) Unsupervised learning (USL) is the training of the machine using data that is neither classified nor labeled. The task of the machine is to group unsorted data based on the similarities, patterns and differences without any guidance. USL can be classified into following the categories a. clustering, b. dimensionality reduction c. anomaly detection. (c) The reinforcement learning (RL) methods are slightly different from SL or USL. RL is a type of ML where an agent learns how to behave in the environment by performing actions and thereby drawing intuitions and seeing the results. (d) Deep learning (DL) is the subset of ML concerned with algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the human brain called an artificial neural network. Neural networks (NNs) come in several forms such as recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and artificial neural networks and feed forward neural networks. An ANN is an interconnected group of nodes. Here, each circular node represents an artificial neuron and an arrow represents a connection from the output of one artificial neuron to the input of another (Burkitt, 2006).However, in the present circumstances of limited and poor infrastructural opportunities for oceanographic research in Bangladesh, ML techniques could be a robust, fast, and highly accurate option.
Research Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions and testing ... more Research Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions and testing hypothesis. Because. Research must be systematic and follow a series of steps and a rigid standard protocol. There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate results. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope. Methods are set of specific techniques for selecting cases, measuring and observing aspects of social life, gathering and refining data, analyzing data and reporting on results. Types of research 1: quantitative research: This research is based on numeric figures or numbers. Quantitative research aim to measure the quantity or amount and compares it with past records and tries to project for future period. 2: qualitative research: Qualitative research refers to the meanings, definitions, characteristics, symbols, metaphors, and description of things. Qualitative research is much more subjective and uses very different methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups Qualitative research Quantitative research 1 Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that develops understanding on human and social sciences, to find the way people think and feel Quantitative research is a research method that is used to generate numerical data and hard facts, by employing statistical, logical and mathematical technique 2 nature Holistic Particularistic 3 approach Subjective Objective 4 data Verbal Measurable 5 hypothesis Generated Tested 6 objective To explore and discover ideas used in the ongoing processes. To examine cause and effect relationship between variables. result Develops initial understanding Recommends final course of action 3: applied research : Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world. The goal of applied research is to improve the human condition. It focuses on analysis and solving social and real life problems. This research is generally conducted on a large scale basis and is expensive. 4: descriptive research: Descriptive research provides information about conditions, situations, and events that occur in the present. It is also called statistical research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. 5: basic research 6: longitudinal research: A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Scope and importance of ocean research for sustainable development The ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It regulates our climate and holds vast and in some cases untouched resources. It provides us with basics such as food, materials, energy, and transportation. Today, Research tools in Oceanography hafez ahmad, 4 th batch 1
This work studies the main solid waste status and management issues as collection, transfer, proc... more This work studies the main solid waste status and management issues as collection, transfer, processing and recovery etc. and try to find out the problems and prospects in the Chittagong city corporation. The increased amount of waste generation resulting from urbanization, population growth and improved lifestyle is a major concern for many developing countries like Bangladesh. Apparently, it is not possible to remove all the solid waste, but it is possible to reduce the bad effect of solid waste by an improved waste management system with a public-private partnership. This review has shown valuable information regarding potential waste management techniques that could be used as part of an effective integrated waste management system for Chittagong. This research provides an initial set of information which will be complemented with further investigations.
Blue Economy offers a suite of opportunities for sustainable, clean, equitable blue growth in bot... more Blue Economy offers a suite of opportunities for sustainable, clean, equitable blue growth in both traditional and emerging sectors.
The shore is a zone that lies between the lowest tide level (low tide) and the highest elevation ... more The shore is a zone that lies between the lowest tide level (low tide) and the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves. The width of the shore varies between a few meters and hundreds of meters. Shoreline The demarcation line between water and land is called shoreline.. The line delineating the shoreline on Nautical Charts (Sea Maps) approximates this Mean High Water Line. The shoreline is not easy to identify in the nature in contrast to the coastline, which is based on a clear morphological shift between the shore and the coast.
The shore is a zone that lies between the lowest tide level (low tide) and the highest elevation ... more The shore is a zone that lies between the lowest tide level (low tide) and the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves. The width of the shore varies between a few meters and hundreds of meters. Shoreline: The demarcation line between water and land is called shoreline.. The line delineating the shoreline on Nautical Charts (Sea Maps) approximates this Mean High Water Line. The shoreline is not easy to identify in the nature in contrast to the coastline, which is based on a clear morphological shift between the shore and the coast. Coast: A strip of land of indefinite length and width (may be tens of Km) that extends from the seashore inland to the first major change in terrain features. The coast extends inland from the shore as far as ocean-related coast land that is affected by storm waves. The width of the coast may vary from less than 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) to many tens of kilometers Coastline: Technically the line that forms the boundary between the COAST and the SHORE. The coastline marks the boundary between the shore and the coast. It is the landward limit of the effect of the highest storm waves on the shore Coastal area: Coastal areas are commonly defined as the interface or transition areas between land and sea, including large inland lakes. Coastal areas are diverse in function and form, dynamic and do not lend themselves well to definition by strict spatial boundaries. Unlike watersheds, there are no exact natural boundaries that unambiguously delineate coastal areas Coastal zone: Coastal zone means the coastal waters (including the land therein and thereunder) and the adjacent shorelands (including the waters therein and thereunder), strongly influenced by each and in proximity to the shorelines of the several coastal states, and includes islands, transitional and intertidal areas, salt marshes, wetlands and beaches. The beach is an accumulation of Unconsolidated sediments(sand, shingle, cobbles ,pebbles, cobblestones, shell etc.) extending from the mean low tide line to some physio-graphic change such as a sea cliff or dune field or to point where permanent vegetation is established. A shore of unconsolidated material is usually called a beach. A beach may continue from the coastline across the Nearshore region to the line of breakers. Thus, the beach is the entire active area of a coast that experience changes due to breaking waves. The area of the beach above the shoreline is often called recreational beach. Geomorphology: geomorphology is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical, biological or chemical processes operating at or near the earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphologists work within disciplines such as physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and geotechnical engineering. b. classify coastal zone of Bangladesh/types of coast/geomorphology and evolution of the coast of Bangladesh.(according to pramanik /brammer) Pramanik (1983) has divided the Bangladesh coastal zone into three regions namely eastern, central and western coastal region.
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Papers by Hafez Ahmad
hot spot. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found. At the same time St.
Martin’s Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting places in
the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as being a wintering site
for migratory birds. There are also commercial important seaweed and oyster and shell.
Drafts by Hafez Ahmad
hot spot. It is the only place in Bangladesh where coral colonies are found. At the same time St.
Martin’s Island also has an important ecological value as one of the few remaining nesting places in
the region for several species of globally threatened marine turtles, as well as being a wintering site
for migratory birds. There are also commercial important seaweed and oyster and shell.
and recovery etc. and try to find out the problems and prospects in the Chittagong city corporation. The
increased amount of waste generation resulting from urbanization, population growth and improved lifestyle is a major concern for many developing countries like Bangladesh. Apparently, it is not possible to
remove all the solid waste, but it is possible to reduce the bad effect of solid waste by an improved waste
management system with a public-private partnership. This review has shown valuable information
regarding potential waste management techniques that could be used as part of an effective integrated
waste management system for Chittagong. This research provides an initial set of information which
will be complemented with further investigations.