Climate Chnage

Die Frage der Nachhaltigkeit von Wintersportgebieten hat durch den Klimawandel in den Bereichen Wasser, Energie, Landschaft und Licht neue Dimensionen erreicht. Viele Umweltprobleme bedrohen, zum Teil irreversibel, durch Übernutzung und Verschmutzung von natürlichen Ressourcen die Nachhaltigkeit von Wintersportgebieten. Insbesondere werden die mangelnden Schneefälle und die geringere Schneedecke
immer systematischer durch Kunstschnee kompensiert. Die Situation wird durch Dürren und mangelnde winterliche Wasserressourcen zunehmend kritischer. Wasser- und Energieverbrauch haben zum Teil die Grenzen der Nachhaltigkeit überschritten. Viele Skigebiete werden mit zahlreichen neuen Problemen konfrontiert, z. B. mit Lichtverschmutzung durch Nachtskifahren. Umwelt-Monitoring und Kontrollen sind oft intransparent oder selbst-reguliert. Rechte und Regulierungen zum
Management von Wasser und Umweltschutz sollten verstärkt angewandt und vollzogen werden. In Zukunft sind weitere Umweltmanagementpläne und Dürreverordnungen, angepasst an den Klimawandel und die wachsende Industrialisierung der Gebirgslandschaft, erforderlich. Wissenschaftler sollten sachkundigen Betroffenen helfen, alternative Nischenprodukte zu entwickeln, die gleichermaßen auf die lokale Natur, Kultur und Kulinarik ausgerichtet sind.

The purpose of this project is to understand overall impacts on livelihoods as a result of coastal erosion and a try to establish a relation between them. There is high dependence of the fishermen community on the natural resource base, thus loss of natural capital like land has combined effects on the choice of livelihood options. How does Erosion act as a driver for change of occupation, and other related factors which drive erosion and livelihoods both have been the focus of the study. The co factors like faulty structural development, illegal constructions, failure of implementation of norms have been reviewed to understand the future implications in the era of climate change. A principal focus is on the displaced small fishermen community of Digha and Mandarmani to look at the combinations of such factors and the outcome. Livelihood choices are not stand alone factors but driven by various other factors like skills, opportunities, and resource availability.

Nigerian economy is very sensitive to happenings in the global crude oil market due to
Nigeria dependence on the black gold. The recession Nigeria found herself in 2016 was mainly
caused by the fall in the international price of crude oil. It is the same factor that also help to
explain Buhari government massive borrowings to help close the gap in government budget since
coming to power in 2015. Empirical and theoretical evidences have linked shocks in price of
primary products with macroeconomic imbalances. These external shocks are main sources of
economic volatility, affecting both private and public savings, in part because of their large
income effects. In the years since independence, Nigerian economy has changed from its largely agrarian
state of 1960s to an import depended mono-economy. Nigeria single most important export for
more than forty years has remain crude oil. But, in the period since independence various
economic models have been tested, as many as there were changes in governments. While the
adaptation of some of these economic programs were domestically inspired, others were forced
on Nigeria from the outside. Efforts to diversify Nigerian economy have been on the Nigerian government agenda since
1980s, but not much has been achieved. Despite the billions of Dollars in oil revenue, Nigerian
governments have failed to use the resources to develop other areas of the economy. This book covered almost all the main sectors of the Nigerian economy. The
book is encyclopedic in term of coverage of Nigerian business environment and potential threats
to ease of doing business. The structure of the book makes it easy for readers to browse through
it. Its chapters are grouped according to related themes in the Nigerian economy. The
bibliography section provided at the end of the book provide the reader with range of sources
for reference and further research.

In the quest for an eco-justice reading, this article invites readers/listeners into a theatrical experience, where the drama of creation is staged. God enters the stage where the Earth is formless, dark and void, but covered by the Spirit of God. God begins to call various members of the Earth Community into being through God's own word over six days. They each come marching onto the stage. God views each created member and pronounces them good and finally pronounces all members to be very good. God gives the sun and the moon the power to rule the Earth. During the creation drama, God invites the Earth to the stage to give forth vegetation, water creatures and animals. The Earth thus does not only host all members of the Earth Community, but becomes the co-creator with God, and ensures continuity of creation. On the sixth day the Earth is no longer dark, void or formless, for there is light, atmosphere, sun, moon, stars, dry ground, seas, vegetation and living creatures of all sorts on the stage. God looks at them and says, " Let us make an earthling in our image, in our likeness ". And thus a human being comes into being as a child of the Earth. The human being is told to keep the Earth Community just as good as God created it. Nonetheless, today's audience cannot watch the biblical drama of creation as an innocent spectator because the Earth is facing an environmental crisis from human exploitation. This article seeks to give an Earth-centred reading of Genesis 1 that does not entertain anthropocentric perspectives.

This paper examines the determinants of farmers' willingness to pay for soil conservation practices in the highlands of Bale, southeast Ethiopia. The paper is based on analysis of data collected from 100 randomly selected household heads. The study applied Contingent Valuation Method for the purpose of eliciting farmers' valuation of soil conservation practices in terms of both cash payment and labour contribution. The results reveal that farmers in the study area are less willing to pay cash for soil conservation measures. In terms of labour contribution, however, it was found that they are willing to spend a substantial amount of time per week. Results from logistic regression analysis show that farmers' decisions to participate in soil conservation practices are influenced by a host of factors. The implication is that taking these factors into account while planning soil conservation measures enables policy makers to come up with projects that win acceptance by the local people.

The islet of Gozo, Malta is known for its rural landscapes and attractive tourist destinations. It is also home to a variation of honeybees, maintained by the beekeepers of Gozo, and desired by farmers for the purpose of pollination. In July of 2016, I spent three weeks on this
islet, practicing skills in applied anthropology through the Off the Beaten Track field school. I was interested in the means of production that go into the creation of honeybee products, and specifically the people that make this process possible. During my time in Gozo I met Adam, a
60-year-old beekeeper, who provided me with some of his perspectives on honeybee production. Working alongside Adam and his honeybees offered me a glimpse at what it means to be a keeper in Gozo. Recently this practice is experiencing new challenges, shaping the tasks and
concerns of Gozitan beekeepers. These keepers express their perceptions of potential bee extinction as signs of colony collapse disorder (CCD) arise. With this, Gozo’s environment is facing unfamiliar conditions that are potentially related to climate change. These issues are ultimately met by a community of beekeepers that survives the practice of beekeeping on Gozo through the exchange of local knowledge and dialogue. I left Gozo with further questions about
how the islet’s environment shapes beekeeping and what the future of this practice will look like given our warming planet.

The geo-physical contexts of different areas of Bangladesh are diverse and distinctive from location to location. Each of the area has distinct characteristics and own livelihoods pattern. The recent climate change has made different communities of Bangladesh vulnerable to frequent disasters. The impacts of climate change have also been visible at the river-adjacent communities which are being resulted through the losses by disasters and making the communities socially, economically and culturally vulnerable. Enhancing community resilience is very important to make any community capable to cope with climate change. If the community people achieve resilience capacity and have a coping mechanism, then they can come back in their usual situation by very short period after any type of disaster like flood and can minimize losses by other supporting tools that they achieve through the silencer. The Hudir Bazar is a flood-prone community situated in Lalmonirhat district of northern Bangladesh on the bank of Teesta  River. Most of the community people are marginalized; and agriculture and day-laboring are the main means of their livelihoods. Almost every year, flood occurs and causes tremendous losses to their property and livelihoods. The tendency of floods has increased in last few years as anthropogenic climate change introduced in Himalaya region. For this, Teesta River and its adjacent communities are the sufferers of this impact. The study was conducted on participatory observation approach using both qualitative and quantitative research perspectives. The study identified the losses resulted from flood vulnerability and its impacts on community people's livelihoods. The study suggested importance on enhancing resilience techniques which will contribute to reduce losses at community level to make the community people more resilient to disasters specially to the flood vulnerability.

Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE2) was applied to assess the soil loss in an agricultural field of Uccle, Belgium. Determination of soil loss required lots of information and data sets from various variables related to RUSLE2 in different formats scales. The effect of each factor affection soil loss and or erosion was estimated. Soil loss was influenced by soil properties (textural class), rainfall, topography (slope gradient), crop management and conservation practices (soil cover, type of tillage). The influence of erosion control practices (up and down slope ploughing, perfect contouring and buffer strip) on soil loss was also analysed. Results indicated that among three textural class of soils highest loss found in the silty soil followed by loamy sand and clayey soil had the least soil loss. This showed that the silty soil had the highest erodibility. It was evident from the modelling that as the slope steepness and slope length increased the soil loss increased, but when the slope steepness and slope length were reduced the soil loss decreased. Soil cover and tillage contributed greatly in soil erosion. The bare soil (silt) had the highest soil loss 22 Mg ha-1 yr-1 but the dense grass cover had the lowest soil loss of 0.034 Mg ha-1 yr-1. While the conventional tillage had higher soil loss 15 Mg ha-1 yr-1 compared with the conservation tillage 11 Mg ha-1yr-1. In case of conservation practices, filter strips had the lowest soil loss from detachment of 4.4 Mg ha-1yr-1 but the most important is that despite the detachment very little soil leaves the field as indicated by the slope delivery 0.00092 Mg ha-1yr-1. Ploughing up and down the slope resulted in the highest soil (39 Mg ha-1yr-1) loss and should be discouraged. These results will be used for soil protection measures and land use planning in agriculture.

The impact of climate change on water resources have received much attention globally especially in last 30 years. Rainfall, the main driver of the hydrological cycle, has been varying in part of the world in various ways. Rainfall is the main source of water. But rainfall is scares and erratic in Gujarat especially in Saurashtra region. So, its preservation and conservation has become the most important aspect in relation to the water resources development planning. Its magnitude, variation and distribution plays important role in hydrological response of the area. The analysis of rainfall records for long period provides information about rainfall pattern and variability. And also rainfall studies are utmost utility for understanding nature and behavior of climate change. In this study, trends in rainfall, maximum rainfall intensity and rainy day for 1961-2011 were examined for Dhatarwadi catchment, Amreli and also decade wise monthly rainfall variation were examined. Linear regression technique were used to determine climatic trends and conclusions are derived.

Az Északi-sark vidéke az utóbbi évtizedekben egyre növekvő mértékben olvad a klímaváltozás hatására. Ez számos új biztonságpolitikai és gazdasági következménnyel járhat, melyek közül az egyik a hajózási útvonalak megnyílása és fejlődése. Ezek az útvonalak még számos kihívást tartogatnak, és a hatékonyságuk vita tárgya. A nagyhatalmak versengésében Oroszország, Kína és az Egyesült Államok is igyekszik a befolyását egyre jobban kiterjeszteni az Északi-sarkvidékre. A jövő kérdése nem más, mint hogy ezek a hajózási útvonalak érdemben nemzetközi utakká válnak-e, vagy megmaradnak helyi közlekedési csatornáknak.

As the most vulnerable climatic region in the country, Khulna City is increasingly experiencing climate-change-induced urban problems. For instance, occupancy by climate migrants (delete the term "illegal migrant"), drainage congestion, water logging and reduced fresh water availability are all increasing problems. In the last decade, the population in the city increased by more than 20 per cent due to migration from nearby climate vulnerable districts. This study explores the health disorders of climate migrants occupying the urban slums and squats of the Khulna City area. This study found that these climate migrants settled in the urban slums and squats and, as such, they do not have access to urban amenities such as clean drinking water, hygiene services, and health facilities. This study noted that these displaced people are at increased risk of health issues from unhygienic and overcrowded living conditions and from water and sanitation problems. They often suffer from different waterborne diseases, under-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. This study suggests that there is a need for better planning , preparation and training in Bangladesh to which migrants move, including better training in health and related services on how to recognize and respond to health problems that may be slow to manifest. Education and training also need to be provided for the migrants themselves, to help them adapt culturally and to enhance their skills and potential for employment.

This paper draws upon the application of Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS techniques to investigate the dynamic nature of coastal geomorphological features along the coastal belt of Bangladesh. The paper also investigates changes of land uses (vegetation, settlement pattern, agricultural land, water bodies) in course of time using RS and GIS for the last fifty years. It also made efforts to find out scenario of land erosion and land accretion along the coastal shoreline of Bay of Bengal which demark the changes of shoreline as well as nature of Bay of Bengal. The study intended to draw a scenario of human-nature interaction align with geomorphological dynamics and sea level changes caused by climate induced extremities. The geomorphological characteristic of the coastal areas of Bangladesh is highly dynamic where geological subsidence and rising sea level is experienced in the last fifty years along with land erosion and accretion with different rates remain a constant phenomenon. This study focuses on the whole coastal zone including western, central and eastern which comprises the 720 km coastal area of the country. This study uses the past 25 year Landsat satellite images and sea level data. This research shows that that the rate of accretion and erosion are changing coastal geomorphological features in the whole coastal shoreline and also reshaping shore characteristics especially in the central coastal area. It also reveals that river trajectory is changing with notable characteristics in the coastal districts especially in the western and central coastal districts which reshaping the human settlement pattern, vegetation coverage especially the unique mangrove forest Sundarbans and agricultural lands in the whole coastal areas. Overlaying geological subsidy and sea level rising data, the study shows that western coastal region is going to be dried up in the next 25 years that’s why saline characteristics will reduce for mangrove suitability in the Sundarbans areas which is major threat for existence of the unique mangrove forest Sundarbans. On the other hand, overlaying geological subsidy and sea level rising data, the study illustrates that eastern coastal region will submerge due to increasing tidal inundation and will go to permanently water logged in the next 25 years for which climate induced displaced will placed for the whole eastern coastal districts. The existence of Saint Martin, the only coral reef island of Bangladesh is under threat for this climate induced sea level rise and geological subsidy experience.

Key words: Coastal belt, Bangladesh, dynamics, climate induced displacement, sea level rise

... 1500 meters above sea level) which constitute about 46 per cent of the total area of the country, support more than 80percent of the population, and account for over 95percent of the regularly cultivated land and about 75 per cent of the livestock population (Shiferaw and Holden ...

Ⅲ ABSTRACT: Th is article examines Jewish law's approach to forced migration. It explains the diff erence under Jewish law between forced migration brought about by disasters and the state of being a refugee-which is directly associated with war and armed con-fl ict. It continues by demonstrating how these distinctions infl uenced the religious Jewish authors of the 1951 Refugee Convention. It concludes with the fundamental distinction between Jewish law and Roman law, concerning the latter's application of a strong diff erentiation between citizens and migrant foreigners, which under Jewish law was entirely proscribed as per the religious duty to accord hospitality to forced migrants irrespective of their background. Ⅲ

Esta tesis analiza las principales causas de la deforestación de la Amazonía brasileña desde la década de los 80 hasta la actualidad desde una óptica del consumo. Los principales factores que han conducido al cambio en el uso del suelo en Brasil han sido la cría de ganado, el cultivo de la soja y la tala forestal, cuya producción se ha incrementado como resultado del aumento de la demanda tanto interna como internacional. El auge económico de las nuevas economías emergentes, con China como principal protagonista, está provocando el surgimiento de una nueva clase media mundial cuyo aumento de ingresos provoca un cambio en su dieta, hacia un mayor consumo de alimentos de proteina animal y productos lácteos.

PurposeThe paper examined how local authorities have attempted to rate undeveloped land as a means of mobilising revenues and the challenges associated with implementing this policy guideline. It focused on current practices in terms of policy and administration, the availability of undeveloped urban land, its revenue potential, and ways to improve policy for local land taxation.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from the mixed-method approach both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Officials of the Wa Municipal Assembly, Lands Commission, Land Use and Spatial Planning Authority were purposely selected based on their knowledge and the roles they play in property rating practice. They were interviewed to understand their perceptions and views on rating undeveloped lands. Stratified proportionate and simple random sampling methods were used to select respondents. The respondents included land and landed property owners in three selected neighbourhoods.FindingsThe paper ...

As the most vulnerable climatic region in the country, Khulna City is increasingly experiencing climate-change-induced urban problems. For instance, occupancy by climate migrants, drainage congestion, water logging and reduced fresh water availability are all increasing problems. In the last decade, the population in the city increased by more than 20 percent due to migration from nearby climate vulnerable districts. This study explores the health disorders of climate migrants occupying the urban slums and squats of the Khulna City area. This study found that these climate migrants settled in the urban slums and squats and, as such, they do not have access to urban amenities such as clean drinking water, hygiene services, and health facilities. This study noted that these displaced people are at increased risk of health issues from unhygienic and overcrowded living conditions and from water and sanitation problems. They often suffer from different waterborne diseases, under-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. This study suggests that there is a need for better planning, preparation and training in Bangladesh to which migrants move, including better training in health and related services on how to recognize and respond to health problems that may be slow to manifest. Education and training also need to be provided for the migrants themselves, to help them adapt culturally and to enhance their skills and potential for employment.

The undeniable impact that climate change will have to our society seems ever so close with each passing year. By some estimations, climate change will have direct socioeconomic effects to our society, heavily impacting on agriculture and food productions, our health (an increase of heat-related diseases) 1 , and the displacement of individual around the globe due weather and climate disasters (WMO, 2019). Additionally, it will have long-lasting environmental consequences such as coral bleaching; acidification of the oceans; glacial retreat; melting of the arctic ice sheets; rise of sea levels extreme weather events; and further cases of droughts, flood and wildfire that will continue throughout the centuries (USGCRP, 2017; WMO, 2019). This data is the result of more than a century of accumulative scientific knowledge 2 that manages to finally perceive the conceivable effects that climate change might represent to our world. However, the subject only gained international recognition ever since the foundation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) in 1988 3. As a result, a series of international agreements has flourished with the sole objective to tackle, manage and prevent further forage of global climate change. Despite the evident consequences and the numerous climate agreements, international organisms and policymakers continue to struggle to develop climate policies and agreements that appropriately deal with climate change. If this reality is left uncheck, scientist predicts that by 2030 we will surpass the point of no return, destroying Earth's current ecosystem and dooming humankind in the process. Therefore, with only eleven years to act upon this matter we are transitioning from the territory of climate change and to one of the global climate crises. Nevertheless, no government nor international organism has managed to develop reliable climate agreement nor climate policies with the scientific pieces of evidence that scientists had provided over the decades change due to the lack of information, and 1

Varying Climate is a situation, majority of cities facing in now a day. Human activities are against the nature and responsible for pollution of earth and air. Much amount of chlorofluoro carbons and greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere which causes climate change effect. Forecasting of climate is done to take actions against climate change. In the present study meteorological forecasting was done from observed rainfall data (1981-2016) and temperature data (1969 - 2009). CANESM2 GCM data historical (1961-2005) and RCP scenarios (2006-2100) of IPCC are used for prediction process of SDSM. NCEP/NCAR re analysis data (1961-2005) is used in screening of variables through SDSM. Predicted data of temperature and precipitation for RCP
Scenarios of GCM data. Results shown that there is a rapid growth in temperatures and rainfall events in future. It shows that the max average temperature of 30.5℃ during the period of (2081-2084) for RCP 8.5 at the same time RCP 2.6 is showing lesser temperature events than the other two RCP scenarios.

The equatorial GDV fields have been widely measured in North-South magnetometer chains and the data so obtained interpreted by assuming that these variations are bi-dimensional. This hypothesis limits its application to the inference of the noon amplitude of the ionospheric current and to the case on which the suspected local Earth's structure does not have discontinuities running along the direction normal to that of the electrojet current vector. In this work we develop a method to interpret three-dimensional GDV fields, based on the Riesz and in the Fourier integral transforms. This method consists in a numerical code that allows to separate, in real time, any three-dimensional low frequency field, and a system equations to infer the ionospheric current system at daylight times and to predict the field induced from the external GDV field in a layered Earth's model. We discuss the application of the method to data obtained in North-South magnetometer chains, and, by analyzing a particular case--data from the Indian geomagnetic observatories--we illustrate how the method increases the amount of information that may be obtained from these data.