Books by Marta Havryshko
У період Другої світової чимало жінок приєдналося до лав націоналістичного підпілля та Українсько... more У період Другої світової чимало жінок приєдналося до лав націоналістичного підпілля та Української повстанської армії як зв’язкові, розвідниці, санітарки, воячки… Пліч-о-пліч із чоловіками вони пройшли горнило кривавих подій, спростувавши всі стереотипи «слабкої статі». Їхні голоси тривалий час не було чутно. Їхній досвід був невидимим.
Ця книжка — збірка історій-сповідей жінок, які не просто бачили війну та брали активну участь у тогочасних подіях, а прожили її. Вони були не лише очевидицями, жертвами, але й виконавицями насильства. Уся правда про жахи війни, без прикрас та міфологізації. Відверті розповіді про те, що означало бути жінкою під час війни. Унікальні спогади селянок та міщанок, жінок із різною освітою та соціальним становищем, жінок, які обіймали керівні посади в ОУН і були рядовими підпільницями. Живі емоції в історіях, які роками були непочутими та забутими.
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Book chapters by Marta Havryshko
This chapter focuses on Soviet war crimes trials in Soviet Ukraine in the 1940s that addressed se... more This chapter focuses on Soviet war crimes trials in Soviet Ukraine in the 1940s that addressed sexual violence against Jewish women and girls during the Holocaust. Based on documents from the former KGB archive related to military tribunals against local war criminals labeled as traitors and accomplices (izmienniki rodiny i posobniki), it analyzes three positionality and narrative strategies for main judicial actors: victims, witnesses, and defendants. The chapter explores the Holocaust survivors’ and non-Jewish witnesses’ motivation for speaking up about the sexual victimization of Jewish women during the war and the content and framing of their testimonies. It also examines the main defense strategies of defendants accused of committing sexual violence against Jewish women. Finally, the chapter analyzes the attitude of Soviet legal bodies to the testimonies of victims, witnesses, and defendants and the main factors – political, ideological, and personal – that determined this attitude.
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This paper explores wartime sexual violence committed solely by local perpetrators in Ukraine fro... more This paper explores wartime sexual violence committed solely by local perpetrators in Ukraine from the point of view of their immediate victims—Jewish women who survived the Holocaust and became witnesses in postwar trials. I analyze the role of rape victim/survivor testimonies in the broader context of prosecution by local Nazi collaborators in Soviet Ukraine. This study addresses the following questions: What do available rape survivors’ testimonies tell us about patterns of sexual violence perpetrated by locals against Jewish women during the Holocaust in Ukraine? How were these testimonies used during the investigation and punishment of Nazi collaborators for sex crimes? What factors influenced the controversial treatment of women’s testimonies by Soviet justice in different cases?
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The paper analyzes the gender differences in the victimization of Jewish women and men during the... more The paper analyzes the gender differences in the victimization of Jewish women and men during the pogroms in 1941 in Galicia. The special attention is dedicated to local non-Jewish women and their involvement in the different forms of anti-jewish violence and rescuer actions.
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Academic Articles by Marta Havryshko
This article focuses on the disturbing emotions experienced by qualitative researchers who study ... more This article focuses on the disturbing emotions experienced by qualitative researchers who study traumatic historical events, particularly those that happened during World War II and Holocaust. Based on her own research experience in doing an oral history of interethnic relations and violence in Western Ukraine (Galicia) in WWII, the author examines her personal negative emotional response throughout the study and its impact on her participants in the research process in general. The objects of analysis in the article are several emotion-generating situations in the field, which created troubling feelings and emotions such as vulnerability, guilt, and shame. The article also provides some insights related to coping strategies with stress and trauma, which could be used by other researchers dealing with emotional difficulties in the field.
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The article focuses on sexual/ized violence experienced by the female members of Ukrainian nation... more The article focuses on sexual/ized violence experienced by the female members of Ukrainian nationalist underground, its sympathizers, and civilians during Soviet counterinsurgency in Western Ukraine in the late Stalinist period. It reveals the reasons, forms, topography, functions and implications of sexual assaults on women suspected in collaboration with OUN and UPA during anti-partisan military and state security operations, interrogation process, recruitment to work for Soviet intelligence agencies, as well as in the prisons, and other places of detention. The article explores how the Soviet justice system tackled criminal investigations of sexual violence by members of the militia, NKVD-MVD-NKGB-MGB, Internal Troops, special military units (spetsgrupy), and other perpetrators. It examines whether the measures taken by the Soviet officials in order to prevent violence and to punish transgressors were sufficient. The paper argues that the sexual crimes and brutalization of women’s bodies were an intrinsic part of the state violent practices against anti-Soviet armed resistance, and a by-product of the continuum of political violence in Western Ukraine in the decade after the Second World War.
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This article examines patterns, functions, and consequences of sexual violence against Jewish wom... more This article examines patterns, functions, and consequences of sexual violence against Jewish women and girls in Nazi-occupied Ukraine from a feminist perspective. It focuses on rape and sexual assault against women hiding outside institutionalized sites of mass anti-Jewish violence and perpetrated by local civilians, aid-givers, members of partisan groups, and fellow Jews. The author highlights methodological, theoretical, and ethical challenges faced by scholars addressing the topic, as well as complex factors underlying victims’ subsequent silence.
The study draws on testimonies by assault and abuse survivors as well as by female witnesses, in particular, testimonies from the USC Shoah Foundation Institute’s Visual History Archive. It adopts a grassroots perspective to examine immediate and long-term effects of sexual violence, exploitation, and childhood abuse, such as physical pain, sexually transmitted disease, pregnancy, emotional damage, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the loss of personal dignity, security, and self-determination. It explores strategies employed by women and girls to cope with the situations in which they were reduced to objects of sexual exploitation, and their mechanisms for recovery after the war.
The author argues that sexual violence as an intrinsic part of the everyday life of Jewish women and girls in hiding was a by-product of antisemitic propaganda and the dehumanization orchestrated by the Germans; yet, she also argues that the sexually violent behavior of local men towards vulnerable Jewish women could be rooted in older cultural ideas of gender and sex.
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This article examines how the constructions of gender, female sexuality, nation, and war by the O... more This article examines how the constructions of gender, female sexuality, nation, and war by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army influenced their attitudes to intimate fraternization between women (both members of the nationalist underground and civilians) and enemy men between 1939 and the mid-1950s. Conclusions are based on the analysis of a wide range of sources. The article highlights various forms and methods of repressive measures against women who transgressed sexual norms. The article argues that the violent practices against women were not standardized, and largely depended on subjective decisions of the local leaders and commanders, as well as on the level of women’s engagement in the underground activities. Violence against women represented a tool of preservation of patriarchal power and traditional gender roles but became one of the means of constructing power relations among the nationalist men, as well as their relations with enemy men.
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Розглядається проблема сексуального насильства над жінками з боку членів підпілля й повстанців як... more Розглядається проблема сексуального насильства над жінками з боку членів підпілля й повстанців як в їхньому середовищі, так і поміж цивільного насе-лення. Простежено способи контролю та реґулювання відносин між статями в підпіллі ОУН та УПА. Виявлено фактори, що сприяли порушенню сексуаль-них норм, зокрема воєнні умови, особливості діяльності збройного підпілля, мі-літарна культура, гегемонна маскулінність, обмежений ресурс влади у жінок. Проаналізовано роль жіночого тіла в українському націоналістичному дискур-сі й повсякденних практиках (тіло як символ, додатковий фактор ризику та зброя війни). Також розглянуто причини, види сексуального/сексуалізованого насильства над «своїми» й «чужими» жінками та судову практику у цих справах.
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This article is an introduction to the “intimate history” of the OUN and UPA, which has
not yet r... more This article is an introduction to the “intimate history” of the OUN and UPA, which has
not yet received much attention from academics and researchers – partly due to a lack of sources. This attempt to articulate the problem of sexuality within the gender relations system of the Ukrainian liberation movement shows the gap between the official discourse and the everyday practices of underground members and insurgents. It tackles the issue of sexuality as a “national capital” and examines the attitude of the Ukrainian nationalists to the female body as a symbol of nation. It shows the double standard of sexual morality within OUN and UPA and underlines their different manifestations (unequal sanctions for women and
men, sexual harassment of women by UPA commanders and OUN leaders). These sexual norms, military culture and hegemonic masculinity resulted in extreme sexual violence in the OUN and UPA upon those women whom they considered as their “own” (members of the underground and civilians) as well as against “others”. Finally, it presents how specific conditions in the Ukrainian underground encouraged sexual intercourse outside of marriage and how adultery (another form of “illegitimate” sexual relations) acquired a half, implicit legitimation.
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Double moral standards for women and men sexuality in the OUN and UPA in 1940-1950's were analyz... more Double moral standards for women and men sexuality in the OUN and UPA in 1940-1950's were analyzed in this article. The author outlined the causes of their appearance, peculiarities of their functioning and impact on gender relations and status of women in the OUN underground and insurgent movement.
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Проаналізовано ставлення "Союзу українок" до ідеології і практики Організації українських націона... more Проаналізовано ставлення "Союзу українок" до ідеології і практики Організації українських націоналістів (ОУН) у друге міжвоєнне десятиліття. Простежено контакти між представниками ОУН та Міленою Рудницькою на початку 1930-х років. Особливу увагу приділено характеристиці різниці в поглядах між молодими і старшими членки-нями "Союзу українок" на фемінізм та націоналізм.
Ключові слова: "Союз українок", фемінізм, Мілена Рудницька, ОУН, ПУН, Євген Коновалець, націоналізм, лібералізм.
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The article follows the vision, opinions and attitude of the leading women’s rights trend in Haly... more The article follows the vision, opinions and attitude of the leading women’s rights trend in Halychyna in the 1930es:
liberal and social regarding different aspects of the «Gender politics» in the National Socialism movement. In particu
lar, it applies to organizational forms of women’s movement as well as women in political, labour and family content
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Essays by Marta Havryshko
An Essay focuses on the experiences of Holocaust scholar Marta Havryshko during the first days of... more An Essay focuses on the experiences of Holocaust scholar Marta Havryshko during the first days of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. The author reflects on the future and challenges of Holocaust research and education in times of war.
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Online Publications by Marta Havryshko
The publication deals with the heroization of the Waffen-SS Division "Galicia" in contemporary Uk... more The publication deals with the heroization of the Waffen-SS Division "Galicia" in contemporary Ukraine in the light of "Hunka Gate" (a political scandal in Canada connected to the honoring of Nazi veteran Jaroslav Hunka in Canadian Parliament on 22 September 2023)
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Przemoc seksualna Rosjan w Ukrainie odbywa się na masową skalę i dochodzi do niej we wszystkich m... more Przemoc seksualna Rosjan w Ukrainie odbywa się na masową skalę i dochodzi do niej we wszystkich miejscowościach, do których wkroczyli rosyjscy żołnierze. Ofiarami są zarówno kobiety, jak i mężczyźni w różnym wieku, osoby starsze, a także dzieci .Ten artykuł jest częścią serii UKRAINA/УКРАЇНА.
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The paper analyses the specificity, patterns, nature and functions of rape and sexual violence by... more The paper analyses the specificity, patterns, nature and functions of rape and sexual violence by the Russian military against Ukrainian civilians and POWs. It argues that the Russian military uses sexual violence as a weapon of war in Ukraine.
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The paper focuses on nativity plays (vertepy) in Ukraine with Jewish characters ("Zhyd"). It addr... more The paper focuses on nativity plays (vertepy) in Ukraine with Jewish characters ("Zhyd"). It addresses the following questions: What are the features of "Zhyd" in the plays today, in particular in light of Russias's war on Ukraine? How may the presence of this character influence the perception of Jews among Ukrainian youth and Ukrainian-Jewish relations? What is the role of Zhyd in terms of antisemitism in Ukrainian society? How to deal with this controversial and problematic tradition?
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Books by Marta Havryshko
Ця книжка — збірка історій-сповідей жінок, які не просто бачили війну та брали активну участь у тогочасних подіях, а прожили її. Вони були не лише очевидицями, жертвами, але й виконавицями насильства. Уся правда про жахи війни, без прикрас та міфологізації. Відверті розповіді про те, що означало бути жінкою під час війни. Унікальні спогади селянок та міщанок, жінок із різною освітою та соціальним становищем, жінок, які обіймали керівні посади в ОУН і були рядовими підпільницями. Живі емоції в історіях, які роками були непочутими та забутими.
Book chapters by Marta Havryshko
Academic Articles by Marta Havryshko
The study draws on testimonies by assault and abuse survivors as well as by female witnesses, in particular, testimonies from the USC Shoah Foundation Institute’s Visual History Archive. It adopts a grassroots perspective to examine immediate and long-term effects of sexual violence, exploitation, and childhood abuse, such as physical pain, sexually transmitted disease, pregnancy, emotional damage, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the loss of personal dignity, security, and self-determination. It explores strategies employed by women and girls to cope with the situations in which they were reduced to objects of sexual exploitation, and their mechanisms for recovery after the war.
The author argues that sexual violence as an intrinsic part of the everyday life of Jewish women and girls in hiding was a by-product of antisemitic propaganda and the dehumanization orchestrated by the Germans; yet, she also argues that the sexually violent behavior of local men towards vulnerable Jewish women could be rooted in older cultural ideas of gender and sex.
not yet received much attention from academics and researchers – partly due to a lack of sources. This attempt to articulate the problem of sexuality within the gender relations system of the Ukrainian liberation movement shows the gap between the official discourse and the everyday practices of underground members and insurgents. It tackles the issue of sexuality as a “national capital” and examines the attitude of the Ukrainian nationalists to the female body as a symbol of nation. It shows the double standard of sexual morality within OUN and UPA and underlines their different manifestations (unequal sanctions for women and
men, sexual harassment of women by UPA commanders and OUN leaders). These sexual norms, military culture and hegemonic masculinity resulted in extreme sexual violence in the OUN and UPA upon those women whom they considered as their “own” (members of the underground and civilians) as well as against “others”. Finally, it presents how specific conditions in the Ukrainian underground encouraged sexual intercourse outside of marriage and how adultery (another form of “illegitimate” sexual relations) acquired a half, implicit legitimation.
Ключові слова: "Союз українок", фемінізм, Мілена Рудницька, ОУН, ПУН, Євген Коновалець, націоналізм, лібералізм.
liberal and social regarding different aspects of the «Gender politics» in the National Socialism movement. In particu
lar, it applies to organizational forms of women’s movement as well as women in political, labour and family content
Essays by Marta Havryshko
Online Publications by Marta Havryshko
Ця книжка — збірка історій-сповідей жінок, які не просто бачили війну та брали активну участь у тогочасних подіях, а прожили її. Вони були не лише очевидицями, жертвами, але й виконавицями насильства. Уся правда про жахи війни, без прикрас та міфологізації. Відверті розповіді про те, що означало бути жінкою під час війни. Унікальні спогади селянок та міщанок, жінок із різною освітою та соціальним становищем, жінок, які обіймали керівні посади в ОУН і були рядовими підпільницями. Живі емоції в історіях, які роками були непочутими та забутими.
The study draws on testimonies by assault and abuse survivors as well as by female witnesses, in particular, testimonies from the USC Shoah Foundation Institute’s Visual History Archive. It adopts a grassroots perspective to examine immediate and long-term effects of sexual violence, exploitation, and childhood abuse, such as physical pain, sexually transmitted disease, pregnancy, emotional damage, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the loss of personal dignity, security, and self-determination. It explores strategies employed by women and girls to cope with the situations in which they were reduced to objects of sexual exploitation, and their mechanisms for recovery after the war.
The author argues that sexual violence as an intrinsic part of the everyday life of Jewish women and girls in hiding was a by-product of antisemitic propaganda and the dehumanization orchestrated by the Germans; yet, she also argues that the sexually violent behavior of local men towards vulnerable Jewish women could be rooted in older cultural ideas of gender and sex.
not yet received much attention from academics and researchers – partly due to a lack of sources. This attempt to articulate the problem of sexuality within the gender relations system of the Ukrainian liberation movement shows the gap between the official discourse and the everyday practices of underground members and insurgents. It tackles the issue of sexuality as a “national capital” and examines the attitude of the Ukrainian nationalists to the female body as a symbol of nation. It shows the double standard of sexual morality within OUN and UPA and underlines their different manifestations (unequal sanctions for women and
men, sexual harassment of women by UPA commanders and OUN leaders). These sexual norms, military culture and hegemonic masculinity resulted in extreme sexual violence in the OUN and UPA upon those women whom they considered as their “own” (members of the underground and civilians) as well as against “others”. Finally, it presents how specific conditions in the Ukrainian underground encouraged sexual intercourse outside of marriage and how adultery (another form of “illegitimate” sexual relations) acquired a half, implicit legitimation.
Ключові слова: "Союз українок", фемінізм, Мілена Рудницька, ОУН, ПУН, Євген Коновалець, націоналізм, лібералізм.
liberal and social regarding different aspects of the «Gender politics» in the National Socialism movement. In particu
lar, it applies to organizational forms of women’s movement as well as women in political, labour and family content
In this piece, I am trying to address the question "What’s behind the anger?" In particular, using the intersectionality framework, the essay provides some insights on numerous black-white gaps in the U.S.: job opportunity gap, the wage gap, social benefits gap, wealth gap, car-owning gap, education gap. Special attention is dedicated to the everyday life of Black women in terms of economic disadvantages and social exclusion.