Maria Vittoria Prati
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Motori, Department Member
- Senior researcheredit
The valorization of residual biomass plays today a decisive role in the concept of “circular economy”, according to which each waste material must be reused to its maximum extent. The collection and energy valorization at the local level... more
The valorization of residual biomass plays today a decisive role in the concept of “circular economy”, according to which each waste material must be reused to its maximum extent. The collection and energy valorization at the local level of biomass from forest management practices and wildfire prevention cutting can be settled in protected areas to contribute to local decarbonization, by removing power generation from fossil fuels. Despite the evident advantages of bioenergy systems, several problems still hinder their diffusion, such as the need to assure their reliability by extending the operating range with materials of different origin. The Italian project “INNOVARE—Innovative plants for distributed poly-generation by residual biomass”, funded by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development (MISE), has the main scope of improving micro-cogeneration technologies fueled by biomass. A micro-combined heat and power (mCHP) unit was chosen as a case study to discuss pros and cons of ...
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Engine idle stop-start (S&S) is a technology which allows a vehicle to automatically turn off the internal combustion engine (ICE) when the vehicle has a rest and restarts the ICE when the driver applies pressure to the accelerator or... more
Engine idle stop-start (S&S) is a technology which allows a vehicle to automatically turn off the internal combustion engine (ICE) when the vehicle has a rest and restarts the ICE when the driver applies pressure to the accelerator or releases the brake. Stop-Start system originated in Europe to save fuel during the type-approval New European Driving cycle (NEDC) because almost 25% of its driving time is in idling conditions. In real use, the largest benefits of S&S systems in vehicles result in urban areas where frequent stops are common. To evaluate the benefits of such systems in terms of fuel saving and emission reduction, an experimental campaign has been realized in Napoli. Three cars have been instrumented by using a Portable Emission System (PEMS) and driven along urban routes. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) have been evaluated for each trip in function of the average time spent stopping at traffic lights or for traffic conditions, as a percentage of a trip's duration.
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Abstract Syngas deriving from biomass gasification is receiving increased interest as an alternative fuel in spark ignition (SI) engines for power generation, despite problems related to the variability of its composition and the low... more
Abstract Syngas deriving from biomass gasification is receiving increased interest as an alternative fuel in spark ignition (SI) engines for power generation, despite problems related to the variability of its composition and the low energy density. Syngas release from gasifiers is indeed strongly affected by the quality of the feedstock and by the specific features and control strategy of the reactor. The paper considers the possibility to achieve, at the same time, high efficiency and low pollutant emissions of a syngas powered engine by acting on operating variables as the spark timing and the air-to-fuel ratio, with also the possible inclusion of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Model-based design and multi-objective optimization methods are applied as a feasible approach to address this issue, hence to improve the energetic and the environmental performances of power generation under a flexible fuel quality. A one-dimensional (1D) model of a naturally aspirated SI engine fuelled by syngas, properly developed and validated through a specific experimental campaign, is here presented to investigate the effect of the main controlling variables on power output and emissions. A proper design of experiment (DoE) space is considered. The 1D model is coupled with a genetic optimization algorithm for the search of the best compromise solution between maximum performance and minimum pollutants amount. The identified optimal solution allows a reduction up to the 50% for both nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emissions with a negligible worsening of the power output.
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For the first time, catalytic conversion of CO2 to CH4 (Sabatier reaction) has been studied on real vehicle exhaust. Preliminary tests were carried out on model gas mixtures using as reactants a N2/CO2 gas mixture (CO2 = 9.5 vol%... more
For the first time, catalytic conversion of CO2 to CH4 (Sabatier reaction) has been studied on real vehicle exhaust. Preliminary tests were carried out on model gas mixtures using as reactants a N2/CO2 gas mixture (CO2 = 9.5 vol% concentration similar to that of road vehicle exhaust) and pure hydrogen. Ruthenium powder (5 wt%) on alumina was used as catalyst, in a fixed bed cylindrical reactor. The operating conditions investigated are P = 1 atm, temperature in the range 160–320 °C, contact time 0.6–1.29 s, and H2/CO2 ratio 2.75–4.11. Experimental conditions were varied to study the effect of temperature, contact time, and H2/CO2 ratio on conversion, yield, and selectivity of the process. Once evaluated the performance of the catalytic process and identified the best operating conditions, real exhausts of a two-wheel motorcycle and a four-wheel gasoline vehicle were treated with the same experimental apparatus. Analyses of physical and chemical characterization of catalyst samples before and after the use were also performed. Results show that, even though best performances are generally obtained with model mixtures, high CO2 conversion together with high yield and selectivity in CH4 can be obtained with real vehicle exhausts too. Moreover, phenomena causing the deactivation of catalyst have not been observed. Results seem to indicate good opportunities for the development of the process.
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Abstract: A reason of the lack of agreement between measured pollutants concentration in the air of urban areas and vehicle pollutant emissions evaluated by available emission models is the fact that catalyst performance variability is... more
Abstract: A reason of the lack of agreement between measured pollutants concentration in the air of urban areas and vehicle pollutant emissions evaluated by available emission models is the fact that catalyst performance variability is not considered. In this paper, an experimental study on the effect of performance variability of catalyst on emissions is presented. Average emissions have been measured using driving cycles representative of different levels of urban traffic, determined by statistical methods on the basis of data ...
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ABSTRACT A wide investigation on powered two-wheelers (PTWs) is presented, aiming at the analysis of the influence of the driving characteristics on PTWs exhaust emissions and fuel consumption, a deeper comprehension of the engine and... more
ABSTRACT A wide investigation on powered two-wheelers (PTWs) is presented, aiming at the analysis of the influence of the driving characteristics on PTWs exhaust emissions and fuel consumption, a deeper comprehension of the engine and after-treatment system behavior within the cold start transient and the evaluation of cold start additional emissions for different two-wheelers classes. The study was developed with reference to an European context focusing on Euro 3 motorcycles and Euro 2 mopeds. An experimental investigation on instantaneous speed measurements was carried out with instrumented motorcycles, considering typical urban trips in the city of Genoa. A selection of speed profiles was then performed by processing experimental values. In a following phase, emissions and fuel consumption of selected motorcycles and mopeds were measured on the chassis dynamometer, considering tests in cold and hot operating conditions on standard, real world driving cycles and experimental speed profiles, allowing to study the influence of different speed patterns on exhaust emissions. Finally, a wide statistical analysis was developed in order to identify the most influencing kinematic parameters on fuel consumption and hot emissions, while analysis of cold start transient was conducted to assess the influence of vehicle characteristics and kinematic parameters of tested driving cycles on cold start duration, travelled length and extra-emissions. The main results of the wide investigation program are presented and discussed, with reference to Euro 3 scooters and Euro 2 mopeds with similar engine and after-treatment system characteristics, thus allowing a comparison between the different vehicle types.
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Research Interests: Respiratory Medicine, Air Quality, Environmental Monitoring, Climate, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and 14 moreMedicine, In Vitro, Humans, Vehicle Emissions, Clinical Sciences, Epithelial cells, Particle Size, Particulate Matter, In Vitro Studies, Cytoplasm, Air Pollutants, Cell Size, Interleukin, and Cardiovascular medicine and haematology
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Research Interests: Environmental Science, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Chemistry, Italy, Biological Sciences, and 15 moreCities, Environmental Sciences, Vehicle Emissions, Quercus, Wind, Airborne Particulates, Metals, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Theoretical Models, Fagus, Particulate Matter, Reproducibility of Results, Air Pollutants, and Plant Leaves
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This paper deals with the possibility of improving the urea dosage control for the Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems (SCR) of an Euro VI d diesel light commercial vehicle in order to increase [Formula: see text] after-treatment... more
This paper deals with the possibility of improving the urea dosage control for the Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems (SCR) of an Euro VI d diesel light commercial vehicle in order to increase [Formula: see text] after-treatment reduction performance. To this aim, first, we assess the effective emissions abatement performance for the appraised diesel vehicle via real-world experimental campaign, carried out according to the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests on urban, extra-urban and motorway road sections in Naples, Italy. Based on these real-world data, we derive a parameterized control-oriented model for the SCR system which is, then, exploited for the designing of an alternative urea injection logic which could be able to maximize the [Formula: see text] reduction efficiency while minimizing tailpipe ammonia slip. Specifically, the optimal AdBlue injection rate is designed according to a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Approach which allows obtaining a proper trade-off bet...
Research Interests: Engineering and Engine
Abstract Mopeds are popular means of transportation, particularly in southern Europe and in eastern and southern Asia. The relative importance of their emissions increases in urban environments which host large fleets of mopeds. In... more
Abstract Mopeds are popular means of transportation, particularly in southern Europe and in eastern and southern Asia. The relative importance of their emissions increases in urban environments which host large fleets of mopeds. In Naples, for example, mopeds make a considerable contribution to HC emissions (about 53%), although the percentage of mopeds (12.4%) in the total circulating fleet is lower than that of other vehicle categories [1].
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Vehicles’ powertrain electrification is one of the key measures adopted by manufacturers in order to develop low emissions vehicles and reduce the CO2 emissions from passenger cars. High complexity of electrified powertrains increases the... more
Vehicles’ powertrain electrification is one of the key measures adopted by manufacturers in order to develop low emissions vehicles and reduce the CO2 emissions from passenger cars. High complexity of electrified powertrains increases the demand of cost-effective tools that can be used during the design of such powertrain architectures. Objective of the study is the proposal of a series of real-world velocity profiles that can be used during virtual design. To that aim, using three state of the art plug-in hybrid vehicles, a combined experimental, and simulation approach is followed to derive generic real-world cycles that can be used for the evaluation of the overall energy efficiency of electrified powertrains. The vehicles were tested under standard real driving emissions routes, real-world routes with reversed order (compared to a standard real driving emissions route) of urban, rural, motorway, and routes with high slope variation. To enhance the experimental activities, additi...
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Syngas production from biomass gasification and its use in combined heat and power (CHP) generation systems is a feasible alternative to traditional fuels in Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs), although its quality is poorer in terms of... more
Syngas production from biomass gasification and its use in combined heat and power (CHP) generation systems is a feasible alternative to traditional fuels in Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs), although its quality is poorer in terms of calorific value and energy density. Therefore, a viable option for its exploitation can be assured if ICEs operate in dual-fuel (DF) mode, where employing non-edible oils (as Waste Vegetable Oils, WVO) as a further residual material may solve issues related both to the utilization of diesel fuels and to the high costs for biodiesel production. The practice promotes a virtuous circle to enhance material recovery without disposal. A combined experimental-numerical activity for the analysis of the performances of a Compression Ignition (CI) engine in the DF mode with syngas and WVO is here presented. An appropriate pre-heating system is mounted on the engine injection line to reduce the WVO viscosity. Experimental data collected in terms of in-cylinder ...
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Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the real driving emissions of two vehicles widely used as private means of transport in Italian cities: a Euro 4 gasoline passenger car and a Euro 3 scooter. Exhaust emissions of two and... more
Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the real driving emissions of two vehicles widely used as private means of transport in Italian cities: a Euro 4 gasoline passenger car and a Euro 3 scooter. Exhaust emissions of two and four wheel vehicles were characterised over three urban routes in Naples. On-board measurement of CO, NOx, CO2 and fuel consumption of the car was made with a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS); exhaust emissions of NOx and fuel consumption of the scooter were measured in the laboratory, reproducing speed profiles acquired on the road on a chassis-dynamometer. In both cases, vehicle spatial position was acquired by Global Positioning System (GPS) at a frequency of 10 Hz. Real vehicle speed and acceleration together with road gradient were used to evaluate the specific power of the vehicle (VSP) and the results were modelled so as to correlate emissions with driving activities. Specific emissions and fuel consumption were also analysed as a function of road gradient. The most critical results for the car concerned NOx emissions which greatly exceeded the type-approval limit, and real driving of the scooter involved a significant increase in fuel consumption. For both vehicles, positive road gradient greatly influenced fuel demand, while NOx and CO emissions were considerably reduced on downhill stretches.
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Abstract The environmental impact of road intersection operations, and in particular of alternative types of traffic control, has received increasing attention in recent years as a factor to be considered in addition to efficiency and... more
Abstract The environmental impact of road intersection operations, and in particular of alternative types of traffic control, has received increasing attention in recent years as a factor to be considered in addition to efficiency and safety. The purpose of this study is to provide experimental evidence about this issue based on direct measurement of CO2 emissions produced by a vehicle under traffic signal versus roundabout control. Carbon Dioxide was chosen as specific target of the analysis because of its important contribution to the “greenhouse effect”. Using data collected with a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) installed on a test car, a before-and-after analysis was conducted on an intersection where a roundabout has replaced a traffic signal. A total of 396 trips were carried out by two drivers in different traffic conditions and in opposite directions along a designated route. Using statistical methods, the existence of significant differences in CO2 emissions in relation to the type of intersection control was investigated based on the collected data, also considering the effect of other explanatory variables and focusing in particular on peak traffic conditions. More precisely, the effect of the type of control has been characterized using descriptive statistics and permutation tests applied to the entire data set, while an analysis based on binary logistic regression has been performed with specific reference to trips carried out under peak traffic conditions. The results of these analyses support the conclusion that converting a signal-controlled intersection to a roundabout may lead to a decrease in CO2 emissions.
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Abstract On-road real driving emissions (RDE) testing was used to study the effects of many parameters not taken into account by laboratory testing but which can greatly influence vehicle pollutant emissions. Among these, road grade plays... more
Abstract On-road real driving emissions (RDE) testing was used to study the effects of many parameters not taken into account by laboratory testing but which can greatly influence vehicle pollutant emissions. Among these, road grade plays a key role. This paper investigates the effects of positive and negative road grades on the exhaust emissions of two Euro 5 diesel vehicles. Both vehicles were tested in the laboratory on the chassis dynamometer and on the road along a mixed route in Naples (Italy). The circuit includes urban, extra-urban and motorway driving in order to comply with Euro 6 RDE requirements. Laboratory testing aimed to assess emissions during current type approval driving cycles; on-road tests using portable analysers were used to determine real emissions as a function of road gradient. Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) analysis revealed that with respect to positive road grades, negative ones explain a higher share of total VSP. For −4% to +5% road gradients, the percentage variation of carbon dioxide emissions is linearly correlated with variations in slope. The same correlation for nitrogen oxides is vehicle dependent and well explained by a second-order polynomial function.
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Abstract PM10 samples were collected in the urban tunnel of Naples (southern Italy) during a monitoring campaign on March 2015. Two sets of samples were collected at both sides of the tunnel, each set representing the daily cycle at a 1 h... more
Abstract PM10 samples were collected in the urban tunnel of Naples (southern Italy) during a monitoring campaign on March 2015. Two sets of samples were collected at both sides of the tunnel, each set representing the daily cycle at a 1 h time resolution. Distance-based – mass per kilometer – emission factors (EFs) were calculated using mass concentrations, traffic flow rates and wind speed as a function of fleet composition. Samples were analysed for mass and water-soluble inorganic ions ( Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Ca 2 + , Mg 2 + , Cl - , NO 3 - and SO 4 2 - ) with the aim of investigating the influence of road traffic on the contribution of these species to PM levels. Road traffic directly emits inorganic ions, both from the exhaust and non-exhaust components. Analysis of ionic composition highlighted the increase in calcium concentration, which may derive from non-exhaust sources (road dust, wear of brake pads, clutches, tires) and calcium sulfonates, phenates or salicylates, often added to motor oils. Sulphate, added to lubricant oils, is also directly emitted at a rate higher than the gaseous sulphur dioxide emission. According to our analysis, nearly 10% of PM mass is composed by water-soluble inorganic ions, most of which directly emitted by automobiles. This suggests that an important contribution to PM emissions may derive from the inorganic component and more efforts should be devoted to constrain these emissions if PM concentration had to effectively comply with air quality standards.
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Abstract On-road particulate matter (PM) mass was measured during a sampling campaign in March of 2015 in the ‘4 giornate’ tunnel in Naples, Italy. Two sets of samples were collected at both sides of the tunnel, each set representing the... more
Abstract On-road particulate matter (PM) mass was measured during a sampling campaign in March of 2015 in the ‘4 giornate’ tunnel in Naples, Italy. Two sets of samples were collected at both sides of the tunnel, each set representing the daily cycle at a 1 h time resolution. Distance-based – mass per kilometer – and fuel-based – mass per burned fuel – emission factors (EFs) were calculated using mass concentrations, traffic flow rates and wind speed as a function of fleet composition. Also, chemical analyses were performed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to the high traffic volume, particle mass concentration at the tunnel exit was always significantly elevated relative to entrance concentration; depending on the hour of the day, PM10 concentration ranged between 300 μg/m3, during the early afternoon, and 600 μg/m3 during rush hours at the tunnel exit. Correspondingly, PAHs achieved concentrations as high as 1450 ng/m3, and benzo(a)pyrene, a surely carcinogenic compound, achieved concentrations as high as 69 ng/m3, raising serious concerns in relation to population exposure close to this urban tunnel. Distance-based and fuel-based emission factors for CO2, PM10 and PAHs were estimated, but while the EF for CO2 was within the range of expected values, the present study found much higher EFs for particulate matter and PAHs. According to the national official statistics from ISPRA (the Italian Institute for the Protection and Research on Environment), derived from the COPERT database, we expected an EF for particulate matter of about 55 mg/km, but the EF estimated from measurements taken at both sides of the tunnel was about four times higher than that expected; also, benzo(a)pyrene achieved an average EF of 2.7 μg/km, about three times higher than that expected from the ISPRA database.
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A novel model has been developed for the analysis and the evaluation of average vehicle emissions in a real driving cycle (emission factors) from data in an emission data base. The model assumes that emission variation can be explained by... more
A novel model has been developed for the analysis and the evaluation of average vehicle emissions in a real driving cycle (emission factors) from data in an emission data base. The model assumes that emission variation can be explained by parameters determined from dynamic vehicle equation and by the frequency of acceleration events at different speed.
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Two experimental monitoring campaigns were carried out in 2012 to investigate the air quality in the port of Naples, the most important in southern Italy for traffic of passengers and one of the most important for goods. Therefore, it... more
Two experimental monitoring campaigns were carried out in 2012 to investigate the air quality in the port of Naples, the most important in southern Italy for traffic of passengers and one of the most important for goods. Therefore, it represents an important air pollution source located close to the city of Naples. The concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) in the air were measured at 15 points inside the Naples port area through the use of passive samplers. In addition, a mobile laboratory was positioned in a fixed point inside the port area to measure continuous concentration of pollutants together with particulate matter, ambient parameters, and wind direction and intensity. The pollution levels monitored were compared with those observed in the urban area of Naples and in other Mediterranean ports. Even though the observation time was limited, measured concentrations were also compared with limit values established by European legislation. All the measured pollutants were below the limits with the exception of nitrogen dioxide: its average concentration during the exposition time exceeded the yearly limit value. A spatial analysis of data, according to the measured wind direction and intensity, provided information about the effects that ship emissions have on ambient air quality in the port area. The main evidence indicates that ship emissions influence sulfur dioxide concentration more than any other pollutants analyzed.
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The concentrations of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including six carcinogenic PAHs, were measured in leaves of Quercus ilex L. and surrounding soils in order to evaluate their suitability as biomonitors of PAH air... more
The concentrations of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including six carcinogenic PAHs, were measured in leaves of Quercus ilex L. and surrounding soils in order to evaluate their suitability as biomonitors of PAH air contamination. Healthy and mature leaves and surface soils (0-5 cm) were collected at five urban sites and one control site in May and September 2001 and January and May 2002. The PAHs were extracted by sonication and quantified by GC-MS. Both leaves and sous showed PAH accumulations at the urban sites and spatial trends of PAH concentrations among the sites, although no correspondence was highlighted between the spatial trends among leaves and soil PAH concentrations. The temporal variations in PAH concentrations were wide for the leaves with the highest values in January, whilst for the soils they were narrow. The 3-ring PAHs were the most abundant in the leaves whilst the 6+7-ring PAHs were the most abundant in the soils. The proportions of the carcinogen...
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The aim of the present work is the comparison between natural gas and a hydrogen-natural gas blend (HCNG in the following) in terms of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. A passenger car has been tested on a chassis dynamometer... more
The aim of the present work is the comparison between natural gas and a hydrogen-natural gas blend (HCNG in the following) in terms of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. A passenger car has been tested on a chassis dynamometer according to the European emission regulations, without any change on engine calibration (ie spark advance). The HCNG blend used during the test has a 12% vol. of hydrogen content. ... CO emissions showed a reduction of about 19% when HCNG blend is used, while HC emissions remained constant. A 70% ...
In the field of sustainable mobility emissions values are still remarkable, especially in urban areas, where more than one-half of the world's population now lives. To give a contribution to this issue a research activity was realized... more
In the field of sustainable mobility emissions values are still remarkable, especially in urban areas, where more than one-half of the world's population now lives. To give a contribution to this issue a research activity was realized within a national scientific project. In this context it was realized the evaluation of the fuel consumption and emissions during the actual use of the vehicle on the road. Tests were carried out with different cars, in order to identify and to describe the most representative road paths of the city of Naples where topography presents significant changes in slope. The emissions and fuel consumption were analyzed according to the shape of the vehicle, the traffic information, the definition of the driving cycles and the characteristics of the path, integrated with the data available through the free cartographies. A particular attention was given to the slope variability along the streets during each journey performed by the instrumented vehicle. Finally the slope analysis can be correlated to the emission and consumption values in a specific road position, and it could be evaluated its influence on their behaviour.
Abstract: The 1997 Kyoto International Conference Protocol committed industrialized countries to reduce their global emissions of greenhouse gases within the period 2008 2012 by at least 5% with respect to 1990. In view of this and... more
Abstract: The 1997 Kyoto International Conference Protocol committed industrialized countries to reduce their global emissions of greenhouse gases within the period 2008 2012 by at least 5% with respect to 1990. In view of this and following the European Community directives, the Italian government approved a three-year pilot project to promote the experimental employment of biodiesel.
The aim of the present work is the comparison between natural gas and a hydrogen-natural gas blend (HCNG in the following) in terms of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. A passenger car has been tested on a chassis dynamometer... more
The aim of the present work is the comparison between natural gas and a hydrogen-natural gas blend (HCNG in the following) in terms of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. A passenger car has been tested on a chassis dynamometer according to the European emission regulations, without any change on engine calibration (ie spark advance). The HCNG blend used during the test has a 12% vol. of hydrogen content. ... CO emissions showed a reduction of about 19% when HCNG blend is used, while HC emissions remained constant. A 70% ...
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Abstract: European Type approval procedure defines a synthetic driving cycle (the NEDC) over which one vehicle per type has to be tested. Euro 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 differ (beside vehicle preconditioning and warm-up procedures introduced since... more
Abstract: European Type approval procedure defines a synthetic driving cycle (the NEDC) over which one vehicle per type has to be tested. Euro 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 differ (beside vehicle preconditioning and warm-up procedures introduced since Euro 3) only because limits for the different pollutants have been progressively lowered.
Abstract In the last ten years, the number of natural gas vehicles worldwide has grown rapidly with the biggest contribution coming from the Asia-Pacific and Latin America regions. As natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel, the exhaust... more
Abstract In the last ten years, the number of natural gas vehicles worldwide has grown rapidly with the biggest contribution coming from the Asia-Pacific and Latin America regions. As natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel, the exhaust emissions from natural gas spark ignition vehicles are lower than those of gasoline powered vehicles. Moreover, natural gas is less affected by price fluctuations and its resources are more evenly widespread over the globe than to oil. However, as natural gas vehicles are usually bi-fuel gasoline and natural ...
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Attention: This paper is not yet published. If you are interested in purchasing it - via Mail, Fax or Download - please click on the "Mail" shopping cart icon below and proceed through the checkout process once you are finished browsing our web site. When this paper becomes ...