Meghan M Chidsey

A discussion of the need for anthropology earlier in students' education. The end of the article features a video interviewing high school students about the importance of anthropology and its impact on their education. URL HERE: https://careercenter.americananthro.org/article/the-need-for-anthropology-earlier-teaching-anthropology-at-the-secondary-level

This ethnography takes place at four of northern India’s most renowned, all-girls’ private boarding schools, established in reference to the British Public Schooling model mainly during the tail ends of colonialism by Indian queens and British memsahibs on the sub-continent. It is a story told from the points of view of founders, administrators, and teachers, but primarily from that of students, based on fieldwork conducted from July 2013 through June 2014. Schools heralded as historic venues of purported upper-caste girls’ emancipation, this study interrogates the legacies of this colonial-nationalist moment by examining how these institutions and their female students engage in newer processes and discourses of class formation and gendered empowerment through schooling. For one, it considers the dichotomous (re)constructions of gendered and classed personhoods enacted through exclusionary modernities, particularly in terms of who gains access to these schools, both physically and through symbolic forms of belonging. It then examines the reclamation of these constructs within (inter)national development discourses of girls’ empowerment and the role of neoliberal privatization in reconstituting elite schooling experiences with gender as its globalizing force. Here, seemingly paradoxical relationships between such concepts as discipline and freedom, duties and rights, collective responsibility and individual competition are explored, arguing that the pressures of academic success, tensions over the future, and role of high stakes examinations and privatized tutoring are contributing to student experiences of performative or fatiguing kinds of empowerment. Through such frames, extreme binary constructions of empowerment are complicated, demonstrating how female Public School students exist more within middling spaces of “betweenness,” of practiced mediation. Empowerment in this sense is not an achievable status, nor unidirectional process, but a set of learned tools or skills deployed in recurring moments of contradiction or in difficult deliberations, whereby students variously buy in, (re)create, opt-out of, or reject proposed models of “successful” or “legitimate,” female personhood. Overall, this ethnography problematizes assumed relationships between empowerment and privilege, questions the alignments between school and the (upper-)middle class home, and suggests that as the reproductive capabilities of elite schooling are challenged in the face of newer venues of capital, these all-girls’ Public Schools and their students are finding unique ways to remain or become the elite of consideration.

When the first, all-girls’ Indian Public Schools opened their doors they were not the progenitors of women’s education nor the first English-medium schools in the princely states. These schools fulfilled a different need – educating the daughters of India’s aristocracy. While in the schools’ initial years, students could pursue either Hindi- or English-medium streams, they quickly became (inter)nationally renowned for their prowess in the English language. In the decades surrounding Indian independence, they served as localized symbols of “quality” education, women’s emancipation, and Indian modernity. Though many of these perceived advantages still hold true, contemporary practices pertaining to participation in entrance examinations, higher education, and peer group sociality are challenging their meanings and uses. Not only are female students (re)creating ideologies that link English, Hindi, and/or other vernaculars to certain class- and gender-based notions of being “cool”, “modern”, or “rustic”, to “belonging”, “showing off”, or “proving it”, but institutional competition from private (largely Hindi-medium) tutoring centers are further complicating the primacy of English-medium education. As such, this article interrogates the various ways stakeholders of four, historic, all-girls’ Indian Public Schools interact with, police, place value upon, and find meaning through language.

Northern India’s historic, all-girls ‘Public Schools’ (a British gloss meaning ‘elite’ and ‘private’) have served as showcases of the nation’s modernity and progress since Independence, mobilised as productive models of women’s empowerment. While these
schools and their students were once mediated by nationalist views of gendered, aspirational selves, globally oriented, neoliberal markets have created new landscapes of elite crisis and negotiated citizenship. By examining the roles of staged performance, competition, service and choice, this article will address how many upper- and middle-class female students are encountering and crafting complex, contradictory models of empowerment and altruism.