Clyde Winters

There is a global distribution of Y-Chromosome R-M343 subclades across the African continent. The major subclades are R-M269 and R-V88. The V88 subclade is the oldest clade to separate from R-M343. The V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across a wide geographic area from Iberia, eastward to Germany and Samara. This would place carriers of relatives of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people. Given the wide distribution of V88 and M269 in Africa and Neolithic Europe suggest that, the Bell Beaker and Yamnaya people were Africans, not Indo-Europeans, because these cultural complexes and the people who practiced these cultures originated in Africa.

In this book Dr. Winters explains the genesis of learning disabilities from the perspectice of the brain. He provides a detailed discuss of brain based learning, and provides strategies teachers can use to make their instruction more effective.

In this book Dr. Winters discusses and explains the history of the Olmec people. He begins with their origin in Africa and ends with a detailed discussion of the writing, technology and contributions to the rise of later American civilizations.

The Kushites lived in Africa and Eurasia. Kushites originated in Africa. Researchers have observed that many of the Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) and early European farmers (EF) populations carried R1a and R1b clades, and cultivated millet, which was not cultivated in Central Asia and the Middle East until 1000s of years after it was cultivated at Nabta Playa in Africa, and in the Ukraine by CHG and EF populations. Interestingly, the CHG carried the R1b1, and R1b1a lineages. Some researchers claim that these clades are " distant relatives " of V88, and that V88 is the result of a back migration from Eurasia to Central Africa. The archaeological evidence, on the other hand, lacks any corroboration of a back migration from Eurasia. Instead, the archaeogenetic evidence indicates that Niger-Congo speaking Africans from North Africa and the Saharo-Sahel, called Kushites in the historical literature early settled Crete, Iberia and Anatolia, and that these Africans introduced R1b, the Bell Beaker and the agro-pastoral cultural traditions into Eurasia during the Neolithic.

Previous studies of the genetic structure of Afro-Americans have observed a considerable presence of European haplotype R1, among Afro-Americans in North America and the Caribbean. Researchers have assumed that these European genetic signals were probably the result of European males mating with Sub-Saharan African (SSA) females during the Atlantic Slave Trade. Even though this is the usual explanation for the presence of European clades carried by Afro-Americans (AA), recent studies show a high frequency of R haplogroup ancestry among SSAs in West Africa. This study illustrates that the existence of Y-chromosome R1a, and R1b (M-269 and V88) among Afro-Americans may be derived from SSAs instead of Europeans.

The African Dimension in Latin American Societies by Franklin W. Knight New York, Macmillan; London, Collier-Macmillan; 1974. Pp. vii + 148. $5.95.Soul Force: African heritage in Afro-American religion by Leonard E. Barrett New York, Doubleday Anchor Book, 1974. Pp. 251. $7.95. $3.50 paperback.Santeria: African magic in Latin America by Migene Gonzalez-Wippler New York, The Julian Press, 1974. Pp. 181. $6.50. ... The African Dimension in Latin American Societies by Franklin W. Knight New York, Macmillan; London, Collier- ...

Henn et al argues that several back-to-Africa migrations may account for the North African population, and a recent migration of Sub-Saharan Africans into North Africa 1.2kya and 700ya (years ago). The archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence contradicts this claim. This evidence indicates a continues indigenous African presences in North Africa for the past 30ky (thousand years)[1].

The M haplogroup was carried to Asia by anatomically modern humans (amh) 60kya. The spatial distribution of haplogroup L3(M) and LOd across Sub-Saharan Africa suggest significant demic expansion of carriers of the haplogroup M . The basal L3(M) motif is characterized by the Ddel site np 10394 and Alul site np 10397 in hap-lotype AF-24 which is at the base of the M hapogroups. Haplotype AF-24 belongs to haplogroup LOd which is not found in Asia, and suggest a human migration from East Africa to the Senegambia by amh using the San-goan industry 80-50kya.

Dr. Oppenheimer (2012b) implies that L3(M,N) originated in Asia. This is false. We know that L3 originated long before the OoA event. He does not present any evidence falsifying my conclusion. His entire argument is that M1 is 'rare' in Asia. Haplotypes with HVSI transitions defining 16129-16223-16249-16278-16311-16362; and 16129-16223-16234-16249-16211-16362 have been found in Thailand and among the Han Chinese (Fucharoen et al., 2001; Yao et al., 2002) and these were originally thought to be members of Haplogroup M1. However, on the basis of currently available FGS sequences, carriers of these markers have been found to be in the D4a branch of Haplogroup D, the most widespread branch of M 1 in East Asia (Fucharoen et al., 2001; Yao et al., 2002).

The Eurasian y-chromosome haplogroup R is found in Africa we need to determine if its existence indicates a back migration from Asia. We analyze the varied R haplogroups in Africa to determine their distribution and clade among and within Sub-Saharan populations. Haplogroup R is found among all African populations and linguistic groups including Khoisan and Pygmies. The widespread distribution of R-V88 and R1b globally across Africa may indicate an African origin for R-M173. KEYWORDS: Y-chromosome haplogroup haplotype phylogeography. INTRODUCTION According to Underhill the geographical origin of y-chromosome R1b is situated in Eurasia. As a result, these researchers believed that the R y-chromosome haplogroup in Africa suggest a back migration from Asia to Africa (Cruciani, et al, 2010). Cruciani et al (2010), assume that the phylogeographic y-haplotype analyses suggest that Asia was probably the home for y-chromosome M173 and that the presence of haplotype M173 is due to a back mig...

The genetic phylogeny of L3 suggest that L3 (M,N) had probably spread across Africa before the Toba eruption and OoA event so it could not have originated in Eurasia. Haplogroup L3 (M,N) probably spread from East Africa to West Africa along with haplogroup LOd. The most recent common ancestor (TMRC) of AMH carrying LOd according to Gonder et al. dates to 106kya. A haplotype of LOd is AF-24, delineated by DdeI site 10394 and AluI site of np 10397. Haplogroup L3 (M,N) is characterized by the DdeI site np 10394 and AluI 10397. .

Bushby et al [1] argue that we cannot determine the date and geographical origin for R1b1b2-M269, because the microsatellite choice of STR-based time estimates fails to provide a conclusive date for the dispersal and origin of this haplogroup. This finding makes dating of the origination of R-M269 and its geographical origin and dispersal in Europe controversial because we cannot fully trust the coalescence time estimates between lineages.

The Indus Valley writing is not a multilingual system of writing. The writing indicates that this population was literate and spoke a Dravidian language. The study also indicates that the Indus Valley writing was not used to write an Indo-Aryan language, because the Aryans did not arrive in India until after 1600 BC. The Dravidians had their own tradition of writing 1 . It would appear that they introduced writing to the Indus Valley 2–6 . They continued to use this writing on their pottery in South India 7,8 and later punch-marked coins. This is supported by the discovery of writing in South India 2 dating back to before 600 BC. In a recent paper Srinivasan et al. 1 argue that the Indus Valley writing was a syllabic multilingual writing system. Al-though this is their opinion, it appears that the writing system used in the Indus Valley was also employed in South India and that the language of the Indus Valley script was Tamil 2–4 . They argue that the Indus Valley seals were 'f...

The distribution and expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-selective glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1-4) were studied in cultured hippocampal neurons using antibodies generated against peptides corresponding to the C-termini of GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4, and with a set of oligonucleotide probes designed complementary to specific pan, flip and flop GluR1-4 messenger RNA sequences. GluR1-4 subunit proteins were localized in fixed hippocampal neurons (2 h to three weeks after plating) by immunocytochemistry with light and electron microscopy. At early stages in culture, moderate staining with antibodies to GluR1 and GluR2/3 and very light staining with antibody to GluR4 was observed in cell bodies and proximal portions of all neurites of some neurons. Upon establishment of identified axons and dendrites by seven days in culture, staining was intense with specific antibodies to GluR1 and GluR2/3 and light with anti-GluR4 antibody in cell bodies and dendrites. Little or no staining was observed in axons. Cells at seven days in culture exhibited a variety of morphologies. However, we could not assign a pattern of staining to a particular type. As the cultures matured over two and three weeks, staining was limited to the somatodendritic compartment. The intensity of glutamate receptor subunit staining increased and the extent of staining proceeded to the distal extreme of many dendrites. Moreover, antibodies to GluR1-4 subunits were co-localized in neurons. Immunocytochemistry on living neurons did not result in any significant labeling, suggesting that the epitope is either not expressed on the surface of the neurons, or is present, but inaccessible to the antibody. Electron microscopy demonstrated receptor localization similar to that found in brain, with staining of postsynaptic membrane and density, dendritic cytoplasm and cell body, but not within the synaptic cleft. We examined the possible role of "cellular compartmentation" in the pattern of glutamate receptor expression in hippocampal neurons. Compartmentalization studies of the subcellular distribution of messenger RNAs encoding GluR1-4 subunits was determined in mature cultures by in situ hybridization. Significant silver grain appearance was restricted to the cell body, indicating that the synthesis of glutamate receptor subunits is limited largely to the neuronal cell body. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 was studied in parallel. Microtubule-associated protein 2 expression appeared 6 h after plating, while glutamate receptor subunit expression was present at 2 h. This indicates that microtubule-associated protein 2 does not regulate the initial distribution of glutamate receptor subunits into neurites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Potentiation by cyclothiazide of recombinant glutamate receptor responses in Xenopus oocytes showed absolute selectivity for AMPA versus kainate receptors. In contrast, concanavalin A strongly potentiated responses at kainate but not AMPA receptors. Rapid desensitization in HEK 293 cells transfected with AMPA receptors was blocked by cyclothiazide, but only weakly attenuated by concanavalin A. Desensitization at kainate receptors was blocked by concanavalin A but unaffected by cyclothiazide. Selective effects of these modulators following coexpression of subunits from different families suggest independent assembly of functional AMPA and kainate receptors. Northern blot analysis of mRNA for dorsal root ganglia revealed a predominant expression of GluR5, indicating that modulation of desensitization by concanavalin A but not cyclothiazide in sensory neurons accurately predicts subunit expression for native glutamate receptors.

We report the case of a 63-year-old woman whose indwelling urethral catheter became blocked regularly at 4-5 day intervals over a period of 10 weeks. 'Worm-like' structures 25-30 cm in length were found either in the catheter, completely occluding the lumen, or in the drainage tube thereby blocking the valve of the drainage bag. Electron microscopy showed that these structures were composed of bacteria, while culture revealed them to be mixed communities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus mirabilis. Following treatment with ciprofloxacin, catheter drainage continued freely for a further period of 10 weeks.

Fifty Foley bladder catheters that had been indwelling for periods ranging from 3 to 83 days (mean 35 days) were examined for the presence of bacterial biofilm. Scanning electron microscopy on freeze-dried cross-sections and fixed, critical point-dried longitudinal sections revealed biofilm formation on the luminal surfaces of 44 of the catheters. Culture of urine samples and sonicates from catheters revealed that the prevalence of bacteriuria was less than that of catheter colonization. A wide range of nosocomial species were found colonizing the catheters, Escherichia coli being most often isolated. The bacterial composition of the biofilms ranged from single species to mixed communities containing up to four species. There was no relationship between the length of time that the catheter had been in situ and the extent of biofilm formation. The biofilms varied in thickness from 3 to 490 microns and were visible as layers of bacterial cells up to about 400 cells deep, embedded in a matrix.

Psychologists disagree over the reliability of psychological testing in predicting the future performance of police. In this study we compare the MMPI scores of police officers in Chicago and California. The results of this analysis prove that there is no real correlation between performance ratings and MMPI scores due to the variance between police agencies in American metropolitan areas over the suitable MMPI score for a police officer.

Abstract: The egocentricity and delayed cognitive development among youth involved in the juvenile and criminal justice systems may result from their isolation from mainstream culture and their failure to achieve success in school and the early age for their initial participation in antisocial and criminal behaviors. This led Matthews and Winters (1993) to believe that there should be six objectives of any education policy for youthful offenders. These are to increase literacy among offenders, train offenders for gainful employment, prepare offenders to ...

Much has been written about the cost of imprisonment, but very little, if anything, has been written about the benefits of education in correctional institutions because researchers have been unable to question offenders and determine just what inmates think about education and participation in educational activities in gaol. To remedy this situation we surveyed 79 inmates to learnjust how they feel about educational activities in correctional institutions.

Résumé/Abstract L'A. examine les correspondances existant dans les termes qui désignent le bétail dans les langues niger-congo et dans les langues dravidiennes et fournit ainsi une preuve supplémentaire en faveur de l'hypothèse de la présence du peuple proto-dravidien en Afrique

Résumé/Abstract De nombreux éléments tendent à prouver que le millet africain était cultivé dans la vallée de l'Indus pendant la période harappa. Toutefois des controverses apparaissent pour déterminer la manière dont ce millet a été transporté depuis l'Afrique. L'une des hypothèses consiste à considérer l'Afrique comme étant le foyer originel des populations proto-dravidiennes. Afin de tester cette théorie, l'A. recherche ici des similitudes linguistiques dans les termes utilisés pour la culture du millet en africain et en dravidien

The Paleoamericans are classified phenotypically as African, Australian or Melanesian based on
multivariate methods and quantitative analysis. This grouping should only be Sub-Saharan African and
Australian populations because the Melanesians and Sub-Saharan Africans share the same craniometric
measurements. The craniometrics illustrate that PaleoIndians belonged to the Black Variety, but they do
not allow us to establish conclusively where the Paleoamericans originated. Some researchers believe the
Paleoamericans came from East Asia across the Beringa Straits or from Europe because of the Solutrean
tools found throughout North America. These points of origination are unlikely because the Ice shelf in
the Northern Latitudes would have prevented passage from these destinations to South America where the
oldest Paleoamerican sites have been excavated. The most likely place the Paleoamericans came from
was Africa which is closer to the Americas, than either Europe or East Asia, and also the location where
the Solutrean culture originated, and later expanded into Iberia.

We analyzed the literature on ancient DNA of Paleoamericans. It was found that the Paleoamericans carried mtDNA belonging to the M macrohaplogroup and y-chromosome R. The Paleoamericans were Khoisan. The Khoisan was the Cro-Magnon people who introduced the Solutrian culturesinto Spain and the North America. These founding amhindigenous Americans came to America in boats from Africa which was the only place Paleoamericans could sail from, to reach the Americas during the last Ice Age.

Controversy surrounds the origin of the y-chromosome R lineages among Native Americans in the United States. Most researchers assume that the occurrence of this gene among Native Americans is the result of European admixture. This view is not supported by the phylogeography of haplogroup R1 which does not correspond to the former territories of the European colonies with the highest population densities. The
location of this paternal clade, on the other hand, does match the former centers of Black Native American occupation (and the forced migration of Mongoloid and Black Native Americans into the American Southwest), which suggest that the presence of R1 among Mongoloid Native Americans is the result of Mongoloid-Black Native American admixture. This Indian-African admixture would have been between SSA and the Black Native Americans already living here at the advent of the colonial era mating Mongoloid Native Americans. The African specific R-M173 yDNA form a Sub-Saharan African (SSA)
subclade , which in association with the SSA R-M269 subclade in Africa, reveal that there was gene flow from SSA toward mongoloid people in North America, probably during the past 500 years.

In this article, we provide a framework for analyzing and interpreting population genetics articles.
Bayesian Statistics combines prior beliefs and sample DNA information to make inferences about the sample based on the researchers prior beliefs. In traditional research the researcher makes a hypothesis and performs an experiment to test the relationship between two or more variables. Population genetics research does not use Bayesian statistics to test the association of variables; but it can be used to study the
difference between population groups, e.g. admixture rates between and among populations. Use of Bayesian statistics to predict past population events is problematic, unless the researcher has a firm knowledge of the prehistory of a region. The purpose of this checklist is to help the researcher understand the design of the research article under review and make sure archaeogenetic methods are being employed. The checklist will allow graduate students, anthropologists and professional geneticists to evaluate the essential design features of the research paper especially the interpretation and reporting of results. The checklist looks at the foundation of the scientist’s thinking to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the research to find out if the research conclusions are accurate , valid and based on archaeogenetic measures. . Use of this checklist will expedite the evaluator’s  evaluation of the phases of the article being evaluated to insure the literature is valid and therefore will make a significant contribution to population genetics literature.

The Spanish found numerous Black Communities in Mexico when they reached America in 1492. In addition, archaeologist have found skeletons of Sub-Saharan Africans at many ancient Mexican sites. The existence of HLA-B*35 among SSA and mongoloid Native Americans occurs in high frequencies. This suggest that this pattern of shared HLA among these populations is the result of ancient Pre-Columbian contact and not the Atlantic Slave Trade.

In this paper we test Leo Weiner’s theory that the builders of the mounds in the United States were people from West Africa. In 1310 Abubakari, King of the Ancient Empire of Mali, led 25,000 colonists to settle the New World.The research has yielded information that the Malian explorer-colonist left beautiful mound structures and writing. The results indicate that the African and American mounds have statues built in the same style with many of the same features. They support Wiener’s theory that the Mande speaking people built some of the Mississippian mounds.

Background: Controversy surrounds the time period when Indigenous Mexican-African admixture occurred. Most researchers assume this admixture took place after the Atlantic Slave Trade. But, Spanish eyewitness accounts, Mayan skeletons with sickle cell anemia, and West African skeletal remains generally,indicate that there were Black Native Mexican and Meso-American communities in Meso-America before 1492. Using genetic association studies of available Indigenous Mexican and African genome-wide SNP genotypes and HLA we infer the probable pre-or post Columbian date for the admixture. Here we analyze the historical and  archaeogentic literature relating to the American foundational haplogroups and HLA to extract ancestry information detailing when Indigenous Mexican-African admixture took place.
Results:  Indigenous Mexican and African archaeogenetic,  DNA and HLA  resources  were analyzed to determine to what extent admixture had occurred between these populations. The sample indicated that Indigenous Mexican-African admixture has taken place across Mexican fundamental  male and female lineages; and that Africans and Indigenous Mexicans share HLA alleles. In addition,  archaeogenetic evidence including, African [Mande] inscriptions, Mande substratum in Mayan languages,  Africans depicted in Mayan murals at San Bartolo and Xultun, African skeletons generally,  and ancient Mayan skeletons with sickle cell anemia support Spanish eyewitness accounts of Black Native American tribes [Otomi, Chontal (Mayan speaking group)  ,Yarura and etc.] in Meso-America when they arrived on the scene.
Conclusion: We demonstrate that given the age of the African skeletons, excavated at Meso-American archaeological sites and Spanish eyewitness accounts of Black Mexicans, Indigenous Mexican- African admixture occurred prior to the European discovery of America. The date for the African skeletons indicate that there were several waves of West Africans who probably introduced African haplotypes  into the Americas. The 25,000 Malians who sailed to America in  1310  probably had a major influence on the exchange of African genes in the Americas.

Some researchers believe the Melanesians are a relic population. The research, on the other hand, indicate that the Melanesians probably originated on mainland Asia and Africa. This is supported by shared genetics  among Africans and Melanesian ; and the existence of African placenames in the Pacific.

See:Video :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNEtxO1HJD8




Here I translate the Indus Valley seals (IVS), and reveal that they record the ancient Agamic traditions of the Tamil speaking Dravidians of the IVC. This video is important and should be seen by everyone because for the first time in history the Tamil of the IVS speak to us in their own words, and tell us their devotion to their totemic Gods, and the Tamilar cultural values that guided their interactions, between, and among each other.

This is an overview of the Out of Africa (OoA) settlement of Europe during the Aurignacian period. Klyosov claims that the first Europeans were fair (pale) skin, and Neanderthal who never lived in Africa. Archaeological evidence indicated that Neanderthals originated in Africa and between 139kya and 125 kya the Neanderthals migrated back into Africa and spread from Morocco to East Africa. The archaeological, anthropological and genetic evidence indicated that the first Europeans were dark skin Sub-Saharan Africans who carried mtDNA haplogroup N and Y-chromosome C6 into Europe.

Teachers play an important role in preparing students for life in the “global village”. Ninety-one teachers were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward teaching from a global perspective and prior knowledge of globalization. The research suggest that teachers are willing and able to teach from a multicultural perspective—but they would like to see more teacher preparation programs  to prepare them to teach the content knowledge , strategies and complexities of living in a global village.