n this paper, a comparative study in terms of design and performance of 8-Bit Ripple Carry Adder ... more n this paper, a comparative study in terms of design and performance of 8-Bit Ripple Carry Adder (8B RCA) using CMOS circuits, Pass transistors and Transmission gates is presented. 1-bit ripple carry adders are used as a base to design 8-bit ripple carry adders then the schematic designs for all the three configurations are further converted into fabrication layouts. Simulation of the schematic designs is carried out to check the logic operations. In the end, performance analysis with respect to power dissipation of layout designs is performed.
We are going to design and simulate low power fractional-N phase-locked loop (FNPLL) frequency sy... more We are going to design and simulate low power fractional-N phase-locked loop (FNPLL) frequency synthesizer for industrial application, which is based on VLSI. The design of FNPLL has been optimized using different VLSI techniques to acquire significant performance in terms of speed with relatively less power consumption. One of the major contributions in optimization is contributed by the loop filter as it limits the switching time between cycles. Sigma-delta modulator attenuates the noise generated by the loop filter.This paper presents the implementation details and simulation results of all the blocks of optimized design.
Due to recent increase in energy crises of Pakistan,
windmill power generation is getting much a... more Due to recent increase in energy crises of Pakistan,
windmill power generation is getting much attraction as it is
among the cheapest sources of power generation. This paper
presents modeling of a windmill system using a graphical method
of state space modeling known as Bond Graph approach. Bond
Graphs are used to model each subsystem of the windmill. A
thorough study of a windmill system is made in which starting
from the word bond graphs, we modeled the whole system and in
the end a state space model is derived. That state space model is
used for the simulation purposes to achieve the desired result of
greater efficiency for a certain level of water in a storage tank.
Level of the water tank is controlled by the power generated
from the windmill. Optimization of this model is achieved using
Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller while
meeting the constraints.
"Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depict... more "Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depicts, control of different parameters of various industrial or commercial equipment like plants, vehicles, aircrafts and etc is obtained. Robust and optimal control of these equipments plays a vital role. This paper presents a design of H2 and H∞ control for a Twin Rotor System (TRS). TRS is a multi input multi output (MIMO) nonlinear system. The main objective is to control the angular position of the lever bar of TRS. It is having strong coupling between inputs and outputs. The model is first linearized and then controllers are designed to control the positions of lever bar. Simulations are made in MAT-LAB/SIMULINK. Model parameters are also provided in the end."
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different
elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC convert... more Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different
elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converters, pumps,
AC or DC machines. A PV generator is a useful origin of
measurable energy with non-linear Current Voltage peculiarities. In our scenario, a PV generator is coupled to a DC motor which has to be connected through some converter; we have chosen a Buck Boost Converter for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of our PV unit. There exists a hybrid type in these systems hence modeling is not much easy. Efficient use of Bond Graph technique is applied here. This paper discusses the methodology or sequence of modeling a physical system with the help of Bond Graph technique and simulating the model in 20-sim. The equations generated from 20-sim are verified and tested. 20-sim also provides the feature of optimizing the certain parameters. It concludes with a further proposed model to connect this unit with any mechanical or hydraulic unit.
The ever increasing demand of internet usage has given rise to many issues like internet applicat... more The ever increasing demand of internet usage has given rise to many issues like internet application management, bandwidth utilization, protocols mechanism management and, etc. But the Quality of Service (QoS) has become the hottest issue among these issues. Over the past several years, a considerable amount of research work has been done in the field of QoS support for distributed multimedia applications. Most of the work related to QoS support is done at the level of individual architectural layers and a less progress has been made to address the overall end-to-end support for multimedia traffic. A number of research groups proposed the development of QoS architectures across all layers. This paper presents a state of the art survey of QoS architectures. The approach followed is to present the QoS terminology and understanding the QoS regarding distributed multimedia systems. A number of QoS architectures that have been appeared in literature after 1990 from the computer communications and telecommunications are fully evaluated. A qualitative comparison of several QoS architectures is made in the end.
In industrial control systems, the PID
controllers are widely used because the designing and
tuni... more In industrial control systems, the PID controllers are widely used because the designing and tuning of parameters is not much cumbersome. However, control engineers usually use a precise approach for the designing of Proportional, Integral and Derivative controllers. In this paper, a simple but stringent approach is presented to differentiate clearly the characteristics of P, I and D controller. A vivid idea about the Settling time, Rise time and Steady-State error is given through the simulations of different systems having various Transfer Functions. The designing methodology of PID controller for a systematic adjustment of the controller gain is focused to meet the transient performance specifications. In addition, since all the designing methodology relies solely on Time Domain analysis of control systems, the paper has also a pedagogic contribution.
Due to recent substantial development in the field of
wireless communication, there is a need to ... more Due to recent substantial development in the field of wireless communication, there is a need to maximize spectral efficiency so that the extensive increase in traffic can be accommodated efficiently. Smart antenna system is a major source to maximize spectral efficiency and capacity of the wireless networks. It consists of an adaptive antenna array that continuously adjusts its radiation characteristics (beam-width of main lobe, side lobe levels and position of nulls) to produce narrow beam in the direction of arrival (DOA) of desired signal and to place nulls in the DOA of interferer signals so that maximum SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) is obtained. Smart antennas are becoming more popular now a days due to extensive advancement in the field of digital signal processing and real time implementation of adaptive signal processing techniques on FPGA’s. In this paper we analyze various adaptive beamforming algorithms including LMS (Least Mean Squares), CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm), RLS (Recursive Least Squares) and CGM (Conjugate Gradient Method) through simulating different parameters like radiation pattern, amplitude response, mean square error and absolute weights of an N-element array for a certain number of iterations. The obtained simulation results are very helpful to evaluate performance and quality of adaptive beamforming algorithms.
Nature being so nonlinear provides substantial reasoning to study the nonlinear dynamics inherite... more Nature being so nonlinear provides substantial reasoning to study the nonlinear dynamics inherited by the systems. Almost all of the systems that exist are nonlinear and analysis of such type of systems is necessary to understand a certain phenomena. van der Pol’s oscillator is an important nonlinear system that has enormous applications not only in electrical systems but also in biology, communication and other fields. This project presented a qualitative analysis of a coupled van der Pol’s oscillator with the study of limit cycles. A study of stability was also carried out in terms of Floquet multipliers which gave a clear insight of the system under consideration. Shooting method for periodic construction was used to study the system. Analytical and numerical schemes were used for the analysis and MATLAB environment was used to carry out the simulations of coupled van der Pol’s oscillator.
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converte... more Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converters, pumps, AC or DC machines. A PV generator is a useful origin of measurable energy with non-linear Current Voltage peculiarities. In our scenario, a PV generator was coupled to an RL load which had to be connected through some converter; we chose a Buck Converter for improved efficiency of our PV unit. There existed a hybrid type in these systems hence modeling was not much easy. This project discussed the methodology or sequence of modeling a physical system with the help of mathematical modeling and simulating the model in Simulink. Simulation results verified the efficiency of PV system attached with buck converter. It concluded with a further proposed model to connect this unit with any mechanical or hydraulic unit
Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depicts... more Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depicts, control of different parameters of various industrial or commercial equipment like plants, vehicles, aircrafts and etc is obtained. Robust and optimal control of these equipments plays a vital role. This project delivered a design of H2 and H∞ control for a Twin Rotor System (TRS). TRS was a multi input multi output (MIMO) nonlinear system. The main objective was to control the angular position of the lever bar of TRS. It was having strong coupling between inputs and outputs. The model was first linearized and then controllers were designed to control the positions of lever bar. Simulations were made in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
A qualitative comparison of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms (LMS, CMA, RLS & CGM) was made on the... more A qualitative comparison of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms (LMS, CMA, RLS & CGM) was made on the basis of Radiation Patterns, Amplitude Response, Mean Square Error and Absolute Weights. Later on this work was presented in the "2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICCEE 2010)" that was held on 16-18 November in Chengdu, China.
A controller was designed using Atmel 89C51 Micro-controller to control the speed and position of... more A controller was designed using Atmel 89C51 Micro-controller to control the speed and position of a Stepper Motor. Assembly language was used for the coding.
n this paper, a comparative study in terms of design and performance of 8-Bit Ripple Carry Adder ... more n this paper, a comparative study in terms of design and performance of 8-Bit Ripple Carry Adder (8B RCA) using CMOS circuits, Pass transistors and Transmission gates is presented. 1-bit ripple carry adders are used as a base to design 8-bit ripple carry adders then the schematic designs for all the three configurations are further converted into fabrication layouts. Simulation of the schematic designs is carried out to check the logic operations. In the end, performance analysis with respect to power dissipation of layout designs is performed.
We are going to design and simulate low power fractional-N phase-locked loop (FNPLL) frequency sy... more We are going to design and simulate low power fractional-N phase-locked loop (FNPLL) frequency synthesizer for industrial application, which is based on VLSI. The design of FNPLL has been optimized using different VLSI techniques to acquire significant performance in terms of speed with relatively less power consumption. One of the major contributions in optimization is contributed by the loop filter as it limits the switching time between cycles. Sigma-delta modulator attenuates the noise generated by the loop filter.This paper presents the implementation details and simulation results of all the blocks of optimized design.
Due to recent increase in energy crises of Pakistan,
windmill power generation is getting much a... more Due to recent increase in energy crises of Pakistan,
windmill power generation is getting much attraction as it is
among the cheapest sources of power generation. This paper
presents modeling of a windmill system using a graphical method
of state space modeling known as Bond Graph approach. Bond
Graphs are used to model each subsystem of the windmill. A
thorough study of a windmill system is made in which starting
from the word bond graphs, we modeled the whole system and in
the end a state space model is derived. That state space model is
used for the simulation purposes to achieve the desired result of
greater efficiency for a certain level of water in a storage tank.
Level of the water tank is controlled by the power generated
from the windmill. Optimization of this model is achieved using
Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller while
meeting the constraints.
"Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depict... more "Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depicts, control of different parameters of various industrial or commercial equipment like plants, vehicles, aircrafts and etc is obtained. Robust and optimal control of these equipments plays a vital role. This paper presents a design of H2 and H∞ control for a Twin Rotor System (TRS). TRS is a multi input multi output (MIMO) nonlinear system. The main objective is to control the angular position of the lever bar of TRS. It is having strong coupling between inputs and outputs. The model is first linearized and then controllers are designed to control the positions of lever bar. Simulations are made in MAT-LAB/SIMULINK. Model parameters are also provided in the end."
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different
elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC convert... more Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different
elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converters, pumps,
AC or DC machines. A PV generator is a useful origin of
measurable energy with non-linear Current Voltage peculiarities. In our scenario, a PV generator is coupled to a DC motor which has to be connected through some converter; we have chosen a Buck Boost Converter for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of our PV unit. There exists a hybrid type in these systems hence modeling is not much easy. Efficient use of Bond Graph technique is applied here. This paper discusses the methodology or sequence of modeling a physical system with the help of Bond Graph technique and simulating the model in 20-sim. The equations generated from 20-sim are verified and tested. 20-sim also provides the feature of optimizing the certain parameters. It concludes with a further proposed model to connect this unit with any mechanical or hydraulic unit.
The ever increasing demand of internet usage has given rise to many issues like internet applicat... more The ever increasing demand of internet usage has given rise to many issues like internet application management, bandwidth utilization, protocols mechanism management and, etc. But the Quality of Service (QoS) has become the hottest issue among these issues. Over the past several years, a considerable amount of research work has been done in the field of QoS support for distributed multimedia applications. Most of the work related to QoS support is done at the level of individual architectural layers and a less progress has been made to address the overall end-to-end support for multimedia traffic. A number of research groups proposed the development of QoS architectures across all layers. This paper presents a state of the art survey of QoS architectures. The approach followed is to present the QoS terminology and understanding the QoS regarding distributed multimedia systems. A number of QoS architectures that have been appeared in literature after 1990 from the computer communications and telecommunications are fully evaluated. A qualitative comparison of several QoS architectures is made in the end.
In industrial control systems, the PID
controllers are widely used because the designing and
tuni... more In industrial control systems, the PID controllers are widely used because the designing and tuning of parameters is not much cumbersome. However, control engineers usually use a precise approach for the designing of Proportional, Integral and Derivative controllers. In this paper, a simple but stringent approach is presented to differentiate clearly the characteristics of P, I and D controller. A vivid idea about the Settling time, Rise time and Steady-State error is given through the simulations of different systems having various Transfer Functions. The designing methodology of PID controller for a systematic adjustment of the controller gain is focused to meet the transient performance specifications. In addition, since all the designing methodology relies solely on Time Domain analysis of control systems, the paper has also a pedagogic contribution.
Due to recent substantial development in the field of
wireless communication, there is a need to ... more Due to recent substantial development in the field of wireless communication, there is a need to maximize spectral efficiency so that the extensive increase in traffic can be accommodated efficiently. Smart antenna system is a major source to maximize spectral efficiency and capacity of the wireless networks. It consists of an adaptive antenna array that continuously adjusts its radiation characteristics (beam-width of main lobe, side lobe levels and position of nulls) to produce narrow beam in the direction of arrival (DOA) of desired signal and to place nulls in the DOA of interferer signals so that maximum SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) is obtained. Smart antennas are becoming more popular now a days due to extensive advancement in the field of digital signal processing and real time implementation of adaptive signal processing techniques on FPGA’s. In this paper we analyze various adaptive beamforming algorithms including LMS (Least Mean Squares), CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm), RLS (Recursive Least Squares) and CGM (Conjugate Gradient Method) through simulating different parameters like radiation pattern, amplitude response, mean square error and absolute weights of an N-element array for a certain number of iterations. The obtained simulation results are very helpful to evaluate performance and quality of adaptive beamforming algorithms.
Nature being so nonlinear provides substantial reasoning to study the nonlinear dynamics inherite... more Nature being so nonlinear provides substantial reasoning to study the nonlinear dynamics inherited by the systems. Almost all of the systems that exist are nonlinear and analysis of such type of systems is necessary to understand a certain phenomena. van der Pol’s oscillator is an important nonlinear system that has enormous applications not only in electrical systems but also in biology, communication and other fields. This project presented a qualitative analysis of a coupled van der Pol’s oscillator with the study of limit cycles. A study of stability was also carried out in terms of Floquet multipliers which gave a clear insight of the system under consideration. Shooting method for periodic construction was used to study the system. Analytical and numerical schemes were used for the analysis and MATLAB environment was used to carry out the simulations of coupled van der Pol’s oscillator.
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converte... more Photovoltaic (PV) systems are made from different elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converters, pumps, AC or DC machines. A PV generator is a useful origin of measurable energy with non-linear Current Voltage peculiarities. In our scenario, a PV generator was coupled to an RL load which had to be connected through some converter; we chose a Buck Converter for improved efficiency of our PV unit. There existed a hybrid type in these systems hence modeling was not much easy. This project discussed the methodology or sequence of modeling a physical system with the help of mathematical modeling and simulating the model in Simulink. Simulation results verified the efficiency of PV system attached with buck converter. It concluded with a further proposed model to connect this unit with any mechanical or hydraulic unit
Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depicts... more Control engineering had been the core of all engineering fields all the time. As the name depicts, control of different parameters of various industrial or commercial equipment like plants, vehicles, aircrafts and etc is obtained. Robust and optimal control of these equipments plays a vital role. This project delivered a design of H2 and H∞ control for a Twin Rotor System (TRS). TRS was a multi input multi output (MIMO) nonlinear system. The main objective was to control the angular position of the lever bar of TRS. It was having strong coupling between inputs and outputs. The model was first linearized and then controllers were designed to control the positions of lever bar. Simulations were made in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
A qualitative comparison of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms (LMS, CMA, RLS & CGM) was made on the... more A qualitative comparison of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms (LMS, CMA, RLS & CGM) was made on the basis of Radiation Patterns, Amplitude Response, Mean Square Error and Absolute Weights. Later on this work was presented in the "2010 3rd International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICCEE 2010)" that was held on 16-18 November in Chengdu, China.
A controller was designed using Atmel 89C51 Micro-controller to control the speed and position of... more A controller was designed using Atmel 89C51 Micro-controller to control the speed and position of a Stepper Motor. Assembly language was used for the coding.
Uploads
Papers by Usman Ahmad
application, which is based on VLSI. The design of FNPLL has been optimized using different VLSI techniques to acquire
significant performance in terms of speed with relatively less power consumption. One of the major contributions in optimization is contributed by the loop filter as it limits the switching time between cycles. Sigma-delta modulator attenuates the noise generated by the loop filter.This paper presents the implementation details and simulation results of all the blocks of optimized design.
windmill power generation is getting much attraction as it is
among the cheapest sources of power generation. This paper
presents modeling of a windmill system using a graphical method
of state space modeling known as Bond Graph approach. Bond
Graphs are used to model each subsystem of the windmill. A
thorough study of a windmill system is made in which starting
from the word bond graphs, we modeled the whole system and in
the end a state space model is derived. That state space model is
used for the simulation purposes to achieve the desired result of
greater efficiency for a certain level of water in a storage tank.
Level of the water tank is controlled by the power generated
from the windmill. Optimization of this model is achieved using
Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller while
meeting the constraints.
elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converters, pumps,
AC or DC machines. A PV generator is a useful origin of
measurable energy with non-linear Current Voltage peculiarities. In our scenario, a PV generator is coupled to a DC motor which has to be connected through some converter; we have chosen a Buck Boost Converter for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of our PV unit. There exists a hybrid type in these systems hence modeling is not much easy. Efficient use of Bond Graph technique is applied here. This paper discusses the methodology or sequence of modeling a physical system with the help of Bond Graph technique and simulating the model in 20-sim. The equations generated from 20-sim are verified and tested. 20-sim also provides the feature of optimizing the certain parameters. It concludes with a further proposed model to connect this unit with any mechanical or hydraulic unit.
multimedia traffic. A number of research groups proposed the development of QoS architectures across all layers. This paper presents a state of the art survey of QoS architectures. The approach followed is to present the QoS terminology and understanding the QoS regarding distributed multimedia systems. A number of QoS architectures that have been appeared in literature after 1990 from the computer communications and telecommunications are fully evaluated. A qualitative comparison of several QoS architectures is made in the end.
controllers are widely used because the designing and
tuning of parameters is not much cumbersome.
However, control engineers usually use a precise
approach for the designing of Proportional, Integral
and Derivative controllers. In this paper, a simple but
stringent approach is presented to differentiate
clearly the characteristics of P, I and D controller. A
vivid idea about the Settling time, Rise time and
Steady-State error is given through the simulations of
different systems having various Transfer Functions.
The designing methodology of PID controller for a
systematic adjustment of the controller gain is
focused to meet the transient performance
specifications. In addition, since all the designing
methodology relies solely on Time Domain analysis of
control systems, the paper has also a pedagogic
contribution.
wireless communication, there is a need to maximize spectral
efficiency so that the extensive increase in traffic can be
accommodated efficiently. Smart antenna system is a major
source to maximize spectral efficiency and capacity of the
wireless networks. It consists of an adaptive antenna array that
continuously adjusts its radiation characteristics (beam-width
of main lobe, side lobe levels and position of nulls) to produce
narrow beam in the direction of arrival (DOA) of desired signal
and to place nulls in the DOA of interferer signals so that
maximum SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) is
obtained. Smart antennas are becoming more popular now a
days due to extensive advancement in the field of digital signal
processing and real time implementation of adaptive signal
processing techniques on FPGA’s. In this paper we analyze
various adaptive beamforming algorithms including LMS
(Least Mean Squares), CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm),
RLS (Recursive Least Squares) and CGM (Conjugate Gradient
Method) through simulating different parameters like radiation
pattern, amplitude response, mean square error and absolute
weights of an N-element array for a certain number of
iterations. The obtained simulation results are very helpful to
evaluate performance and quality of adaptive beamforming
algorithms.
Projects by Usman Ahmad
application, which is based on VLSI. The design of FNPLL has been optimized using different VLSI techniques to acquire
significant performance in terms of speed with relatively less power consumption. One of the major contributions in optimization is contributed by the loop filter as it limits the switching time between cycles. Sigma-delta modulator attenuates the noise generated by the loop filter.This paper presents the implementation details and simulation results of all the blocks of optimized design.
windmill power generation is getting much attraction as it is
among the cheapest sources of power generation. This paper
presents modeling of a windmill system using a graphical method
of state space modeling known as Bond Graph approach. Bond
Graphs are used to model each subsystem of the windmill. A
thorough study of a windmill system is made in which starting
from the word bond graphs, we modeled the whole system and in
the end a state space model is derived. That state space model is
used for the simulation purposes to achieve the desired result of
greater efficiency for a certain level of water in a storage tank.
Level of the water tank is controlled by the power generated
from the windmill. Optimization of this model is achieved using
Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller while
meeting the constraints.
elements like PV sources, DC/AC, DC/DC converters, pumps,
AC or DC machines. A PV generator is a useful origin of
measurable energy with non-linear Current Voltage peculiarities. In our scenario, a PV generator is coupled to a DC motor which has to be connected through some converter; we have chosen a Buck Boost Converter for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of our PV unit. There exists a hybrid type in these systems hence modeling is not much easy. Efficient use of Bond Graph technique is applied here. This paper discusses the methodology or sequence of modeling a physical system with the help of Bond Graph technique and simulating the model in 20-sim. The equations generated from 20-sim are verified and tested. 20-sim also provides the feature of optimizing the certain parameters. It concludes with a further proposed model to connect this unit with any mechanical or hydraulic unit.
multimedia traffic. A number of research groups proposed the development of QoS architectures across all layers. This paper presents a state of the art survey of QoS architectures. The approach followed is to present the QoS terminology and understanding the QoS regarding distributed multimedia systems. A number of QoS architectures that have been appeared in literature after 1990 from the computer communications and telecommunications are fully evaluated. A qualitative comparison of several QoS architectures is made in the end.
controllers are widely used because the designing and
tuning of parameters is not much cumbersome.
However, control engineers usually use a precise
approach for the designing of Proportional, Integral
and Derivative controllers. In this paper, a simple but
stringent approach is presented to differentiate
clearly the characteristics of P, I and D controller. A
vivid idea about the Settling time, Rise time and
Steady-State error is given through the simulations of
different systems having various Transfer Functions.
The designing methodology of PID controller for a
systematic adjustment of the controller gain is
focused to meet the transient performance
specifications. In addition, since all the designing
methodology relies solely on Time Domain analysis of
control systems, the paper has also a pedagogic
contribution.
wireless communication, there is a need to maximize spectral
efficiency so that the extensive increase in traffic can be
accommodated efficiently. Smart antenna system is a major
source to maximize spectral efficiency and capacity of the
wireless networks. It consists of an adaptive antenna array that
continuously adjusts its radiation characteristics (beam-width
of main lobe, side lobe levels and position of nulls) to produce
narrow beam in the direction of arrival (DOA) of desired signal
and to place nulls in the DOA of interferer signals so that
maximum SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) is
obtained. Smart antennas are becoming more popular now a
days due to extensive advancement in the field of digital signal
processing and real time implementation of adaptive signal
processing techniques on FPGA’s. In this paper we analyze
various adaptive beamforming algorithms including LMS
(Least Mean Squares), CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm),
RLS (Recursive Least Squares) and CGM (Conjugate Gradient
Method) through simulating different parameters like radiation
pattern, amplitude response, mean square error and absolute
weights of an N-element array for a certain number of
iterations. The obtained simulation results are very helpful to
evaluate performance and quality of adaptive beamforming
algorithms.