Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
research-article

A survey of hard real-time scheduling for multiprocessor systems

Published: 18 October 2011 Publication History

Abstract

This survey covers hard real-time scheduling algorithms and schedulability analysis techniques for homogeneous multiprocessor systems. It reviews the key results in this field from its origins in the late 1960s to the latest research published in late 2009. The survey outlines fundamental results about multiprocessor real-time scheduling that hold independent of the scheduling algorithms employed. It provides a taxonomy of the different scheduling methods, and considers the various performance metrics that can be used for comparison purposes. A detailed review is provided covering partitioned, global, and hybrid scheduling algorithms, approaches to resource sharing, and the latest results from empirical investigations. The survey identifies open issues, key research challenges, and likely productive research directions.

References

[1]
Anderson, J., Ramamurthy, S., and Jeffay, K. 1997. Real-time computing with lock-free shared objects. ACM Trans. Comp. Syst. 15, 2, 134--165.
[2]
Anderson, J. and Srinivasan, A. 2000. Early-release fair scheduling. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems.
[3]
Anderson, J. and Srinivasan, A. 2000b. Pfair scheduling: Beyond periodic task systems. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications.
[4]
Anderson, J. and Srinivasan, A. 2001a. Mixed Pfair/Erfair scheduling of asynchronous periodic tasks. In Proceedings of the 13th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems.
[5]
Andersson, B. and Jonsson, J. 2000a. Fixed-priority preemptive multiprocessor scheduling: To partition or not to partition, In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications.
[6]
Andersson, B. and Jonsson, J. 2000b. Some insights on fixed-priority pre-emptive non-partitioned multiprocessor scheduling. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium—Work-in-Progress Session.
[7]
Andersson, B., Baruah, S., and Jonsson, J. 2001. Static-priority scheduling on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. 193--202.
[8]
Andersson, B. 2003. Static-priority scheduling on multiprocessors. Ph.D. dissertation. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
[9]
Andersson, B. and Jonsson, J. 2003. The utilization bounds of partitioned and pfair static-priority scheduling on multiprocessors are 50%. In Proceedings of the 15th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems.
[10]
Andersson, B. and Tovar, E. 2006. Multiprocessor scheduling with few preemptions. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA).
[11]
Andersson, B., Bletsas, K., and Baruah, S. K. 2008. Scheduling arbitrary deadline sporadic task systems on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 384--393.
[12]
Andersson, B. and Bletsas, K. 2008. Sporadic multiprocessor scheduling with few preemptions. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 243--252.
[13]
Andersson, B. 2008. Global static-priority preemptive multiprocessor scheduling with utilization bound 38%. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems.
[14]
Audsley, N. C. 1991. Optimal priority assignment and feasibility of static priority tasks with arbitrary start times. Tech. rep. YCS 164. Dept. Computer Science, University of York, York, U.K.
[15]
Audsley, N. C., Burns, A., Davis, R. I., Tindell, K. W., and Wellings, A. J. 1996. Fixed priority scheduling: an historical perspective. Real-Time Syst. 8, 3, 173--198.
[16]
Audsley, N. C. 2001. On priority assignment in fixed priority scheduling. Inform. Process. Lett. 79, 1, 39--44.
[17]
Baker, T. P. 1991. Stack-based scheduling of real-time processes. Real-Time Syst. J. 3, 1, 67--100.
[18]
Baker, T. P. 2003. Multiprocessor EDF and deadline monotonic schedulability analysis. In Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. 120--129.
[19]
Baker, T. P. 2005. An analysis of EDF scheduling on a multiprocessor. IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst. 15, 8, 760--768.
[20]
Baker, T. P. 2006a. An analysis of fixed-priority scheduling on a multiprocessor. Real Time Syst. 32, 1-2, 49--71.
[21]
Baker, T. P. 2006b. A comparison of global and partitioned EDF schedulability tests for multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Real-Time and Network Systems. 119--130.
[22]
Baker, T. P. and Cirinei, M. 2006. A necessary and sometimes sufficient condition for the feasibility of sets of sporadic hard-deadline tasks. In Proceedings of the Work-In-Progress (WIP) Session of the 27th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium.
[23]
Baker, T. P. and Baruah, S. K. 2007a. Schedulability analysis of multiprocessor sporadic task systems. In Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems, I. Lee, Joseph Y.-T. Leung, and S. H. Son, Eds., Chapman Hall/CRC Press.
[24]
Baker, T. P. and Baruah, S. K. 2007b. Schedulability analysis of multiprocessor sporadic task systems. Tech. rep. TR-060601. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
[25]
Baker, T. P., Cirinei, M., and Bertogna, M. 2008. EDZL scheduling analysis. Real-Time Syst. 40, 3, 264--289.
[26]
Baker, T. P. and Baruah, S. K. 2008. Schedulability analysis of global EDF. Real-Time Syst. 38, 223--235.
[27]
Baker, T. P. and Baruah, S. K. 2009. Sustainable multiprocessor scheduling of sporadic task systems. In Proceedings of the EuroMicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 141--150.
[28]
Baruah, S. K., Mok, A. K., and Rosier, L. E. 1990a. Preemptively scheduling hard-real-time sporadic tasks on one processor. In Proceedings of the Real-Time System Symposium. 182--190.
[29]
Baruah, S. K., Rosier, L. E., and Howell, R. R. 1990b. Algorithms and complexity: Concerning the preemptive scheduling of periodic real-time tasks on one processor. Real-Time Syst. 2, 4, 301--324.
[30]
Baruah, S. K., Gehrke, J., and Plaxton, C. G. 1995. Fast scheduling of periodic tasks on multiple resources. In Proceedings of the International Parallel Processing Symposium.
[31]
Baruah, S. K., Cohen, N., Plaxton, G., and Varvel, D. 1996. Proportionate progress: A notion of fairness in resource allocation. Algorithmica 15, 6, 600--625.
[32]
Baruah, S. K. and Goossens, J. 2003. Rate-monotonic scheduling on uniform multiprocessors. IEEE Trans. Comp. 52, 7, 966--970.
[33]
Baruah, S. K. and Carpenter, J. 2003. Multiprocessor fixed-priority scheduling with restricted interprocessor migrations. In Proceedings of the EuroMicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 195--202.
[34]
Baruah, S. K. and Fisher, N. 2005. Partitioned multiprocessor scheduling of sporadic task systems. In Proceedings of the 26th Real-Time Systems Symposium.
[35]
Baruah, S. K. and Fisher, N. 2006. The partitioned multiprocessor scheduling of deadline-constrained sporadic task systems. IEEE Trans. Comp. 55, 7, 918--923.
[36]
Baruah, S. K. and Burns, A. 2006. Sustainable scheduling analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. 159--168.
[37]
Baruah, S. K. 2007. Techniques for multiprocessor global schedulability analysis. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 119--128.
[38]
Baruah, S. K. and Fisher, N. 2007. The partitioned dynamic-priority scheduling of sporadic task systems. Real-Time Syst. 36, 3, 199--226.
[39]
Baruah, S. K. and Fisher, N. 2008a. Non-migratory feasibility and migratory schedulability analysis of multiprocessor real-time systems. Real-Time Syst. 39, 1-3, 97--122.
[40]
Baruah, S. K. and Fisher, N. 2008b. Global fixed-priority scheduling of arbitrary-deadline sporadic task systems. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking.
[41]
Baruah, S. K. and Baker, T. P. 2008. Global EDF schedulability analysis of arbitrary sporadic task systems. In Proceedings of the EuroMicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 3--12.
[42]
Baruah, S. K. and Baker, T. P. 2009. An analysis of global EDF schedulability for arbitrary sporadic task systems. Real-Time Syst. 43, 1, 3--24.
[43]
Baruah, S. K., Bonifaci, V., Marchetti-Spaccamela, A., and Stiller, S. 2009. Implementation of a speedup-optimal global EDF schedulability test. In Proceedings of the EuroMicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 259--268.
[44]
Baruah, S. K. 2007. Schedulability analysis of global deadline monotonic scheduling. Tech. rep., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. http://www.cs.unc.edu/~baruah/Pubs.shtml.
[45]
Bertogna, M., Cirinei, M., and Lipari, G. 2005a. New schedulability tests for real-time task sets scheduled by deadline monotonic on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems.
[46]
Bertogna, M., Cirinei, M., and Lipari, G. 2005b. Improved schedulability analysis of EDF on multiprocessor platforms. In Proceedings of the 17th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 209--218.
[47]
Bertogna, M. 2007. Real-time scheduling analysis for multiprocessor platforms. Ph.D. dissertation. Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
[48]
Bertogna, M. and Cirinei, M. 2007. Response time analysis for global scheduled symmetric multiprocessor platforms. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 149--158.
[49]
Bertogna, M., Cirinei, M., and Lipari, G. 2008. Schedulability analysis of global scheduling algorithms on multiprocessor platforms. IEEE Trans. Paral. Distrib. Syst. 20, 4, 553--566.
[50]
Bertogna, M. 2009. Evaluation of existing schedulability tests for global EDF. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Real-Time Systems on Multicore Platforms: Theory and Practice.
[51]
Bharadwaj, V., Ghose, D., Mani, V., and Robertazzi, T. G. 1996. Scheduling Divisible Loads in Parallel and Distributed Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA.
[52]
Bini, E. and Buttazzo, G. C. 2005. Measuring the performance of schedulability tests. Real-Time Syst. 30, 1--2, 129--154.
[53]
Bini, E., Buttazzo, G. C. and Bertogna, M. 2009a. The multi supply function abstraction for multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Conference on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications.
[54]
Bini, E., Bertogna, M., and Baruah, S.K. 2009b. Virtual Multiprocessor Platforms: Specification and Use. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium.
[55]
Bletsas, K. and Andersson, B. 2009. Notional processors: An approach for multiprocessor scheduling. In Proceedings of the Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. 3--12.
[56]
Block, A., Leontyev, H., Brandenburg, B., and Anderson, J. H. 2007. A flexible real-time locking protocol for multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Conference on Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. 47--56.
[57]
Brandenburg, B. B., Calandrino, J. M. and Anderson, J. H. 2008a. On the scalability of real-time scheduling algorithms on multicore platforms: A case study. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 157--169.
[58]
Brandenburg, B. B., Calandrino, J. M., Block, A., Leontyev, H., and Anderson, J. H. 2008b. Real-time synchronization on multiprocessors: to block or not to block, to suspend or spin. In Proceedings of the Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. 342--353.
[59]
Burchard, A., Liebeherr, J., Oh, Y., and Son, S. H. 1995. New strategies for assigning real-time tasks to multiprocessor systems. IEEE Trans. Comp. 44, 12, 1429--1442.
[60]
Burns, A. and Wellings, A. 2009. Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages, 4th ed. Addison Wesley Longmain, Reading, MA.
[61]
Bonifaci, V., Marchetti-Spaccamela, A., and Stiller, S. 2008. A constant-approximate feasibility test for multiprocessor real-time scheduling. In Proceedings of the European Symposium on Algorithms. 210--221.
[62]
Buttazzo, G. 2005. Hard Real-Time Computing Systems Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications, 2nd ed., Springer, Berlin, Germany.
[63]
Carpenter, J., Funk, S., Holman, P., Srinivasan, A., Anderson, J. H., and Baruah, S. K. 2004. A categorization of real-time multiprocessor scheduling problems and algorithms. In Handbook of Scheduling: Algorithms, Models, and Performance Analysis, Chapman & Hall, CRC Computer.
[64]
Chao, Y.-H., Lin, S.-S., and Lin, K.-J. 2008. Schedulability issues for EDZL scheduling on real-time multiprocessor systems. Inform. Process. Lett. 107, 5, 158--164.
[65]
Chen, C-M., Tripathi, S.K., and Blackmore, A. 1994. A resource synchronization protocol for multiprocessor real-time systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Processing. 159--162.
[66]
Cho S., Lee, S. K., Han, A., and Lin, K.-J. 2002. Efficient real-time scheduling algorithms for multiprocessor systems. IEICE Trans. Comm. E85-B, 12, 2859--2867.
[67]
Cho, H., Ravindran, B., and Jensen, E. D. 2006. An optimal real-time scheduling algorithm for multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 1001--110.
[68]
Cirinei, M. and Baker, T. P. 2007. EDZL scheduling analysis. In Proceedings of the EuroMicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 9--18.
[69]
Collette, S., Cucu, L., and Goossens, J. 2007. Algorithm and complexity for the global scheduling of sporadic tasks on multiprocessors with work-limited parallelism. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Real-Time and Network Systems. 123--128.
[70]
Collette, S., Cucu, L. and Goossens, J. 2008. Integrating job parallelism in real-time scheduling theory. Inform. Process. Lett. 106, 5, 180--187.
[71]
Cucu, L., and Goossens, J. 2006. Feasibility intervals for fixed-priority real-time scheduling on uniform multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation.
[72]
Cucu, L., and Goossens, J. 2007. Feasibility intervals for multiprocessor fixed-priority scheduling of arbitrary deadline periodic systems, In Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe.
[73]
Cucu, L. 2008. Optimal priority assignment for periodic tasks on unrelated processors, In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, WIP Session.
[74]
Davari, S. and Dhall, S. K. 1986. On a periodic real time task allocation problem. Annual International Conference on System Sciences.
[75]
Davis, R. I. and Burns, A. 2009. Priority assignment for global fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling in multiprocessor real-time systems. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium.
[76]
Dhall, S. K. and Liu, C. L. 1978. On a real-time scheduling problem. Oper. Res. 26, 1, 127--140.
[77]
Dertouzos, M. L. 1974. Control robotics: The procedural control of physical processes. In Proceedings of the International Federation for Information Processing Working Conference on Data Semantics. 807--813.
[78]
Dertouzos, M. L. and Mok, A. K. 1989. Multiprocessor scheduling in a hard real-time environment. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 15, 12, 1497--1506.
[79]
Devi, U. C. Leontyev, H. and Anderson, J. 2006. Efficient synchronization under global EDF scheduling on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Euromicro conference on Real-Time Systems. 75--84.
[80]
Downing, C. 2009. Avionics, October, 40.
[81]
Edmonds, J. and Pruh, K. 2009. Scalably scheduling processes with arbitrary speedup curves. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. 685--692.
[82]
Fisher, N., Baruah, S. K., and Baker, T. P. 2006. The partitioned scheduling of sporadic tasks according to static priorities. In Proceedings of the EuroMicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 118--127.
[83]
Fisher, N. and Baruah, S. K. 2006. Global static-priority scheduling of sporadic task systems on multiprocessor platforms. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems.
[84]
Fisher, N. and Baruah, S. K. 2007. The global feasibility and schedulability of general task models on multiprocessor platforms. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 51--60.
[85]
Fisher, N. 2007. The multiprocessor real-time scheduling of general task systems. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
[86]
Funaoka, K., Kato, S., and Yamasaki, N. 2008. Work-conserving optimal real-time scheduling on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 13--22.
[87]
Funk, S., Goossens, J., and Baruah, S. K. 2001. On-line scheduling on uniform multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. 183--192.
[88]
Funk, S. and Nadadur, V. 2009. LRE-TL: An optimal multiprocessor algorithm for sporadic task sets. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Networks and Systems Conference. 159--168.
[89]
Gai, P., Lipari, G., and Di Natale, M. 2001. Minimizing memory utilization of real-time task sets in single and multi-processor systems-on-a-chip. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 73--83.
[90]
Gai, P., Di Natale, M., Lipari, G., Ferrari, A., Gabellini, C., and Marceca, P. 2003. A comparison of MPCP and MSRP when sharing resources in the Janus multiple-processor on a chip platform. In Proceedings of the Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium.
[91]
Garey, M. and Johnson, D. 1979. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. W. H. Freeman, New York, NY.
[92]
Graham, R. L. 1972. Bounds on multiprocessor scheduling anomalies and related packing problem. In Proceedings of the AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 205--217.
[93]
Goossens, J., Funk, S., and Baruah, S. K. 2003. Priority-driven scheduling of periodic task systems on multiprocessors. Real-Time Syst. 25, 2--3, 187--205.
[94]
Guan, N., Stigge, M., Yi, W., and Yu, G. 2009. New response time bounds for fixed priority multiprocessor scheduling. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium.
[95]
Holman, P. and Anderson, J. H. 2005. Adapting Pfair scheduling for symmetric multiprocessors. J. Embed. Comput. 1, 4, 543--564.
[96]
Hong, K. S. and Leung, J. 1988. On-line scheduling of real-time tasks. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 244--250.
[97]
Hong, K. S. and Leung, J.Y.-T. 1992. On-line scheduling of real-time tasks. IEEE Trans. Comp. 41, 1326--1331.
[98]
Horn, W. A. 1974. Some simple scheduling algorithms. Naval Res. Logist. Quart. 21, 177--185.
[99]
Ha, R. and Liu, J. W.-S. 1994. Validating timing constraints in multiprocessor and distributed real-time systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. 162--171.
[100]
Kalyanasundaram, B. and Pruhs, K. 1995. Speed is as powerful as clairvoyance. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. 214--221.
[101]
Kato, S. and Yamasaki, N. 2007. Real-time scheduling with task splitting on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. 441--450.
[102]
Kato, S. and Yamasaki, N. 2008a. Portioned EDF-based scheduling on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Software. 139--148.
[103]
Kato, S. and Yamasaki, N. 2008b. Portioned static-priority scheduling on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.
[104]
Kato, S. and Yamasaki, N. 2008c. Global EDF-based scheduling with efficient priority promotion. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. 197--206.
[105]
Kato, S. and Yamasaki, N. 2009. Semi-partitioned fixed-priority scheduling on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. 23--32.
[106]
Kato, S., Yamasaki, N., and Ishikawa. Y. 2009. Semi-partitioned scheduling of sporadic task systems on multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 249--258.
[107]
Khemka, A. and Shyamasundar, R. K. 1997. An optimal multiprocessor real-time scheduling algorithm. J. Paral. Distrib. Comp. 43, 1, 37--45.
[108]
Lakshmanan, K., Rajkumar, R., and Lehoczky, J. 2009. Partitioned fixed-priority preemptive scheduling for multi-core processors. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 239--248.
[109]
Lammers, D. 2004. Intel cancels Tejas, moves to dual-core designs. EETimes, May 7.
[110]
Lauzac, S., Melhem, R., and Mosse, D. 1998. Comparison of global and partitioning schemes for scheduling rate monotonic tasks on a multiprocessor. In Proceedings of the EuroMicro Workshop on Real-Time Systems. 188--195.
[111]
Lee, S. K. 1994. On-line multiprocessor scheduling algorithms for real-time tasks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10's 9th Annual International Conference. 607--611.
[112]
Lee, W. Y., Hong, S. J., and Kim, J. 2003. On-line scheduling of scalable real-time tasks on multiprocessor systems. J. Parall. Distrib. Comp. 63, 12, 1315--1324.
[113]
Lehoczky, J. 1990. Fixed priority scheduling of periodic task sets with arbitrary deadlines. In Proceedings of the Real-Time Systems Symposium. 201--209.
[114]
Leteinturier P. 2007. Multi-core processors: driving the evolution of automotive electronics architectures. Embedded.com, September 16.
[115]
Leontyev, H. and Anderson, J. H. 2008. Hierarchical multiprocessor bandwidth reservation scheme with timing guarantees. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 191--200.
[116]
Lin, X., Lu, Y., Deogun, J., and Goddard, S. 2007. Real-time divisible load scheduling for cluster computing. In Proceedings of the Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. 303--314.
[117]
Liu, C. L. 1969. Scheduling algorithms for multiprocessors in a hard real-time environment. In JPL Space Programs Summary, vol. 37-60. JPL, Pasadena, CA, 28--31.
[118]
Liu, C. L. and Layland, J. W. 1973. Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard-real-time environment. J. ACM 20, 1, 46--61.
[119]
Liu, J. W. S. 2000. Real Time Systems. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
[120]
Leung, J. Y.-T. and Whitehead, J. 1982. On the complexity of fixed-priority scheduling of periodic real-time tasks. Perform. Eval. 2, 237--250.
[121]
Lopez, J. M., Garcia, M., Diaz, J., and Garcia, D. F. 2000. Worst-case utilization bound for EDF scheduling on real-time multiprocessor systems. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-time Systems. 25--33.
[122]
Lopez, J. M., Diaz, J. L., Garcia, M., and Garcia, D. F. 2003. Utilization bounds for multiprocessor RM scheduling. Real-Time Syst. 24, 1, 5--28.
[123]
Lopez, J. M., Diaz, J. L., and Garcia, D. F. 2004a. Minimum and maximum utilization bounds for multiprocessor rate monotonic scheduling. IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst. 15, 7, 642--653.
[124]
Lopez, J. M., Garcia, M., Diaz, J. L., and Garcia, D. F. 2004b. Utilization bounds for EDF scheduling on real-time multiprocessor systems. Real-Time Syst. 28, 1, 39--68.
[125]
Lundberg, L., 2002. Analyzing fixed-priority global multiprocessor scheduling. In Proceedings of the Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium.
[126]
Lundberg, L. and Lennerstad, H. 2007. Guaranteeing response times for aperiodic tasks in global multiprocessor scheduling. Real-Time Syst. 35, 135--151.
[127]
Lundberg, L. and Lennerstad, H. 2008. Slack-based global multiprocessor scheduling of aperiodic tasks in parallel embedded real-time systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications. 465--472.
[128]
Mellor-Crummey, J. and Scott, M. 1991. Algorithms for scalable synchronization on shared-memory multiprocessors. ACM Trans. Comp. Syst. 9, 1, 21--65.
[129]
Oh, Y. and Son, S. H. 1993. Tight performance bounds of heuristics for a real-time scheduling problem. Tech. rep. CS-93-24. Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
[130]
Oh, Y. and Son, S. H. 1995. Allocating fixed priority periodic tasks on multiprocessor systems. Real-Time Syst. 9, 3, 207--239.
[131]
Oh, D. I. and Baker, T. P. 1998. Utilization bounds for N-processor rate monotone scheduling with stable processor assignment. Real-Time Syst. 15, 2, 183--193.
[132]
Park, M., Han, S., Kim, H., Cho, S., and Cho, Y. 2005. Comparison of deadline-based scheduling algorithms for periodic real-time tasks on multiprocessor. IEICE Trans. Inform. Syst. E88-D, 3, 658--661.
[133]
Phillips, C. A., Stein, C., Torng, E., and Wein, J. 1997. Optimal time-critical scheduling via resource augmentation. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on theory of Computing.
[134]
Piao, X., Han, S., Kim, H., Park, M., Cho, Y., and Cho, S. 2006. Predictability of earliest deadline zero laxity algorithm for multiprocessor real time systems. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing.
[135]
PROARTIS. 2009. Probabilistic analysable real-time systems. EU FP-7-ICT-2009-4 Project proposal.
[136]
Quiñones, E., Berger, E., Bernat, G., and Cazorla, F. 2009. Using randomised caches in real-time systems. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 129--138.
[137]
Rajkumar, R., Sha, L., and Lehoczky, J. P. 1988. Real-time synchronization protocols for multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Real Time Systems Symposium. 259--269.
[138]
Robertazzi, T. G. 2003. Ten reasons to use divisible load theory. Computer 36, 5, 63--68.
[139]
Rothvoss, T. 2009. On the computational complexity of periodic scheduling. Ph.D. dissertation. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
[140]
Saez, S., Vila, J., and Crespo. A. 1998. Using exact feasibility tests for allocating real-time tasks in multiprocessor systems. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Workshop on Real-Time Systems. 53--60.
[141]
Sha, L., Rajkumar, R., and Lehoczky, J. P. 1990. Priority inheritance protocols: An approach to real-time synchronization. IEEE Trans. Comp. 39, 9, 1175--1185.
[142]
Sha, L., Abdelzaher, T., Arzen, K.-E., Cervin, A., Baker, T. P., Burns, A., Buttazzo, G., Caccamo, M., Lehoczky, J. P., and Mok, A. K. 2004. Real time scheduling theory: A historical perspective. Real-Time Syst. 28, 2/3, 101--155.
[143]
Shin, I., Easwaran, A., and Lee, I. 2008. Hierarchical scheduling framework for virtual clustering of multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. 181--190.
[144]
Simpson, H. R. 1990. Four-slot fully asynchronous communication mechanism. IEE Proc. 137 Part E, 1, 17--30.
[145]
Srinivasan, A. and Baruah, S. K. 2002. Deadline-based scheduling of periodic task systems on multiprocessors. Inform. Process. Lett. 84, 93--98.
[146]
Veeravalli, B., Ghose, D., and Robertazzi, T. G. 2003. Divisible load theory: A new paradigm for load scheduling in distributed systems. Cluster Comp. 6, 1, 7--17.
[147]
Wilhelm, R., Engblom, J., Ermedahl, A., Holsti, N., Thesing, S., Whalley, D., Bernat, G., Ferdinand, C., Heckmann, R., Mitra, T., Mueller, F., Puaut, I., Puschner, P., Staschulat, J., and Stenstrom, P. 2008. The worst-case execution-time problem overview of methods and survey of tools. ACM Trans. Embed. Comp. Syst. 7, 3, 1--53.
[148]
Zapata, O. U. P and Alvarez, P. M. 2004. EDF and RM multiprocessor scheduling algorithms: Survey and performance evaluation. Report No. CINVESTAV-CS-RTG-02. CINVESTAV-IPN, Sección de Computación, Zacatenco, Mexico.
[149]
Zhu, D., Mossé, D., and Melhem, R. G. 2003. Multiple-resource periodic scheduling problem: How much fairness is necessary? In Proceedings of the Real Time Systems Symposium. 142--151.

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Real-Time Optimization of RISC-V Processors Based on Branch Prediction and Division Data DependencyApplied Sciences10.3390/app1502063215:2(632)Online publication date: 10-Jan-2025
  • (2025)Partitioned Scheduling With Shared Resources on Imprecise Mixed-Criticality Multiprocessor SystemsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2024.343341144:1(65-76)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2025
  • (2025)Feasibility analysis of recurrent DAG tasks is PSPACE-hardTheoretical Computer Science10.1016/j.tcs.2024.1150621030(115062)Online publication date: Mar-2025
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. A survey of hard real-time scheduling for multiprocessor systems

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Computing Surveys
      ACM Computing Surveys  Volume 43, Issue 4
      October 2011
      556 pages
      ISSN:0360-0300
      EISSN:1557-7341
      DOI:10.1145/1978802
      Issue’s Table of Contents
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 18 October 2011
      Accepted: 01 February 2010
      Revised: 01 January 2010
      Received: 01 November 2009
      Published in CSUR Volume 43, Issue 4

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. Hard real-time scheduling
      2. global scheduling
      3. multicore
      4. multiprocessor
      5. partitioned scheduling

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article
      • Research
      • Refereed

      Funding Sources

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)438
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)32
      Reflects downloads up to 25 Jan 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2025)Real-Time Optimization of RISC-V Processors Based on Branch Prediction and Division Data DependencyApplied Sciences10.3390/app1502063215:2(632)Online publication date: 10-Jan-2025
      • (2025)Partitioned Scheduling With Shared Resources on Imprecise Mixed-Criticality Multiprocessor SystemsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2024.343341144:1(65-76)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2025
      • (2025)Feasibility analysis of recurrent DAG tasks is PSPACE-hardTheoretical Computer Science10.1016/j.tcs.2024.1150621030(115062)Online publication date: Mar-2025
      • (2024)Allocation algorithms for multicore partitioned mixed-criticality real-time systemsPeerJ Computer Science10.7717/peerj-cs.260910(e2609)Online publication date: 20-Dec-2024
      • (2024)A novel hybrid model for task scheduling based on particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithmsMathematics in Engineering10.3934/mine.20240236:4(559-606)Online publication date: 2024
      • (2024)Real-Time Performance Benchmarking of RISC-V Architecture: Implementation and Verification on an EtherCAT-Based Robotic Control SystemElectronics10.3390/electronics1304073313:4(733)Online publication date: 11-Feb-2024
      • (2024)Schedulability Analysis in Fixed-Priority Real-Time Multicore Systems with ContentionApplied Sciences10.3390/app1410403314:10(4033)Online publication date: 9-May-2024
      • (2024)TREAFET: Temperature-Aware Real-Time Task Scheduling for FinFET based MulticoresACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/3665276Online publication date: 16-May-2024
      • (2024)SoK: Security in Real-Time SystemsACM Computing Surveys10.1145/364949956:9(1-31)Online publication date: 25-Apr-2024
      • (2024)Priority Assignment for Global Fixed Priority Scheduling on MultiprocessorsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2024.337658843:9(2538-2550)Online publication date: 13-Mar-2024
      • Show More Cited By

      View Options

      Login options

      Full Access

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Figures

      Tables

      Media

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media