Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
10.1145/1978942.1979047acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

PAM: a photographic affect meter for frequent, in situ measurement of affect

Published: 07 May 2011 Publication History

Abstract

The assessment of emotion, or affect, is critical for anyone trying to understand human behavior. But there is a problem: affect as a state is frequently changing and difficult to recall and express, yet in research, we typically only assess it via a single questionnaire at the end of a study. This work presents PAM, the Photographic Affect Meter, a novel tool for measuring affect in which users select from a wide variety of photos the one which best suits their current mood. Our findings indicate that PAM-which takes seconds to complete and is designed to run on modern mobile phones and mobile computing devices-demonstrates strong construct validity across two studies and is very well suited for frequent sampling in context. This work provides a tool to researchers in need of frequent assessment of affect and guidance to others interested in developing similar measurement tools.

References

[1]
Barrett, L.F. & Barrett, D.J. An introduction to computerized experience sampling in psychology. Social Science Computer Review, 19,2 (2001), 175--185.
[2]
Boehner, K, DePaula, R, Dourish, P, Sengers, P. How emotion is made and measured. Intl J Human-Computer Studies, 65,4 (2007), 275--291.
[3]
Bradley, M.M. & Lang, P.J. Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25,1 (1994), 49--59.
[4]
Burisch, M. You don't always get what you pay for: Measuring depression with short and simple versus long and sophisticated scales. J Research in Personality 18,1 (1984), 81--98.
[5]
Campbell, D.T. & Fiske, D.W. Convergent and discriminant validity by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56,2 (1959), 81--105.
[6]
Chalfen, R. Snapshot Versions of Life. Bowling Green, 1987.
[7]
Charlson, M.E., Boutin-Foster, C., Mancuso, C.A., Peterson, J.C., Ogedegbe, G., Briggs, W.M., Robbins, L., Isen, A.M., Allegrante, J.P. Randomized controlled trials of positive affect and self-affirmation to facilitate healthy behaviors in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases: rationale, trial design, and methods. Contemporary clinical trials, 28,6 (2007), 748--62.
[8]
Cook, T.D. & Campbell, D.T. Quasi-experimentation design & analysis for field settings. Houghton Mifflen, Boston, 1979.
[9]
Cohen, S. & Pressman, S.D. Positive affect and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15,3 (2006), 122--125.
[10]
Crawford, J.R. & Henry, J.D. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44 (2004), 245--265.
[11]
Cronbach, L.J. Five perspectives on validity argument. In Wainer, H. & Braun, H.I. (Eds.) Test validity. Lawrene Erlbaum Assoc., New Jersey, 1988.
[12]
Csikszentmihalyi, K. & Hunter, M. Happiness in everyday life: The uses of experience sampling. J Happiness Studies, 4 (2003), 185--199.
[13]
D'Andrade, R. & Egan, M. The Colors of Emotion. American Ethnologist, 1,1 (1974), 49--63.
[14]
Epstein, D.H., Willner-Reid, J., Vahabzadeh, M., Mezghanni, M., Lin, J.L., Preston, K.L. Real-time electronic diary reports of cue exposure and mood in the hours before cocaine and heroin craving and use. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66,1 (2009), 88--94.
[15]
Froehlich, J., Chen, M.Y., Consolvo, S. MyExperience: a system for in situ tracing and capturing of user feedback on mobile phones. Proc Mobysis 2007, (2007).
[16]
George, J.M. Trait and State Affect. In K.R. Murphy (Ed) Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations, (1996), 145--171.
[17]
Google Scholar, www.google.com/scholar, 9/23/10.
[18]
Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Abramson, L., Peterson, C.K. PANAS Positive Activation Is Associated With Anger. Emotion, 9,2 (2009), 183--196.
[19]
Isomursu, M., Tähti, M., Väinämö, S., Kuutti, K. Experimental evaluation of five methods for collecting emotions in field settings with mobile applications. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65 (2007), 404--418.
[20]
Kahneman, D., Objective Happiness. Kahneman, D., Diener, E. and Schwarz, N. (Eds.) Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, (1999), 3--25.
[21]
Lang, P. The Emotion Probe: Studies of Motivation and Attention. American Psychologist, 50,5 (1995), 372--85.
[22]
Larson, R. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. The Experience Sampling Method. New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science, 15 (1983), 41--56.
[23]
Lazarus, R. & Lazarus, B. Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions. Oxford U. Press, 1994.
[24]
McGuire, W.J. A contextualist theory of knowledge: Its implications for innovation and reform in psychological research. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed) Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol 16. (1983), 1--43.
[25]
Macht, M., How emotions effect eating: a five-way model. Appetite, 50,1 (2008), 1--11.
[26]
Mancuso, C.A. & Charlson, M.E. Does Recollection Error Threaten the Validity of Cross-Sectional Studies of Effectiveness? Med Care, 33,4 (1995), AS77-AS88.
[27]
Mayer, J., DiPaulo, M., Salovey, P. Perceiving Affective Content in Ambiguous Visual Stimuli: A Component of Emotional Intelligence. J. Personality Assessment, 54,3 (1990) 772--781.
[28]
Mehrabian, A. & Russell, J.A. An approach to environmental psychology. MIT Press, Boston, 1974.
[29]
Meschtscherjakov, A., Weiss, A., Scherndl, T. Utilizing Emoticons on mobile devices within ESM studies to measure emotions in the field. MobileHCI 2009 (2009).
[30]
MoodJam Research Group. MoodJam. www.moodjam.org (Verified, 9/23/2010).
[31]
Morris, M.E., Kathawala, Q., Leen, T.K., Gorenstein, E.E., Guilak, F., Labhard, M., Deleeuw, W. Mobile therapy: case study evaluations of a cell phone application for emotional self-awareness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12,2 (2010), e10.
[32]
Moskowitz, D.S. & Young, S.N. Ecological momentary assessment: what it is and why it is a method of the future in clinical psychopharmacology. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 31,1 (2006), 13--20.
[33]
Naz, K & Helen, H. Color-Emotion Associations: Past Experience and Personal Preference. Proc. AIC 2004, (2004).
[34]
Pennebaker, J., Zech, E., Rimé, B. Disclosing and Sharing Emotion: Psychological, Social, and Health Consequences. Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences. APA, Washington, DC, 2001.
[35]
Pressman, S.D. & Cohen, S. Does Positive Affect Influence Health? Psych Bulletin, 131,6 (2005), 925--71.
[36]
Reis, H.T., Gable, S.L. Event-sampling and other methods for studying everyday experience. Reis, H.T., and Judd, C.M. (Eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology, (2000).
[37]
Russell, J.A., Weiss, A., Mendelsohn, G.A. Affect Grid: A Single-Item Scale of Pleasure and Arousal. J Personality and Social Psych, 57,3 (1989), 493--502.
[38]
Russell, J. A Circumplex Model of Affect. J. Personality and Social Psych, 39,4 (1980) 1161--1178.
[39]
Scherer, K.R. What are emotions? And how can they be measured? Social Science Info, 44,4 (2005), 695--729.
[40]
Sengers, P., Boehner, K., Mateas, M., Gay, G. The Disenchantment of Affect. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 12(5), (2008).
[41]
Slovic, P., Finuane, M.L., Peters, E. The affect heuristic. Eur J of Operational Research, 177 (2007), 1333--1352.
[42]
Stone, A.A. & Shiffman, S. Capturing momentary, self-report data: A proposal for reporting guidelines. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24,3 (2002), 236--43.
[43]
Sundstrom, P., Stahl, A., Hoo?k, K. In Situ Informants Exploring an Emotional Mobile Messaging System in Their Everyday Practice. Intl. J. Human-Computer Studies (2007).
[44]
Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., Tellegen, A. The Two General Activation Systems of Affect: Structural Findings, Evolutionary Considerations, and Psychobiological Evidence. J of personality and social psychology, 76,5 (1999), 820--38.
[45]
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Tellegen, A. Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. J Personality and Social Psychology, 54,6 (1988), 1063--1070.
[46]
Wundt, W., Fundamentals of physiological psychology, 1905.

Cited By

View all
  • (2025)Self-control, food choices, and affective well-being in daily life: an experience sampling studyJournal of Behavioral Medicine10.1007/s10865-025-00549-yOnline publication date: 20-Feb-2025
  • (2024)Approaches for tailoring between-session mental health therapy activitiesProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642856(1-19)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • (2024)HCI Contributions in Mental Health: A Modular Framework to Guide Psychosocial Intervention DesignProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642624(1-21)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. PAM: a photographic affect meter for frequent, in situ measurement of affect
      Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      CHI '11: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
      May 2011
      3530 pages
      ISBN:9781450302289
      DOI:10.1145/1978942
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 07 May 2011

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. affect
      2. emotion
      3. health
      4. measurement of affect
      5. mobile computing

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article

      Conference

      CHI '11
      Sponsor:

      Acceptance Rates

      CHI '11 Paper Acceptance Rate 410 of 1,532 submissions, 27%;
      Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

      Upcoming Conference

      CHI 2025
      ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
      April 26 - May 1, 2025
      Yokohama , Japan

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)172
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)20
      Reflects downloads up to 25 Feb 2025

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2025)Self-control, food choices, and affective well-being in daily life: an experience sampling studyJournal of Behavioral Medicine10.1007/s10865-025-00549-yOnline publication date: 20-Feb-2025
      • (2024)Approaches for tailoring between-session mental health therapy activitiesProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642856(1-19)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
      • (2024)HCI Contributions in Mental Health: A Modular Framework to Guide Psychosocial Intervention DesignProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642624(1-21)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
      • (2024)An Immersive and Interactive VR Dataset to Elicit EmotionsIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.345620230:11(7343-7353)Online publication date: Nov-2024
      • (2024)Few-Shot Learning for Detecting Affective States from Keyboard and Mouse Data2024 IEEE 11th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)10.1109/DSAA61799.2024.10722795(1-7)Online publication date: 6-Oct-2024
      • (2024)Physiological data for affective computing in HRI with anthropomorphic service robots: the AFFECT-HRI data setScientific Data10.1038/s41597-024-03128-z11:1Online publication date: 4-Apr-2024
      • (2024)Emotion recognition and artificial intelligenceInformation Fusion10.1016/j.inffus.2023.102019102:COnline publication date: 1-Feb-2024
      • (2024)The influence of tactile feedback in In-vehicle central control interfaces on driver emotions: A comparative study of touchscreens and physical buttonsInternational Journal of Industrial Ergonomics10.1016/j.ergon.2024.103586101(103586)Online publication date: May-2024
      • (2023)Development and validation of a highly dynamic and reusable picture-based scale: A new affective measurement toolFrontiers in Psychology10.3389/fpsyg.2022.107869113Online publication date: 17-Jan-2023
      • (2023)Mood Measurement on SmartphonesProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/35808647:1(1-35)Online publication date: 28-Mar-2023
      • Show More Cited By

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Figures

      Tables

      Media

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media