research-article

A two-scale microfacet reflectance model combining reflection and diffraction

Authors:

Nicolas Holzschuch,

Romain PacanowskiAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), Volume 36, Issue 4

Article No.: 66, Pages 1 - 12

https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073621

Published: 20 July 2017 Publication History

Abstract

Adequate reflectance models are essential for the production of photorealistic images. Microfacet reflectance models predict the appearance of a material at the macroscopic level based on microscopic surface details. They provide a good match with measured reflectance in some cases, but not always. This discrepancy between the behavior predicted by microfacet models and the observed behavior has puzzled researchers for a long time. In this paper, we show that diffraction effects in the micro-geometry provide a plausible explanation. We describe a two-scale reflectance model, separating between geometry details much larger than wavelength and those of size comparable to wavelength. The former model results in the standard Cook-Torrance model. The latter model is responsible for diffraction effects. Diffraction effects at the smaller scale are convolved by the micro-geometry normal distribution. The resulting two-scale model provides a very good approximation to measured reflectances.

Supplementary Material

ZIP File (a66-holzschuch.zip)

Supplemental files.

Download
445.73 MB

MP4 File (papers-0190.mp4)

Download
239.61 MB

References

[1]

M. Ashikhmin and S. Premože. 2007. Distribution-based BRDFs. University of Utah. (2007). http://www.cs.utah.edu/~premoze/dbrdf/.

[2]

M. M. Bagher, J. Snyder, and D. Nowrouzezahrai. 2016. A Non-Parametric Factor Microfacet Model for Isotropic BRDFs. ACM Trans. Graph. 36, 5, Article 159 (July 2016), 16 pages.

Digital Library

[3]

M. M. Bagher, C. Soler, and N. Holzschuch. 2012. Accurate fitting of measured reflectances using a Shifted Gamma micro-facet distribution. Computer Graphics Forum 31, 4 (June 2012).

Digital Library

[4]

P. Beckmann and A. Spizzichino. 1987. The scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces. Artech House.

[5]

A. Brady, J. Lawrence, P. Peers, and W. Weimer. 2014. genBRDF: Discovering New Analytic BRDFs with Genetic Programming. ACM Trans. Graph. 33, 4, Article 114 (July 2014), 11 pages.

Digital Library

[6]

B. Burley. 2012. Physically-Based Shading at Disney. In Siggraph course: Practical Physically Based Shading in Film and Game Production, Stephen Hill and Stephen McAuley (Eds.). ACM. https://disney-animation.s3.amazonaws.com/library/s2012_pbs_disney_brdf_notes_v2.pdf

[7]

S. D. Butler, S. E. Nauyoks, and M. A. Marciniak. 2015a. Experimental analysis of bidirectional reflectance distribution function cross section conversion term in direction cosine space. Opt. Lett. 40, 11 (Jun 2015), 2445--2448.

[8]

S. D. Butler, S. E. Nauyoks, and M. A. Marciniak. 2015b. Experimental measurement and analysis of wavelength-dependent properties of the BRDF. Proc. SPIE 9611, Imaging Spectrometry XX (2015).

[9]

E. L. Church and P. Z. Takacs. 1986. Statistical And Signal Processing Concepts In Surface Metrology. (1986).

[10]

R. L. Cook and K. E. Torrance. 1982. A Reflectance Model for Computer Graphics. ACM Trans. Graph. 1, 1 (1982), 7--24.

Digital Library

[11]

S. Ergun, S. Önel, and A. Ozturk. 2016. A General Micro-flake Model for Predicting the Appearance of Car Paint. In Eurographics Symposium on Rendering - EI & I.

[12]

J. E. Harvey. 1975. Light-Scattering Characteristics of Optical Surface. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a095132.pdf Adviser: R. V. Shack.

[13]

J. E. Harvey, S. Schröder, N. Choi, and A. Duparré. 2012. Total integrated scatter from surfaces with arbitrary roughness, correlation widths, and incident angles. Optical Engineering 51, 1 (2012).

[14]

X. D. He, K. E. Torrance, F. X. Sillion, and D. P. Greenberg. 1991. A Comprehensive Physical Model for Light Reflection. Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH '91 Proceedings) 25, 4 (July 1991), 175--186.

[15]

E. Heitz. 2014a. Multi-scale appearance for realistic and efficient rendering of complex surfaces. Ph.D. Dissertation. Université de Grenoble. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01073518

[16]

E. Heitz. 2014b. Understanding the Masking-Shadowing Function in Microfacet-Based BRDFs. Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques 3, 2 (June 2014), 32--91. http://jcgt.org/published/0003/02/03/

[17]

E. Heitz, J. Hanika, E. d'Eon, and C. Dachsbacher. 2016. Multiple-Scattering Microfacet BSDFs with the Smith Model. ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH 2016) 35, 4, Article 58 (July 2016).

Digital Library

[18]

B. J. Hoenders, E. Jakeman, H. P. Baltes, and B. Steinle. 1979. K Correlations and Facet Models in Diffuse Scattering. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics 26, 10 (1979), 1307--1319.

[19]

N. Holzschuch and R. Pacanowski. 2015a. A physically accurate reflectance model combining reflection and diffraction. Research Report RR-8807. INRIA. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01224702

[20]

N. Holzschuch and R. Pacanowski. 2015b. Identifying diffraction effects in measured reflectances. In Eurographics Workshop on Material Appearance Modeling. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01170614

[21]

N. Holzschuch and R. Pacanowski. 2016. A Physically-Based Reflectance Model Combining Reflection and Diffraction. Research Report RR-8964. INRIA. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01386157

[22]

W. Jakob, E. D'Eon, O. Jakob, and S. Marschner. 2014. A Comprehensive Framework for Rendering Layered Materials. ACM Trans. Graph. (Proc. SIGGRAPH 2014) 33, 4 (2014).

Digital Library

[23]

H. W. Jensen, S. Marschner, M. Levoy, and P. Hanrahan. 2001. A Practical Model for Subsurface Light Transport. In SIGGRAPH 2001. 511--518.

Digital Library

[24]

A. Krywonos. 2006. Predicting Surface Scatter using a Linear Systems Formulation of Non-Paraxial Scalar Diffraction. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Central Florida. http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0001446/Krywonos_Andrey_200612_PhD.pdf Adviser:J. E. Harvey.

[25]

E. P. Lafortune, S.-C. Foo, K. E. Torrance, and D. P. Greenberg. 1997. Non-linear approximation of reflectance functions. In SIGGRAPH '97. 117--126.

Digital Library

[26]

M. I. A. Lourakis. 2004. levmar: Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least squares algorithms in C/C++. http://www.ics.forth.gr/~lourakis/levmar/. (July 2004).

[27]

J. Löw, J. Kronander, A. Ynnerman, and J. Unger. 2012. BRDF models for accurate and efficient rendering of glossy surfaces. ACM Trans. Graph. 31, 1, Article 9 (Feb. 2012), 14 pages.

Digital Library

[28]

W. Matusik, H. Pfister, M. Brand, and L. McMillan. 2003. A Data-Driven Reflectance Model. ACM Trans. Graph. 22, 3 (2003).

Digital Library

[29]

A. Ngan, F. Durand, and W. Matusik. 2005. Experimental Analysis of BRDF Models. In Eurographics Symposium on Rendering.

[30]

B. Smith. 1967. Geometrical shadowing of a random rough surface. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 15, 5 (Sept. 1967).

[31]

J. Stam. 1999. Diffraction Shaders. In SIGGRAPH '99. ACM, 101--110.

Digital Library

[32]

K. E. Torrance and E. M. Sparrow. 1967. Theory for Off-Specular Reflection From Roughened Surfaces. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 9 (Sept. 1967), 1105--1112.

[33]

T. S. Trowbridge and K. P. Reitz. 1975. Average irregularity representation of a rough surface for ray reflection. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 5 (1975), 531--536.

[34]

C. L. Vernold and J. E. Harvey. 1998. A modified Beckmann-Kirchhoff scattering theory for nonparaxial angles. Proc. SPIE 3426, Scattering and Surface Roughness II (1998), 51--56.

[35]

B. Walter, S. R. Marschner, H. Li, and K. E. Torrance. 2007. Microfacet models for refraction through rough surfaces. In Eurographics Symposium on Rendering. 195--206.

[36]

A. Weidlich and A. Wilkie 2007 Arbitrarily layered micro-facet surfaces. In GRAPHITE '07. 171--178.

Digital Library

Cited By

Sun L(2024)Geometric attenuation function analysis based on V-grooved surfacesApplied Optics10.1364/AO.50953763:5(1204)Online publication date: 2-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.509537
Steinberg SRamamoorthi RBitterli Bd'Eon EYan LPharr M(2024)A Generalized Ray Formulation For Wave-Optical Light TransportACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/368790243:6(1-15)Online publication date: 19-Dec-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3687902
Hikichi MIwasaki K(2024)Separation of Reflection Components for Measured Spectral BRDFsProceedings of the 50th Graphics Interface Conference10.1145/3670947.3670953(1-9)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3670947.3670953
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

A two-scale microfacet reflectance model combining reflection and diffraction
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Computer graphics
    1. Rendering
      1. Reflectance modeling

Recommendations

Multiple-scattering microfacet BSDFs with the Smith model

Modeling multiple scattering in microfacet theory is considered an important open problem because a non-negligible portion of the energy leaving rough surfaces is due to paths that bounce multiple times. In this paper we derive the missing multiple-...
Interactive Diffraction from Biological Nanostructures

We describe a technique for interactive rendering of diffraction effects produced by biological nanostructures, such as snake skin surface gratings. Our approach uses imagery from atomic force microscopy that accurately captures the geometry of the ...
Two-layer microfacet model with diffraction
Highlights
- Based on the CTD model, we add two coefficients—σ and σsd —where σ can be used to adjust brightness and σsd to ...
Graphical abstract

Display Omitted

Abstract
The bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) describes how light is scattered on a surface. Microfacet-based BSDF models assume that surfaces are a collection of randomly oriented microfacets, describe the distribution ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Graphics

ACM Transactions on Graphics Volume 36, Issue 4

August 2017

2155 pages

ISSN:0730-0301

EISSN:1557-7368

DOI:10.1145/3072959

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2017 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 20 July 2017

Published in TOG Volume 36, Issue 4

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

69
Total Citations
View Citations
903
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)66
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)8

Reflects downloads up to 02 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Sun L(2024)Geometric attenuation function analysis based on V-grooved surfacesApplied Optics10.1364/AO.50953763:5(1204)Online publication date: 2-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.509537
Steinberg SRamamoorthi RBitterli Bd'Eon EYan LPharr M(2024)A Generalized Ray Formulation For Wave-Optical Light TransportACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/368790243:6(1-15)Online publication date: 19-Dec-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3687902
Hikichi MIwasaki K(2024)Separation of Reflection Components for Measured Spectral BRDFsProceedings of the 50th Graphics Interface Conference10.1145/3670947.3670953(1-9)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3670947.3670953
Iwasaki KDobashi Y(2024)A Non-parametric Factor Representation and Editing for Measured Anisotropic Spectral BRDFsProceedings of the 50th Graphics Interface Conference10.1145/3670947.3670951(1-10)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3670947.3670951
Lucas SRibardière MPacanowski RBarla P(2024)A Fully-correlated Anisotropic Micrograin BSDF ModelACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/365822443:4(1-14)Online publication date: 19-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3658224
Clausen OFuhrmann AMišiak MLatoschik MMarroquim R(2024)Rendering diffraction Phenomena on rough surfaces in Virtual RealityProceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology10.1145/3641825.3689516(1-2)Online publication date: 9-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3641825.3689516
Li SLiu ZXiong XLiu Y(2024)Reflection modeling of rough metal surfaces using statistical theoryOptical Engineering10.1117/1.OE.63.11.11410263:11Online publication date: 1-Nov-2024
https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.63.11.114102
Shah IGamboa LGruson ANarayanan P(2024)Neural Histogram‐Based Glint Rendering of Surfaces With Spatially Varying RoughnessComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1515743:4Online publication date: 24-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.15157
Lanza DPadrón‐Griffe JPranovich AMuñoz AFrisvad JJarabo A(2024)Practical Appearance Model for Foundation CosmeticsComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1514843:4Online publication date: 24-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.15148
Sato MIwasaki K(2024)Two-Stage Optimization for Fitting Parameters of Measured Isotropic Spectral BRDFs2024 Nicograph International (NicoInt)10.1109/NICOInt62634.2024.00016(36-40)Online publication date: 14-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/NICOInt62634.2024.00016
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Issue’s Table of Contents