research-article

Energy Modeling for the Bluetooth Low Energy Protocol

Authors:

Philipp H. Kindt,

Samarjit ChakrabortyAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS), Volume 19, Issue 2

Article No.: 13, Pages 1 - 32

https://doi.org/10.1145/3379339

Published: 16 March 2020 Publication History

Abstract

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a wireless protocol optimized for low-power communication. To design energy-efficient devices, the protocol provides a number of parameters that need to be optimized within an energy, latency, and throughput design space. Therefore, an energy model that can predict the energy consumption of a BLE-based wireless device for different parameter value settings is needed. As BLE differs from the well-known Bluetooth Basic Rate (BR) significantly, models for Bluetooth BR cannot be easily applied to the BLE protocol. In past years, there have been a couple of proposals on energy models for BLE. However, none of them can model all the operating modes of the protocol. This article presents an energy model of the BLE protocol, which allows the computation of a device’s power consumption in all possible operating modes. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed model is not only one of the most accurate ones known so far (because it accounts for all protocol parameters), but it is also the only one that models all the operating modes of BLE. Based on this model, guidelines for system designers are presented that help choose the right parameters for optimizing the energy consumption. The model is publicly available as a software library for download.

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Cited By

Capogrosso LXu SFraccaroli ECristani MFummi FChakraborty S(2024)Learning-Enabled CPS for Edge-Cloud Computing2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES)10.1109/SIES62473.2024.10767956(132-139)Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES62473.2024.10767956
El-Fatyany AWang XDuggirala PChakraborty SPasricha SSingh A(2024)Special Session: Emerging Architecture Design, Control, and Security Challenges in Software Defined Vehicles2024 International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS)10.1109/CODES-ISSS60120.2024.00014(27-36)Online publication date: 29-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/CODES-ISSS60120.2024.00014
Battaglia FGugliandolo GCampobello GDonato N(2023)EEG-Over-BLE: A Low-Latency, Reliable, and Low-Power Architecture for Multichannel EEG Monitoring SystemsIEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement10.1109/TIM.2023.326847172(1-10)Online publication date: 2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2023.3268471
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Index Terms

Energy Modeling for the Bluetooth Low Energy Protocol
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
    1. Sensor networks
2. Networks
  1. Network performance evaluation
    1. Network performance modeling
  2. Network types
    1. Ad hoc networks
      1. Mobile ad hoc networks

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Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems Volume 19, Issue 2

March 2020

171 pages

ISSN:1539-9087

EISSN:1558-3465

DOI:10.1145/3382779

Editor:
Sandeep K. Shukla
Indian Institute of Technology, India

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2020 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

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Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

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ACM Journals for the Design of Smart and Connected Systems

Publication History

Published: 16 March 2020

Accepted: 01 January 2020

Revised: 01 October 2019

Received: 01 May 2019

Published in TECS Volume 19, Issue 2

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Cited By

Capogrosso LXu SFraccaroli ECristani MFummi FChakraborty S(2024)Learning-Enabled CPS for Edge-Cloud Computing2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES)10.1109/SIES62473.2024.10767956(132-139)Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES62473.2024.10767956
El-Fatyany AWang XDuggirala PChakraborty SPasricha SSingh A(2024)Special Session: Emerging Architecture Design, Control, and Security Challenges in Software Defined Vehicles2024 International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS)10.1109/CODES-ISSS60120.2024.00014(27-36)Online publication date: 29-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/CODES-ISSS60120.2024.00014
Battaglia FGugliandolo GCampobello GDonato N(2023)EEG-Over-BLE: A Low-Latency, Reliable, and Low-Power Architecture for Multichannel EEG Monitoring SystemsIEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement10.1109/TIM.2023.326847172(1-10)Online publication date: 2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2023.3268471
Javadi ANiroomanesh RGhamari MAlipour KTarvirdizadeh B(2023)A Comparative Analysis of BLE V.5 and BLE V.4 Communication Protocols for Multi-Agent Rescue Robots under Rayleigh Fading Channel2023 11th RSI International Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ICRoM)10.1109/ICRoM60803.2023.10412444(507-512)Online publication date: 19-Dec-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRoM60803.2023.10412444
Ryoo DYoo YPaek JBahk S(2023)SPADE: Secure Periodic Advertising using Coded Time-Channel Rendezvous for BLE Audio2023 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT)10.1109/DCOSS-IoT58021.2023.00015(39-46)Online publication date: Jun-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/DCOSS-IoT58021.2023.00015
Bregar KKrištofelc TDepolli MAvbelj VRashkovska A(2022)Power Autonomy Estimation of Low-Power Sensor for Long-Term ECG MonitoringSensors10.3390/s2214507022:14(5070)Online publication date: 6-Jul-2022
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Shih BChen YHou T(2022)Bounding Latency in Bluetooth Low Energy Device DiscoveryProceedings of the 4th International Electronics Communication Conference10.1145/3560089.3560097(47-54)Online publication date: 8-Jul-2022
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Kindt PNarayanaswamy SSaur MChakraborty S(2022)Optimizing BLE-Like Neighbor DiscoveryIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing10.1109/TMC.2020.302827021:5(1779-1797)Online publication date: 1-May-2022
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Hasan RHoque MKarim YGriffin RSchwebel DHasan R(2022)Someone to Watch Over You: Using Bluetooth Beacons for Alerting Distracted PedestriansIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2022.31879659:22(23017-23030)Online publication date: 15-Nov-2022
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Turetta CDemrozi FPravadelli G(2022)A freely available system for human activity recognition based on a low-cost body area network2022 IEEE 46th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)10.1109/COMPSAC54236.2022.00062(395-400)Online publication date: Jun-2022
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