Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
10.1145/3489849.3489865acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesvrstConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Open access

Impostor-based Rendering Acceleration for Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality

Published: 08 December 2021 Publication History

Abstract

This paper presents an image-based rendering approach to accelerate rendering time of virtual scenes containing a large number of complex high poly count objects. Our approach replaces complex objects by impostors, light-weight image-based representations leveraging geometry and shading related processing costs. In contrast to their classical implementation, our impostors are specifically designed to work in Virtual-, Augmented- and Mixed Reality scenarios (XR for short), as they support stereoscopic rendering to provide correct depth perception. Motion parallax of typical head movements is compensated by using a ray marched parallax correction step. Our approach provides a dynamic run-time recreation of impostors as necessary for larger changes in view position. The dynamic run-time recreation is decoupled from the actual rendering process. Hence, its associated processing cost is therefore distributed over multiple frames. This avoids any unwanted frame drops or latency spikes even for impostors of objects with complex geometry and many polygons. In addition to the significant performance benefit, our impostors compare favorably against the original mesh representation, as geometric and textural temporal aliasing artifacts are heavily suppressed.

Supplementary Material

Appendix (Impostor_based_Rendering_System_for_XR_Appendix.pdf)
MP4 File (Impostor_based_Rendering_System_for_XR_VRST2021.mp4)
Supplemental video

References

[1]
2018. Unity - Octahedral Impostors. https://github.com/xraxra/IMP. Accessed: 2021-07-05.
[2]
2020. Godot - Octahedral Impostors. https://github.com/wojtekpil/Godot-Octahedral-Impostors. Accessed: 2021-07-05.
[3]
Carlos Andújar, Javier Boo, Pere Brunet, Marta Fairén, Isabel Navazo, Pere Vazquez, and A Vinacua. 2007. Omni-directional Relief Impostors. Computer Graphics Forum 26, 3, 553–560.
[4]
Lionel Baboud and Xavier Décoret. 2006. Rendering geometry with relief textures. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006. Canadian Information Processing Society, 195–201.
[5]
Kevin Boos, David Chu, and Eduardo Cuervo. 2016. Flashback: Immersive virtual reality on mobile devices via rendering memoization. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. 291–304.
[6]
Ryan Brucks. 2018. Octahedral Impostors. https://www.shaderbits.com/blog/octahedral-impostors. Accessed: 2021-07-05.
[7]
Jonathan Cohen, Marc Olano, and Dinesh Manocha. 1998. Appearance-preserving simplification. In Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. 115–122.
[8]
Xavier Décoret, Frédo Durand, François X Sillion, and Julie Dorsey. 2003. Billboard clouds for extreme model simplification. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers. 689–696.
[9]
Jon Hasselgren, Jacob Munkberg, Marco Salvi, Anjul Patney, and Aaron Lefohn. 2020. Neural temporal adaptive sampling and denoising. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 39. Wiley Online Library, 147–155.
[10]
Jozef Hladky, Hans-Peter Seidel, and Markus Steinberger. 2019. Tessellated Shading Streaming. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 38. Wiley Online Library, 171–182.
[11]
Lloyd A Jeffress. 1937. Anomalous Parallax in Anaglyphs and Stereograms. The Journal of General Psychology 17, 2 (1937), 389–394.
[12]
Zeqi Lai, Y Charlie Hu, Yong Cui, Linhui Sun, Ningwei Dai, and Hung-Sheng Lee. 2019. Furion: Engineering high-quality immersive virtual reality on today’s mobile devices. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing(2019).
[13]
Puneet Lall, Silviu Borac, Dave Richardson, Matt Pharr, and Manfred Ernst. 2018. View-Region Optimized Image-Based Scene Simplification. Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 1, 2(2018), 1–22.
[14]
Kyungmin Lee, David Chu, Eduardo Cuervo, Johannes Kopf, Yury Degtyarev, Sergey Grizan, Alec Wolman, and Jason Flinn. 2015. Outatime: Using speculation to enable low-latency continuous interaction for mobile cloud gaming. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. 151–165.
[15]
Yong Li and Wei Gao. 2019. DeltaVR: Achieving high-performance mobile VR dynamics through pixel reuse. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. 13–24.
[16]
Paulo WC Maciel and Peter Shirley. 1995. Visual navigation of large environments using textured clusters. In Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics. ACM, 95–ff.
[17]
Alexander Majercik, Cyril Crassin, Peter Shirley, and Morgan McGuire. 2018. A ray-box intersection algorithm and efficient dynamic voxel rendering. Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques Vol 7, 3 (2018).
[18]
Stephan Mantler, Stefan Jeschke, and Michael Wimmer. 2007. Displacement mapped billboard clouds. In Proceedings of symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games. Citeseer.
[19]
William R Mark, Leonard McMillan, and Gary Bishop. 1997. Post-rendering 3D warping. In Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics. 7–ff.
[20]
Joerg H Mueller, Philip Voglreiter, Mark Dokter, Thomas Neff, Mina Makar, Markus Steinberger, and Dieter Schmalstieg. 2018. Shading atlas streaming. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 37, 6 (2018), 1–16.
[21]
Manuel M Oliveira, Gary Bishop, and David McAllister. 2000. Relief texture mapping. In Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 359–368.
[22]
Edward M Peek, Burkhard C Wünsche, and Christof Lutteroth. 2014. Image warping for enhancing consumer applications of head-mounted displays. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Australasian User Interface Conference-Volume 150. 47–55.
[23]
Fabio Policarpo and Manuel M Oliveira. 2006. Relief mapping of non-height-field surface details. In Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games. ACM, 55–62.
[24]
Fábio Policarpo, Manuel M Oliveira, and João LD Comba. 2005. Real-time relief mapping on arbitrary polygonal surfaces. In Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games. ACM, 155–162.
[25]
Voicu Popescu, Kyle Hayward, Paul Rosen, and Chris Wyman. 2009. Non-Pinhole Imposters. Technical Report 09-006. Purdue University.
[26]
Bernhard Reinert, Johannes Kopf, Tobias Ritschel, Eduardo Cuervo, David Chu, and Hans-Peter Seidel. 2016. Proxy-guided image-based rendering for mobile devices. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 35. Wiley Online Library, 353–362.
[27]
Eric Risser, Musawir Shah, and Sumanta Pattanaik. 2007. Faster relief mapping using the secant method. Journal of graphics tools 12, 3 (2007), 17–24.
[28]
Gernot Schaufler. 1996. Exploiting frame-to-frame coherence in a virtual reality system. In Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium. IEEE, 95–102.
[29]
Gernot Schaufler. 1998. Per-object image warping with layered impostors. In Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques. Springer, 145–156.
[30]
Gernot Schaufler and Wolfgang Stürzlinger. 1996. A three dimensional image cache for virtual reality. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 15. Wiley Online Library, 227–235.
[31]
Jonathan Shade, Steven Gortler, Li-wei He, and Richard Szeliski. 1998. Layered depth images. In Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. 231–242.
[32]
Jonathan Shade, Dani Lischinski, David H Salesin, Tony DeRose, and John Snyder. 1996. Hierarchical image caching for accelerated walkthroughs of complex environments. In Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. ACM, 75–82.
[33]
Ferdi Smit, Robert van Liere, Stephan Beck, and Bernd Fröhlich. 2009. An image-warping architecture for vr: Low latency versus image quality. In 2009 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference. IEEE, 27–34.
[34]
Jan-Philipp Stauffert, Kristof Korwisi, Florian Niebling, and Marc Erich Latoschik. 2021. Ka-Boom!!! Visually Exploring Latency Measurements for XR. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI EA ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA.
[35]
Jan-Philipp Stauffert, Florian Niebling, and Marc Erich Latoschik. 2018. Effects of Latency Jitter on Simulator Sickness in a Search Task. In 25th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (IEEE VR). 121–127.
[36]
Jan-Philipp Stauffert, Florian Niebling, and Marc Erich Latoschik. 2020. Latency and Cybersickness: Impact, Causes, and Measures. A Review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 1 (2020), 31.
[37]
László Szirmay-Kalos and Tamás Umenhoffer. 2008. Displacement Mapping on the GPU—State of the Art. In Computer graphics forum, Vol. 27. Wiley Online Library, 1567–1592.
[38]
Natalya Tatarchuk. 2006. Dynamic parallax occlusion mapping with approximate soft shadows. In Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games. 63–69.
[39]
Franco Tecchia and Yiorgos Chrysanthou. 2000. Real-time rendering of densely populated urban environments. In Rendering Techniques 2000. Springer, 83–88.
[40]
Severin Todt, Christof Rezk-Salama, Andreas Kolb, and K-D Kuhnert. 2008. GPU-Based Spherical Light Field Rendering with Per-Fragment Depth Correction. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 27. Wiley Online Library, 2081–2095.
[41]
JMP Van Waveren. 2016. The asynchronous time warp for virtual reality on consumer hardware. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. 37–46.
[42]
Zhou Wang, Alan C Bovik, Hamid R Sheikh, and Eero P Simoncelli. 2004. Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE transactions on image processing 13, 4 (2004), 600–612.
[43]
Sven Widmer, D Pająk, André Schulz, Kari Pulli, Jan Kautz, Michael Goesele, and David Luebke. 2015. An adaptive acceleration structure for screen-space ray tracing. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on High-Performance Graphics. 67–76.
[44]
Graham Wihlidal. 2016. Optimizing the graphics pipeline with compute. In Game Developers Conference. 54.
[45]
Niko Wißmann, Martin Mišiak, Arnulph Fuhrmann, and Marc Erich Latoschik. 2020. Accelerated Stereo Rendering with Hybrid Reprojection-Based Rasterization and Adaptive Ray-Tracing. In 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, 828–835.
[46]
Richard Zhang, Phillip Isola, Alexei A Efros, Eli Shechtman, and Oliver Wang. 2018. The unreasonable effectiveness of deep features as a perceptual metric. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 586–595.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Investigating Incoherent Depth Perception Features in Virtual Reality Using Stereoscopic Impostor-Based Rendering2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00257(921-922)Online publication date: 16-Mar-2024
  • (2024)mint: Integrating scientific visualizations into virtual realityJournal of Visualization10.1007/s12650-024-01011-yOnline publication date: 5-Aug-2024
  • (2023)The Impact of Reflection Approximations on Visual Quality in Virtual RealityACM Symposium on Applied Perception 202310.1145/3605495.3605794(1-11)Online publication date: 5-Aug-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
VRST '21: Proceedings of the 27th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
December 2021
563 pages
ISBN:9781450390927
DOI:10.1145/3489849
Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 08 December 2021

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. image-based rendering
  2. impostors
  3. rendering acceleration

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed limited

Funding Sources

  • Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia
  • German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

Conference

VRST '21

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 66 of 254 submissions, 26%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)679
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)94
Reflects downloads up to 04 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Investigating Incoherent Depth Perception Features in Virtual Reality Using Stereoscopic Impostor-Based Rendering2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00257(921-922)Online publication date: 16-Mar-2024
  • (2024)mint: Integrating scientific visualizations into virtual realityJournal of Visualization10.1007/s12650-024-01011-yOnline publication date: 5-Aug-2024
  • (2023)The Impact of Reflection Approximations on Visual Quality in Virtual RealityACM Symposium on Applied Perception 202310.1145/3605495.3605794(1-11)Online publication date: 5-Aug-2023
  • (2023)Integrating Both Parallax and Latency Compensation into Video See-through Head-mounted DisplayIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2023.324746029:5(2826-2836)Online publication date: 27-Feb-2023
  • (2023)QoE enhancement of the industrial metaverse based on Mixed Reality application optimizationDisplays10.1016/j.displa.2023.10246379(102463)Online publication date: Sep-2023

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

HTML Format

Get Access

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media