Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
10.1145/3613905.3651074acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Work in Progress

"Never The Same": Systematic Analysis of the Methodological Issues in the Presence Studies That Employ Questionnaires

Published: 11 May 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Presence is a psychological state that is usually measured via questionnaires. Many presence researchers assume self-report questionnaires are standardized. However, we do not know how reliable they are. This knowledge gap impacts the accuracy and validity of data collected through these questionnaires. Reliable and accurate data collection is crucial to trust findings in presence research. Inaccurate or unreliable data could lead to incorrect conclusions. This impacts theoretical understanding and practical applications. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review of 100 empirical quantitative presence studies. Our goal was to uncover the underlying issues with these self-report questionnaires. So, we explored the employment of these questionnaires and analyzed the specific reasons for measuring presence. We show patterns and inconsistencies in the current methodologies, as presence questionnaires are frequently utilized in a non-standardised manner. We will propose well-grounded improvements and constructive approaches based on our findings. These will improve the validity and effectiveness of these questionnaires and lead to more consistent and replicable results in presence research.

Supplemental Material

MP4 File
Talk Video

References

[1]
Lena Fanya Aeschbach, Sebastian A.C. Perrig, Lorena Weder, Klaus Opwis, and Florian Brühlmann. 2021. Transparency in Measurement Reporting: A Systematic Literature Review of CHI PLAY. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CHI PLAY (Oct. 2021), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3474660
[2]
Frank Biocca, Chad Harms, and Judee K. Burgoon. 2003. Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, 5 (Oct. 2003), 456–480. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322761270
[3]
Carmen Bisogni, Lucia Cascone, Aniello Castiglione, and Ignazio Passero. 2021. Deep learning for emotion driven user experiences. Pattern Recognition Letters 152 (Dec. 2021), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2021.09.004
[4]
Yasra Chandio, Noman Bashir, Victoria Interrante, and Fatima M. Anwar. 2023. Investigating the Correlation Between Presence and Reaction Time in Mixed Reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics Early access (2023), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2023.3319563
[5]
Lee Anna Clark and David Watson. 2019. Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments.Psychological Assessment 31, 12 (Dec. 2019), 1412–1427. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000626
[6]
James J Cummings and Erin E Wertz. 2022. Capturing social presence: concept explication through an empirical analysis of social presence measures. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 28, 1 (Nov. 2022), zmac027. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmac027
[7]
Zoltan Dienes. 2004. Assumptions of Subjective Measures of Unconscious Mental States: Higher Order Thoughts and Bias. Journal of Consciousness Studies 11, 9 (Jan. 2004), 25–45.
[8]
William M. Felton and Russell E. Jackson. 2022. Presence: A Review. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 38, 1 (Jan. 2022), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1921368
[9]
Jonathan Freeman, S. E. Avons, Ray Meddis, Don E. Pearson, and Wijnand IJsselsteijn. 2000. Using Behavioral Realism to Estimate Presence: A Study of the Utility of Postural Responses to Motion Stimuli. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 9, 2 (April 2000), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474600566691
[10]
Jonathan Freeman, S. E. Avons, Don E. Pearson, and Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn. 1999. Effects of Sensory Information and Prior Experience on Direct Subjective Ratings of Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 8, 1 (Feb. 1999), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474699566017
[11]
Maia Garau, Doron Friedman, Hila Ritter Widenfeld, Angus Antley, Andrea Brogni, and Mel Slater. 2008. Temporal and Spatial Variations in Presence: Qualitative Analysis of Interviews from an Experiment on Breaks in Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 17, 3 (June 2008), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.17.3.293
[12]
Sarah Graf and Valentin Schwind. 2020. Inconsistencies of Presence Questionnaires in Virtual Reality. In 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. ACM, Virtual Event Canada, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3422105
[13]
Simone Grassini and Karin Laumann. 2020. Questionnaire Measures and Physiological Correlates of Presence: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020), 1–21. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00349
[14]
Wijnand IJsselsteijn, Huib De Ridder, Jonathan Freeman, S. E. Avons, and Don Bouwhuis. 2001. Effects of Stereoscopic Presentation, Image Motion, and Screen Size on Subjective and Objective Corroborative Measures of Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 10, 3 (June 2001), 298–311. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601300343621
[15]
Karel Kreijns, Kate Xu, and Joshua Weidlich. 2022. Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement. Educational Psychology Review 34, 1 (March 2022), 139–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09623-8
[16]
Jari Laarni, Niklas Ravaja, Timo Saari, Saskia Böcking, Tilo Hartmann, and Holger Schramm. 2015. Ways to Measure Spatial Presence: Review and Future Directions. In Immersed in Media: Telepresence Theory, Measurement & Technology, Matthew Lombard, Frank Biocca, Jonathan Freeman, Wijnand IJsselsteijn, and Rachel J. Schaevitz (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 139–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10190-3_8
[17]
Cha Lee, Gustavo A. Rincon, Greg Meyer, Tobias Hollerer, and Doug A. Bowman. 2013. The Effects of Visual Realism on Search Tasks in Mixed Reality Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 19, 4 (April 2013), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2013.41
[18]
Jane Lessiter, Jonathan Freeman, Edmund Keogh, and Jules Davidoff. 2001. A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 10, 3 (June 2001), 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474601300343612
[19]
Matthew Lombard, Frank Biocca, Jonathan Freeman, Wijnand IJsselsteijn, and Rachel J. Schaevitz (Eds.). 2015. Immersed in Media. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10190-3
[20]
Marvin Minsky. 1980. Telepresence. OMNI magazine 2, 9 (1980), 45–51. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570854175773549312
[21]
Olivier Nannipieri. 2022. Do Presence Questionnaires Actually Measure Presence? A Content Analysis of Presence Measurement Scales. In Extended Reality. Vol. 13445. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 273–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15546-8_24
[22]
Richard E. Nisbett and Timothy D. Wilson. 1977. The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35, 4 (April 1977), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250
[23]
Kristine L. Nowak and Frank Biocca. 2003. The Effect of the Agency and Anthropomorphism on Users’ Sense of Telepresence, Copresence, and Social Presence in Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, 5 (Oct. 2003), 481–494. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322761289
[24]
Seok Hee Oh, Jung Woon Park, and Seong-Jin Cho. 2022. Effectiveness of the VR Cognitive Training for Symptom Relief in Patients with ADHD. Journal of Web Engineering 21, 3 (March 2022), 767–788. https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.21310
[25]
Matthew J. Page, Joanne E. McKenzie, Patrick M. Bossuyt, Isabelle Boutron, Tammy C. Hoffmann, Cynthia D. Mulrow, Larissa Shamseer, Jennifer M. Tetzlaff, Elie A. Akl, Sue E. Brennan, Roger Chou, Julie Glanville, Jeremy M. Grimshaw, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson, Manoj M. Lalu, Tianjing Li, Elizabeth W. Loder, Evan Mayo-Wilson, Steve McDonald, Luke A. McGuinness, Lesley A. Stewart, James Thomas, Andrea C. Tricco, Vivian A. Welch, Penny Whiting, and David Moher. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372 (March 2021), n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
[26]
Sebastian A. C. Perrig, Nicolas Scharowski, and Florian Brühlmann. 2023. Trust Issues with Trust Scales: Examining the Psychometric Quality of Trust Measures in the Context of AI. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Hamburg Germany, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585808
[27]
Giuseppe Riva, Fabrizia Mantovani, Claret Samantha Capideville, Alessandra Preziosa, Francesca Morganti, Daniela Villani, Andrea Gaggioli, Cristina Botella, and Mariano Alcañiz. 2007. Affective Interactions Using Virtual Reality: The Link between Presence and Emotions. CyberPsychology & Behavior 10, 1 (Feb. 2007), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9993
[28]
Giuseppe Riva, John Waterworth, and Dianne Murray. 2014. Interacting with Presence: HCI and the Sense of Presence in Computer-mediated Environments. DE GRUYTER OPEN, Poland. https://doi.org/10.2478/9783110409697
[29]
Richard Skarbez, Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., and Mary C. Whitton. 2018. A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts. Comput. Surveys 50, 6 (Nov. 2018), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134301
[30]
Mel Slater. 2004. How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 13, 4 (Aug. 2004), 484–493. https://doi.org/10.1162/1054746041944849
[31]
Mel Slater, Christoph Guger, Guenter Edlinger, Robert Leeb, Gert Pfurtscheller, Angus Antley, Maia Garau, Andrea Brogni, and Doron Friedman. 2006. Analysis of Physiological Responses to a Social Situation in an Immersive Virtual Environment. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 5 (Oct. 2006), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.15.5.553
[32]
Stella Sylaiou, Katerina Mania, Athanasis Karoulis, and Martin White. 2010. Exploring the relationship between presence and enjoyment in a virtual museum. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 68, 5 (May 2010), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.11.002
[33]
Phil Turner and Susan Turner. 2006. Place, Sense of Place, and Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 2 (April 2006), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.2006.15.2.204
[34]
Bartholomäus Wissmath, David Weibel, and D. Stricker. 2008. When and how to assess subjective overall judgments of presence?. In Wissmath, Bartholomäus; Weibel, David; Stricker, D. (2008). When and how to assess subjective overall judgments of presence? In: Spagnolli, Anna; Gamberini, Luciano (eds.) Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Workshop on Presence, Padova, 16-18 October 2008 (pp. 238-243). Padova: CLEUP, Anna Spagnolli and Luciano Gamberini (Eds.). CLEUP, Padova, 238–243. https://boris.unibe.ch/33931/
[35]
Bob G. Witmer and Michael J. Singer. 1998. Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7, 3 (June 1998), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474698565686

Index Terms

  1. "Never The Same": Systematic Analysis of the Methodological Issues in the Presence Studies That Employ Questionnaires

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    CHI EA '24: Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
    May 2024
    4761 pages
    ISBN:9798400703317
    DOI:10.1145/3613905
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 11 May 2024

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. Methods
    2. Presence
    3. Questionnaires
    4. Reliability
    5. Systematic Analysis

    Qualifiers

    • Work in progress
    • Research
    • Refereed limited

    Data Availability

    Funding Sources

    Conference

    CHI '24

    Acceptance Rates

    Overall Acceptance Rate 6,164 of 23,696 submissions, 26%

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • 0
      Total Citations
    • 162
      Total Downloads
    • Downloads (Last 12 months)162
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)38
    Reflects downloads up to 13 Sep 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    View Options

    Get Access

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Full Text

    View this article in Full Text.

    Full Text

    HTML Format

    View this article in HTML Format.

    HTML Format

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media