Exploring Situated Empathy through a Metaverse Campus
Authors: 
Ville Paananen, Sina Kiarostami, Lik-Hang Lee, 
Aku Visuri, Saba Kheirinejad, and Simo HosioAuthors Info & Claims
Ville Paananen, Sina Kiarostami, Lik-Hang Lee, Aku Visuri, Saba Kheirinejad, and Simo HosioAuthors Info & ClaimsOctober 2023
Pages 1 - 12
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) is promising in communicating people’s hardship experiences in simulated situations. This can help foster empathy among people. In this paper, we present a VR experience designed to showcase the hardship experiences of an international higher education community concerning their studies and lives in an unfamiliar neighborhood. We collected hardship stories and data from 40 members of the community through an online questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis led to understanding critical issues, such as social problems, language barriers, issues with bureaucracy, and racism. We then turned the issues into interactive stories in VR. We recruited 18 participants to experience the hardship stories through interactions with avatars in a VR version of the campus where the community is located. Our preliminary results from the questionnaires suggest that the participants’ knowledge and tendency to willingness to discuss the hardships improved due to participating in the experience. Further, our semi-structured interviews reflect positively on the VR experience’s memorability, the stories’ plausibility and participants’ increased situated empathy and awareness regarding the hardships of the local international community. This early exploration informs future studies focusing on situated empathy.
References
[1]
Christoph Anthes, Rubén Jesús García-Hernández, Markus Wiedemann, and Dieter Kranzlmüller. 2016. State of the art of virtual reality technology. In 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2016.7500674
[2]
Tobin Asher, Elise Ogle, Jeremy Bailenson, and Fernanda Fernanda Herrera. 2018. Becoming Homeless: A Human Experience. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2018 Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3226552.3226576
[3]
Jeremy Bailenson. 2018. Experience on demand: What virtual reality is, how it works, and what it can do (first edition ed.). WW Norton & Company, New York.
[4]
Pritha Bhandari. 2022. An easy introduction to deductive reasoning. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/deductive-reasoning/
[5]
Clive Roland Boddy. 2016. Sample Size for Qualitative Research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 19, 4 (Jan. 2016), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053
[6]
Costas Boletsis, Jarl Erik Cedergren, and Stian Kongsvik. 2017. HCI research in virtual reality: A discussion of problem-solving. In International Conference on Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction, IHCI 2017, Portugal, 21–23 July 2017. 263–267.
[7]
Doug A Bowman and Ryan P McMahan. 2007. Virtual reality: how much immersion is enough?Computer 40, 7 (2007), 36–43.
[8]
Marie-Stéphanie Bracq, Estelle Michinov, Bruno Arnaldi, Benoît Caillaud, Bernard Gibaud, Valérie Gouranton, and Pierre Jannin. 2019. Learning procedural skills with a virtual reality simulator: An acceptability study. Nurse education today 79 (2019), 153–160.
[9]
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2012. Thematic Analysis. In APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol 2: Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological.(APA Handbooks in Psychology®.). American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US, 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
[10]
Elizabeth Brondolo, Nisha Brady ver Halen, Melissa Pencille, Danielle Beatty, and Richard J Contrada. 2009. Coping with racism: A selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of behavioral medicine 32, 1 (2009), 64–88.
[11]
Brenda K Bryant. 1982. An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child development (1982), 413–425.
[12]
Mila Bujić, Mikko Salminen, Joseph Macey, and Juho Hamari. 2020. “Empathy Machine”: How Virtual Reality Affects Human Rights Attitudes. Internet Research 30, 5 (June 2020), 1407–1425. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-07-2019-0306
[13]
Robert Paul Butters. 2010. A meta-analysis of empathy training programs for client populations. The University of Utah.
[14]
Jason A Cade. 2015. Enforcing Immigration Equity. Fordham L. Rev. 84 (2015), 661.
[15]
Yiyu Cai, Wouter Van Joolingen, Zachary Walker, 2019. VR, Simulations and serious games for education. Springer.
[16]
James Calvert and Rhodora Abadia. 2020. Impact of immersing university and high school students in educational linear narratives using virtual reality technology. Computers & Education 159, 104005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104005
[17]
J Caulfield. 2019. How To Do Thematic Analysis. A Step-By-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr.
[18]
David Checa and Andres Bustillo. 2020. A review of immersive virtual reality serious games to enhance learning and training. Multimedia Tools and Applications 79, 9 (2020), 5501–5527.
[19]
Maria Christofi and Despina Michael-Grigoriou. 2017. Virtual Reality for Inducing Empathy and Reducing Prejudice towards Stigmatized Groups: A Survey. In 2017 23rd International Conference on Virtual System & Multimedia (VSMM). IEEE, Dublin, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/VSMM.2017.8346252
[20]
Maria Christofi, Despina Michael-Grigoriou, and Christos Kyrlitsias. 2020. A virtual reality simulation of drug users’ everyday life: the effect of supported sensorimotor contingencies on empathy. Frontiers in psychology 11 (2020), 1242.
[21]
Laura Crowe and Peter Butterworth. 2016. The role of financial hardship, mastery and social support in the association between employment status and depression: results from an Australian longitudinal cohort study. BMJ open 6, 5 (2016), e009834.
[22]
Laura Crowe, Peter Butterworth, and Liana Leach. 2016. Financial hardship, mastery and social support: Explaining poor mental health amongst the inadequately employed using data from the HILDA survey. SSM-Population health 2 (2016), 407–415.
[23]
Nonny de la Peña, Peggy Weil, Joan Llobera, Elias Giannopoulos, Ausiàs Pomés, Bernhard Spanlang, Doron Friedman, Maria V Sanchez-Vives, and Mel Slater. 2010. Immersive Journalism: Immersive Virtual Reality for the First-Person Experience of News. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 19, 4 (Aug. 2010), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1162/PRES_a_00005
[24]
Anders Dechsling, Stian Orm, Tamara Kalandadze, Stefan Sütterlin, Roald A Øien, Frederick Shic, and Anders Nordahl-Hansen. 2021. Virtual and augmented reality in social skills interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Journal of autism and developmental disorders (2021), 1–16.
[25]
Melissa DeJonckheere and Lisa M Vaughn. 2019. Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour. Family medicine and community health 7, 2 (2019).
[26]
Shari L Dworkin. 2012. Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews., 1319–1320 pages.
[27]
Nancy Eisenberg 2000. Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual review of psychology 51, 1 (2000), 665–697.
[28]
Lasse Embøl, Carl Hutters, Andreas Junker, Daniel Reipur, Ali Adjorlu, Rolf Nordahl, and Stefania Serafin. 2021. HearMeVirtual Reality: Using Virtual Reality to Facilitate Empathy Between Hearing Impaired Children and Their Parents. Frontiers in Virtual Reality (2021), 77.
[29]
Cathy Mengying Fang and Chris Harrison. 2021. Retargeted Self-Haptics for Increased Immersion in VR without Instrumentation. In The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Virtual Event, USA) (UIST ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1109–1121. https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474810
[30]
Harry Farmer and Lara Maister. 2017. Putting Ourselves in Another’s Skin: Using the Plasticity of Self-Perception to Enhance Empathy and Decrease Prejudice. Social Justice Research 30, 4 (Dec. 2017), 323–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-017-0294-1
[31]
Jonathan Friesem. 2010. Empathy Questionnaires Table. http://cultureofempathy.com/References/Test.htm#Empathy_Questionnaires_Table_-_Compiled_by_Jonathan_Friesem
[32]
Alessandro Gabbiadini, Paolo Riva, Luca Andrighetto, Chiara Volpato, and Brad J. Bushman. 2016. Acting like a Tough Guy: Violent-Sexist Video Games, Identification with Game Characters, Masculine Beliefs, & Empathy for Female Violence Victims. PLOS ONE 11, 4 (April 2016), e0152121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152121
[33]
Stephen Gelb and Aarti Krishnan. 2018. Technology, migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. London: Overseas Development Institute (2018).
[34]
Cristina Gonzalez-Liencres, Luis E. Zapata, Guillermo Iruretagoyena, Sofia Seinfeld, Lorena Perez-Mendez, Jorge Arroyo-Palacios, David Borland, Mel Slater, and Maria V. Sanchez-Vives. 2020. Being the Victim of Intimate Partner Violence in Virtual Reality: First- Versus Third-Person Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020), 820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00820
[35]
Ian R Gordon, Tony Travers, and Christine ME Whitehead. 2007. The impact of recent immigration on the London economy. (2007).
[36]
Valérie Gorin. 2022. From Empathy to Shame: The Use of Virtual Reality by Humanitarian Organisations. In Making Humanitarian Crises: Emotions and Images in History, Brenda Lynn Edgar, Valérie Gorin, and Dolores Martín-Moruno (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 147–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00824-5_7
[37]
Belinda Gutierrez, Anna Kaatz, Sarah Chu, Dennis Ramirez, Clem Samson-Samuel, and Molly Carnes. 2014. “Fair Play”: A Videogame Designed to Address Implicit Race Bias Through Active Perspective Taking. Games For Health Journal 3, 6 (Dec. 2014), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2013.0071
[38]
Outi Hakkarainen. 2020. Social Security with inequalities and big footprint. https://www.socialwatch.org/node/18507
[39]
Lynne Hall, Samiullah Paracha, Nicole Mitsche, Tom Flint, Fiona Stewart, Kate MacFarlane, Gill Hagan-Green, and Yvonne Dixon-Todd. 2022. When will Immersive Virtual Reality have its day? Challenges to IVR adoption in the home as exposed in studies with teenagers, parents and experts. PRESENCE: Virtual and Augmented Reality (2022), 1–74.
[40]
Andrew Hargrove, Jamie M Sommer, and Jason J Jones. 2020. Virtual reality and embodied experience induce similar levels of empathy change: Experimental evidence. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 2 (2020), 100038.
[41]
Béatrice S. Hasler, Bernhard Spanlang, and Mel Slater. 2017. Virtual Race Transformation Reverses Racial In-Group Bias. PLOS ONE 12, 4 (April 2017), e0174965. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174965
[42]
Fernanda Herrera, Jeremy Bailenson, Erika Weisz, Elise Ogle, and Jamil Zaki. 2018. Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PloS one 13, 10 (2018), e0204494.
[43]
Mohammadreza Hojat, Salvatore Mangione, Thomas J Nasca, Mitchell JM Cohen, Joseph S Gonnella, James B Erdmann, Jon Veloski, and Mike Magee. 2001. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: development and preliminary psychometric data. Educational and psychological measurement 61, 2 (2001), 349–365.
[44]
Marie Jarrell, Reza Ghaiumy Anaraky, Bart Knijnenburg, and Erin Ash. 2021. Using Intersectional Representation & Embodied Identification in Standard Video Game Play to Reduce Societal Biases. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445161
[45]
Mohd Javaid and Abid Haleem. 2020. Virtual reality applications toward medical field. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 8, 2 (2020), 600–605.
[46]
Mohammad Sina Kiarostami, Aku Visuri, and Simo Hosio. 2022. We Are Oulu: Exploring Situated Empathy through a Communal Virtual Reality Experience. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). 966–967. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00334
[47]
Laurence J Kirmayer, Lavanya Narasiah, Marie Munoz, Meb Rashid, Andrew G Ryder, Jaswant Guzder, Ghayda Hassan, Cécile Rousseau, and Kevin Pottie. 2011. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Cmaj 183, 12 (2011), E959–E967.
[48]
Sameer Kishore, Bernhard Spanlang, Guillermo Iruretagoyena, Shivashankar Halan, Dalila Szostak, and Mel Slater. 2019. A Virtual Reality Embodiment Technique to Enhance Helping Behavior of Police Toward a Victim of Police Racial Aggression. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 28 (Jan. 2019), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00339
[49]
Jiyoung Lee, Da-young Kang, and Jihoon Kim. 2023. The Auxiliary Role of Virtual Reality in Enhancing the Effects of Disaster News on Empathy and Fear: The Mediating Role of Presence. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 26, 4 (April 2023), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0243
[50]
Alan K Louie, John H Coverdale, Richard Balon, Eugene V Beresin, Adam M Brenner, Anthony PS Guerrero, and Laura Weiss Roberts. 2018. Enhancing empathy: a role for virtual reality?, 747–752 pages.
[51]
Lisa Lowe. 1996. Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822379010
[52]
Andrew Lu, Sandra Chan, Yiyu Cai, Lihui Huang, Zin Tun Nay, and Sui Lin Goei. 2018. Learning through VR gaming with virtual pink dolphins for children with ASD. Interactive Learning Environments 26, 6 (2018), 718–729.
[53]
Omar Martinez, Elwin Wu, Theo Sandfort, Brian Dodge, Alex Carballo-Dieguez, Rogeiro Pinto, Scott Rhodes, Eva Moya, and Silvia Chavez-Baray. 2015. Evaluating the impact of immigration policies on health status among undocumented immigrants: a systematic review. Journal of immigrant and minority health 17, 3 (2015), 947–970.
[54]
Alison Jane Martingano, Fernanda Hererra, and Sara Konrath. 2021. Virtual Reality Improves Emotional but Not Cognitive Empathy: A Meta-Analysis. Technology, Mind, and Behavior 2 (06 2021). https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000034
[55]
Jim McCambridge, Kypros Kypri, and Diana Elbourne. 2014. Research participation effects: a skeleton in the methodological cupboard. Journal of clinical epidemiology 67, 8 (2014), 845–849.
[56]
Kelly Anne McEvoy. 2015. Through the eyes of a bystander: Understanding VR and video effectiveness on bystander empathy, presence, behavior, and attitude in bullying situations. Ph. D. Dissertation. Virginia Tech.
[57]
Albert Mehrabian. 1997. Relations among personality scales of aggression, violence, and empathy: Validational evidence bearing on the Risk of Eruptive Violence Scale. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression 23, 6 (1997), 433–445.
[58]
Solène Neyret, Xavi Navarro, Alejandro Beacco, Ramon Oliva, Pierre Bourdin, Jose Valenzuela, Itxaso Barberia, and Mel Slater. 2020. An Embodied Perspective as a Victim of Sexual Harassment in Virtual Reality Reduces Action Conformity in a Later Milgram Obedience Scenario. Scientific Reports 10, 1 (April 2020), 6207. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62932-w
[59]
SY Oh, J Bailenson, E Weisz, and J Zaki. 2016. Virtually Old: Embodied Perspective Taking and the Reduction of Ageism under Threat. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 60 (2016), 398–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.007
[60]
Oyewole Oyekoya, Jan Urbanski, Yaroslava Shynkar, Arifa Baksh, and Margaret Etsaghara. 2021. Exploring First-Person Perspectives in Designing a Role-Playing VR Simulation for Bullying Prevention: A Focus Group Study. Frontiers in Virtual Reality (2021), 127.
[61]
Solomon Sunday Oyelere, Nacir Bouali, Rogers Kaliisa, George Obaido, Abdullahi Abubakar Yunusa, and Ebunayo R Jimoh. 2020. Exploring the trends of educational virtual reality games: a systematic review of empirical studies. Smart Learning Environments 7, 1 (2020), 1–22.
[62]
Ville Paananen, Mohammad Sina Kiarostami, Lik-Hang Lee, Tristan Braud, and Simo Hosio. 2022. From Digital Media to Empathic Reality: A Systematic Review of Empathy Research in Extended Reality Environments. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.01375 (2022).
[63]
Carolyn S Pierce and Elizabeth Scherra. 2004. The challenges of data collection in rural dwelling samples. Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care 4, 2 (2004), 25–30.
[64]
Erick Jose Ramirez. 2020. Can Technology Help Us be More Empathetic? Racism, Empathy and Virtual Reality. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University 15 (2020).
[65]
Renate LEP Reniers, Rhiannon Corcoran, Richard Drake, Nick M Shryane, and Birgit A Völlm. 2011. The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Journal of personality assessment 93, 1 (2011), 84–95.
[66]
Helen Riess. 2017. The science of empathy. Journal of patient experience 4, 2 (2017), 74–77.
[67]
Mahnaz Samadbeik, Donya Yaaghobi, Peivand Bastani, Shahabeddin Abhari, Rita Rezaee, and Ali Garavand. 2018. The applications of virtual reality technology in medical groups teaching. Journal of advances in medical education & professionalism 6, 3 (2018), 123.
[68]
Samuel Scheffler. 2005. Choice, circumstance, and the value of equality. Politics, Philosophy & Economics 4, 1 (2005), 5–28.
[69]
Nicola S Schutte and Emma J Stilinović. 2017. Facilitating empathy through virtual reality. Motivation and emotion 41, 6 (2017), 708–712.
[70]
Elizabeth A. Segal, Karen E. Gerdes, Cynthia A. Lietz, M. Alex Wagaman, and Jennifer M. Geiger. 2017. Assessing Empathy. Columbia University Press, New York.
[71]
S. Seinfeld, J. Arroyo-Palacios, G. Iruretagoyena, R. Hortensius, L. E. Zapata, D. Borland, B. de Gelder, M. Slater, and M. V. Sanchez-Vives. 2018. Offenders Become the Victim in Virtual Reality: Impact of Changing Perspective in Domestic Violence. Scientific Reports 8, 1 (Feb. 2018), 2692. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19987-7
[72]
Alex Shashkevich. 2018. Virtual reality can help make people more empathetic. https://news.stanford.edu/2018/10/17/virtual-reality-can-help-make-people-empathetic/
[73]
Arloc Sherman, Danilo Trisi, Chad Stone, Shelby Gonzales, and Sharon Parrott. 2019. Immigrants Contribute Greatly to US Economy, Despite Administration’s ZPublic Chargey Rule Rationale. JSTOR.
[74]
Donghee Shin. 2018. Empathy and embodied experience in virtual environment: To what extent can virtual reality stimulate empathy and embodied experience?Computers in human behavior 78 (2018), 64–73.
[75]
AE Simmons. 2018. The disadvantages of a small sample size. Retrieved from (2018).
[76]
Shane Sinclair, Kate Beamer, Thomas F Hack, Susan McClement, Shelley Raffin Bouchal, Harvey M Chochinov, and Neil A Hagen. 2017. Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: A grounded theory study of palliative care patients’ understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliative medicine 31, 5 (2017), 437–447.
[77]
Mel Slater, Cristina Gonzalez-Liencres, Patrick Haggard, Charlotte Vinkers, Rebecca Gregory-Clarke, Steve Jelley, Zillah Watson, Graham Breen, Raz Schwarz, William Steptoe, Dalila Szostak, Shivashankar Halan, Deborah Fox, and Jeremy Silver. 2020. The Ethics of Realism in Virtual and Augmented Reality. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 1 (March 2020), 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2020.00001
[78]
Anthony Steed, Ye Pan, Zillah Watson, and Mel Slater. 2018. “We wait”—the impact of character responsiveness and self embodiment on presence and interest in an immersive news experience. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 5 (2018), 112.
[79]
Karsten Stueber. 2019. Empathy. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 ed.), Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
[80]
Karsten Stueber. 2019. Measuring Empathy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empathy/measuring
[81]
Josanne DM Van Dongen. 2020. The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020), 695.
[82]
Konstantina Vasileiou, Julie Barnett, Susan Thorpe, and Terry Young. 2018. Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC medical research methodology 18, 1 (2018), 1–18.
[83]
Johanna von Knorring, Olof Semb, Martin Fahlström, and Arja Lehti. 2019. “It is through body language and looks, but it is also a feeling”-a qualitative study on medical interns’ experience of empathy. BMC Medical Education 19, 1 (2019), 1–8.
[84]
Gert-Jan Vreeke and Ingrid L Van der Mark. 2003. Empathy, an integrative model. New Ideas in Psychology 21, 3 (2003), 177–207.
[85]
Peter Wilton, Doreen Neville, Rick Audas, Heather Brown, and Roger Chafe. 2015. An evaluation of in-person and online engagement in Central Newfoundland. Healthcare Policy 11, 2 (2015), 72.
[86]
Zhe Xu and Mengrong Zhang. 2022. The “Ultimate Empathy Machine” as Technocratic Solutionism? Audience Reception of the Distant Refugee Crisis through Virtual Reality. The Communication Review 25, 3-4 (Oct. 2022), 181–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2022.2129118
[87]
Qing Zhou, Carlos Valiente, and Nancy Eisenberg. 2003. Empathy and its measurement.Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (01 2003), 269–284.
Index Terms
- Exploring Situated Empathy through a Metaverse Campus
Recommendations
Empathy for Everyone?: The Effect of Age When Evaluating a Virtual Agent
HAI '18: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human-Agent InteractionThe present study investigated the role of age in the perception of emotional nonverbal behaviors of a virtual assistant in a 2 (seniors vs young participants) x 2 (happy vs sad situations) x 4 (three emotional nonverbal behaviors related to each ...
Empathy and embodied experience in virtual environment
This study investigates the user experience to clarify what it is like to experience stories in VR (virtual reality) and how immersion influences story experiences in immersive storytelling. This study explores the immersive storytelling context, ...
Empathy, participatory design and people with dementia
CHI '12: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsWe describe the development, application and evaluation of a design method tailored for working with people with mild to moderate dementia. Our experiences with the approach highlighted areas where designers and participants held radically different ...
Comments
Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
October 2023
381 pages
ISBN:9798400708749
DOI:10.1145/3616961
Copyright © 2023 Owner/Author.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License.
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 02 November 2023
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Research-article
- Research
- Refereed limited
Funding Sources
Conference
Mindtrek '23
Acceptance Rates
Overall Acceptance Rate 110 of 207 submissions, 53%
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 277Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)277
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)31
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
View options
View or Download as a PDF file.
PDFeReader
View online with eReader.
eReaderHTML Format
View this article in HTML Format.
HTML FormatGet Access
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in