Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
10.1145/383259.383326acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagessiggraphConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article

A simple and efficient error-diffusion algorithm

Published: 01 August 2001 Publication History

Abstract

In this contribution, we introduce a new error-diffusion scheme that produces higher quality results. The algorithm is faster than the universally used Floyd-Steinberg algorithm, while maintaining its original simplicity. The efficiency of our algorithm is based on a deliberately restricted choice of the distribution coefficients. Its pleasing nearly artifact-free behavior is due to the off-line minimization process applied to the basic algorithm's parameters (distribution coefficients). This minimization brings the Fourier spectra of the selected key intensity levels as close as possible to the corresponding “blue noise” spectra. The continuity of the algorithm's behavior across the full range of intensity levels is achieved thanks to smooth interpolation between the distribution coefficients corresponding to key levels. This algorithm is applicable in a wide range of computer graphics applications, where a color quantization algorithm with good visual properties is needed.

References

[1]
J. P. Allebach. Private communication, 2001.
[2]
M. Analoui and J. P. Allebach. Model based halftoning using direct binary search. SPIE, 1666:96-108, 1992.
[3]
B. E. Bayer. An optimum method for two-level rendition of continuous-tone pictures. IEEE Intl. Conf. on Communications, 1:2611-2615, 1973.
[4]
R. Eschbach. Reduction of artifacts in error diffusion by mean of inputdependent weights. JEI, 2(4):352-358, 1993.
[5]
R. Eschbach and R. Hauck. A 2-D pulse density modulation by iteration for halftoning. Optics Communications, 62(5):300-304, 1987.
[6]
R. Eschbach and K. T. Knox. Error-diffusion algorithm with edge enhancement. JOSA (A), 8(12):1844-1850, 1991.
[7]
R. W. Floyd and L. Steinberg. An adaptive algorithm for spatial grey scale. Proc. Soc. Inf. Display, 17:75-77, 1976.
[8]
L. Golland and K. Sigmund. Exact thought in a demented time: Karl Menger and his viennese mathematical colloquium. Math. Intelligencer, 22(1):34-45, 2000.
[9]
J. F. Jarvis, C. N. Judice, and W. H. Ninke. A survey of techniques for the display of continuous tone pictures on bilevel displays. Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 5:13-40, 1976.
[10]
H.R. Kang. Digital Color Halftoning. SPIE Press, 1999.
[11]
K. T. Knox. Edge enhancement in error diffusion. In Advance Printing of Paper Summaries, SPSE's 42nd Annual Conference, pages 310-313, Boston, MA, May 1989.
[12]
K. T. Knox. Error diffusion: A theoretical view. SPIE, 1913:326-331, 1993.
[13]
K. T. Knox. Evolution of error diffusion. JEI, 8(4):422-429, 1999.
[14]
D. J. Lieberman and J. P. Allebach. A dual interpretation for direct binary search and its implications for tone reproduction and texture quality. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 9:1950-1963, 2000.
[15]
G. Marcu. An error diffusion algorithm with output position constraints for homogeneous highlights and shadow dot distribution. JEI, 9(1):46-51, 2000.
[16]
T. Mitsa and K. J. Parker. Digital halftoning using a blue-noise mask. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 9(11):1920-1929, 1992.
[17]
V. Ostromoukhov, R. D. Hersch, and I. Amidror. Rotated dispersion dither: a new technique for digital halftoning. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94, pages 123- 130, 1994.
[18]
W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling. Numerical Recipes. Cambridge University Press, 1989.
[19]
C. I. Rosenberg. Measurement-based evaluation of a printer dot model for halftone algorithm tone correction. JEI, 2(3):205-212, 1993.
[20]
J. Shiau and Z. Fan. Method for quantization gray level pixel data with extended distribution set, 1994. US patent 5,353,127.
[21]
J. Shiau and Z. Fan. A set of easily implementable coefficients in error diffusion with reduced worm artifacts. SPIE, 2658:222-225, 1996.
[22]
P. Stucki. Mecca-a multiple-error correcting computation algorithm for bilevel image hardcopy reproduction, 1981. Research Report RZ1060, IBM Res. Lab.
[23]
R. Ulichney. Digital Halftoning. MIT Press, 1987.
[24]
R. Ulichney. The void-and-cluster method for dither array generation. SPIE, 1913:332-343, 1993.
[25]
R. Ulichney. A review of halftoning techniques. SPIE, 3963:378-391, 2000.
[26]
L. Velho and J. Gomes. Digital halftoning with space filling curves. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 91), 25(4):81-90, 1991.
[27]
L. Velho and J. Gomes. Stochastic screening dithering with adaptive clustering. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 95, pages 273-276, 1995.
[28]
I. H. Witten and R. M. Neal. Using peano curves for bilevel display of continuous-tone images. IEEE Computer Graphics & Appl., 2:47-52, 1982.

Cited By

View all

Index Terms

  1. A simple and efficient error-diffusion algorithm

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    SIGGRAPH '01: Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
    August 2001
    600 pages
    ISBN:158113374X
    DOI:10.1145/383259
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 01 August 2001

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. color quantization
    2. error-diffusion
    3. halftoning
    4. image quality

    Qualifiers

    • Article

    Conference

    SIGGRAPH01
    Sponsor:

    Acceptance Rates

    SIGGRAPH '01 Paper Acceptance Rate 65 of 300 submissions, 22%;
    Overall Acceptance Rate 1,822 of 8,601 submissions, 21%

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)54
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
    Reflects downloads up to 03 Sep 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)Taming Reversible Halftoning Via Predictive LuminanceIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2023.327869130:8(4841-4852)Online publication date: Aug-2024
    • (2023)Curl Noise JitteringSIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Conference Papers10.1145/3610548.3618163(1-11)Online publication date: 10-Dec-2023
    • (2023)Efficient Halftoning via Deep Reinforcement LearningIEEE Transactions on Image Processing10.1109/TIP.2023.331893732(5494-5508)Online publication date: 2023
    • (2023)Digital Halftoning via Mixed-Order Weighted Σ∆ Modulation2023 International Conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SampTA)10.1109/SampTA59647.2023.10301381(1-5)Online publication date: 10-Jul-2023
    • (2023)Orbital Angular Momentum Neural Communications for 1-to-40 Multicasting with 16-Ary Shift KeyingACS Photonics10.1021/acsphotonics.3c0050010:8(2799-2807)Online publication date: 28-Jul-2023
    • (2023)Local FiltersDesign for Embedded Image Processing on FPGAs10.1002/9781119819820.ch9(235-279)Online publication date: 5-Sep-2023
    • (2022)Survey on computational 3D visual optical art designVisual Computing for Industry, Biomedicine, and Art10.1186/s42492-022-00126-z5:1Online publication date: 19-Dec-2022
    • (2022)Shape dithering for 3D printingACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/3528223.353012941:4(1-12)Online publication date: 22-Jul-2022
    • (2022)Perceptual Error Optimization for Monte Carlo RenderingACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/350400241:3(1-17)Online publication date: 7-Mar-2022
    • (2022)Halftoning with Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)10.1109/ICIP46576.2022.9897198(641-645)Online publication date: 16-Oct-2022
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    Get Access

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media