Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality | Guide books

Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, UniversalityMarch 2007

March 2007

Publisher:

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
340 Pine Street, Sixth Floor
San Francisco
CA
United States

ISBN:978-0-12-373591-1

Published:12 March 2007

Pages:

344

Available at Amazon

Bibliometrics

Abstract

Text entry has never been so important as it is today. This is in large part due to the phenomenal, relatively recent success of mobile computing, text messaging on mobile phones, and the proliferation of small devices like the Blackberry and Palm Pilot. Compared with the recent past, when text entry was primarily through the standard "qwerty" keyboard, people today use a diverse array of devices with the number and variety of such devices ever increasing. The variety is not just in the devices, but also in the technologies used: Entry modalities have become more varied and include speech recognition and synthesis, handwriting recognition, and even eye-tracking using image processing on web-cams. Statistical language modeling has advanced greatly in the past ten years and so therein is potential to facilitate and improve text entry--increasingly, the way people communicate. This book consists of four parts, and covers these areas: Guidelines for Designing Better Entry Systems (including research methodologies, measurement, and language modelling); Devices and Modalities; Languages of the world and entry systems in those languages; and variety in users and their difficulties with text entry--and the possible design and guideline solutions for those individual user groups. This book covers different aspects of text entry systems and offers prospective researchers and developers * global guidelines for conducting research on text entry, in terms of design strategy, evaluation methodology, and requirements; * history and current state of the art of entry systems, including coverage of recent research topics; * specific guidelines for designing entry systems for a specific target, depending on devices, modalities, language, and different physical conditions of users

References

Carroll, J. M., & Rosson, M. B. (1987). The paradox of the active user. Interfacing thought: Cognitive aspects of human-computer interaction (pp.80-111). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Clarkson, E., Clawson, J., Lyons, K., & Starner, T. (2005). An empirical study of typing rates on mini-QWERTY keyboards. Proceedings of the CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.1288-1291). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Deininger, R. L. (1960). Human factors engineering studies of the design and use of pushbutton telephone sets. Bell System Technical Journal, 39 , 995-1012.Google ScholarCross Ref
Dvorak, A., & Dealey, D. L. (1936). Typewriter keyboard. U.S. Patent 2,040,248. U.S. Patent Office.Google Scholar
Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47 , 381-391.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D., & Richardson, C. (1993). Touch-typing with a stylus. Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.80-87). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
GSM Association (2006). GSM world: http://www.gsmworld.com/services/messaging.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Isokoski, P., & Raisamo, R. (2000). Device independent text input: A rationale and an example. Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (pp.76-83). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Karat, C.-M., Halverson, C., Karat, J., & Horn, D. (1999). Patterns of entry and correction in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI (pp.568-575). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Karat, J., Horn, D., Halverson, C., & Karat, C.-M. (2000). Overcoming unusability: developing efficient strategies in speech recognition systems. Extended Abstracts of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI (pp.141-142). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Kristensson, P.-O., & Zhai S. (2004). SHARK: A large vocabulary shorthand writing system for pen-based computers. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) (pp.43-52). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Költringer, T., & Grechenig, T. (2004). Comparing the immediate usability of Graffiti 2 and Virtual Keyboard. Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI (pp.1175-1178). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Levy, D. (2002). The Fastap keypad and pervasive computing. Proceedings of the Pervasive Conference (pp.58-68). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar
Liebowitz, S. J., & Margolis, S. E. (1990). The fable of keys. Journal of Law and Economics, 33 , 1-25.Google ScholarCross Ref
Luo, L., & John, B. E. (2005). Predicting task execution time on handheld devices using the keystroke-level model. Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI (pp.1605-1608). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Lyons, K., Starner, T., Plaisted, D., Fusia, J., Lyons, A., Drew, A., & Looney, E. W. (2004). Twiddler typing: One-handed chording text entry for mobile phones. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '04), 24-29 April 2004, Vienna (pp.671-678). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S. (1992). Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 7 , 91-139. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S., Nonnecke, R. B., Riddersma, S., McQueen, C., & Meltz, M. (1994). Alphanumeric entry on pen-based computers. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 41 , 775-792. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1997). The immediate usability of Graffiti. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 1997, 21-23 May 1997, Kelowna, BC (pp.129-137). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1999). The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '99), 15-20 May 1999, Pittsburgh (pp.25-31). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S., Zhang, S. X., & Soukoreff, W. (1999). Text entry using soft keyboards. Behaviour and Information Technology, 18 , 235-244.Google ScholarCross Ref
Mankoff, J., & Abowd, G. D. (1998). Cirrin: A word-level unistroke keyboard for pen input. Proceedings of the UIST (pp.213-214). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Meyer, A. (1995). Pen computing: A technology overview and a vision. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 27 , 46-90. Google ScholarDigital Library
Myers, B. A. (1998). A brief history of human-computer interaction technology. Interactions, 5 , 44-54. Google ScholarDigital Library
Perlin, K. (1998). Quikwriting: Continuous stylus-based text entry. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '98), 1-4 November 1998, San Francisco (pp.215-216). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Sholes, G. L., Glidden, C. & Soule, S. W. (1868). Improvement in type-writing machines. U.S. Patent 79,868. U.S. Patent Office.Google Scholar
Sirisena, A. (2002). Mobile text entry . Christchurch: University of Canterbury Department of Computer Science.Google Scholar
Smith, B. A., & Zhai, S. (2001). Optimised virtual keyboards with and without alphabetical ordering--A novice user study. Proceedings of INTERACT 2001 , Tokyo, Japan (pp.92-99).Google Scholar
Suhm, B., Myers, B., & Waibel, A. (2001). Multimodal error correction for speech user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 8 , 60-98. Google ScholarDigital Library
Venolia, D., & Neiberg, F. (1994). T-Cube: A fast, self-disclosing pen-based alphabet. Proceedings of CHI '94 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.265-270). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Aung, H. H. (2004). Writing with a joystick: A comparison of date stamp, selection keyboard, and EdgeWrite. Proceedings of the Conference on Graphics Interface (GI), London, Ontario (pp.1-8). Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Kembel, J. A. (2003). Edge Write: A stylus-based text entry method designed for high accuracy and stability of motion. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '03), 2-5 November 2003, Vancouver, BC (pp.61-70). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Yamada, H. (1980). A historical study of typewriters and typing methods: From the position of planning Japanese parallels. Journal of Information Processing, 2 , 175-202.Google Scholar
Zhai, S., Hunter, M., & Smith, B. A. (2000). The Metropolis keyboard--an exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design. Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) (pp.119-128). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Zhai, S., Hunter, M., & Smith, B. A. (2002). Performance optimization of virtual keyboards. Human-Computer Interaction, 17 , 229-269.Google ScholarCross Ref
Zhai, S., & Kristensson, P.-O. (2003). Shorthand writing on stylus keyboard. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (pp.97-104). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Aoe, J. (1989). An efficient digital search algorithm by using a double-array structure. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 15 , 1066-1077. Google ScholarDigital Library
Bell, T., Cleary, J., & Witten, I. H. (1990). Text compression . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar
Charniak, E. (1993). Statistical language learning . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Gale, W., & Sampson, G. (1995). Good - Turing frequency estimation without tears. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 2 , 217-237.Google ScholarCross Ref
Gao, J., Suzuki, H., & Yu, B. (2006). Approximation lasso methods for language modeling. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp.225-232). Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar
Good, I. (1953). The population frequencies of species and the estimation of population parameters. Biometrika, 40 , 237-264.Google Scholar
Jelinek, F. (1997). Statistical methods for speech recognition . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Lafferty, J., MaCallum, A., & Pereira, F. (2001). Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In International Conference on Machine Learning . Williams College Massachusetts, 28th June-1st July 2001. Google Scholar
Mandelbrot, B. (1952). An informational theory of the statistical structure of language. In Symposium on Applications of Communication Theory (pp.486-500). London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Manning, C. D., & Schutze, H. (1999). Foundations of statistical natural language processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Shieber, S., & Baker, E. (2003). Abbreviated text input. In International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp.293-296). Miami, USA, January 12-15th 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
Tanaka-Ishii, K. (2007). Predictive text entry techniques using adaptive language models. Journal of Natural Language Engineering . In press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Tanaka-Ishii, K., Hayakawa, D., & Takeichi, M. (2003). Acquiring vocabulary for predictive text entry through dynamic reuse of a small user corpus. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting for Association of Computational Linguistics (pp.407-414). Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar
Tanaka-Ishii, K., Inutsuka, Y., & Takeichi, M. (2001). Personalization of text input systems for mobile phones. In Proceedings of the Sixth Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium, November 27-30, 2001, Hitotsubashi Memorial Hall, National Center of Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 2001 (pp.177-184).Google Scholar
Yuan, W., Gao, J., & Suzuki, H. (2005). An empirical study on language model adaptation using a metric of domain similarity. In International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (pp.957-968). New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Zipf, G. (1949). Human behavior and the principle of least effort . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (1983). The psychology of human-computer interaction . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar
Damerau, F. (1964). A technique for computer detection and correction of spelling errors. Communications of the ACM, 7 , 171-176. Google ScholarDigital Library
Evreinova, T., Evreinov, G., & Raisamo, R. (2004). Four-key text entry for physically challenged people. Adjunct Proceedings of the 8th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All (UI4ALL '04), 28-29 June 2004, Vienna .Google Scholar
Gentner, D. R., Grudin, J. T., Larochelle, S., Norman, D. A., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1984). A glossary of terms including a classification of typing errors. In W. E. Cooper (Ed.), Cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting (pp.39-43). New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Gong, J., & Tarasewich, P. (2006). A new error metric for text entry method evaluation. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '06), 22-27 April 2006, Montréal (pp.471-474). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Grudin, J. T. (1984). Error patterns in skilled and novice transcription typing. In W. E. Cooper (Ed.), Cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting (pp.121-143). New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Ingmarsson, M., Dinka, D., & Zhai, S. (2004). TNT--a numeric keypad based text input method. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '04), 24-29 April 2004, Vienna (pp.639-646). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Isokoski, P., & Kaki, M. (2002). Comparison of two touchpad-based methods for numeric entry. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'02), 20-25 April 2002, Minneapolis (pp.25-32). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Isokoski, P., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2003). Combined model for text entry rate development. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '03), 5-10 April 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, FL (pp.752-753). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Levenshtein, V. I. (1965). Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 163 , 845-848.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (1999). Input rates and user preference for three small-screen input methods: Standard keyboard, predictive keyboard, and handwriting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting, 27 September-1 October 1999, Houston (pp.425-428). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.Google ScholarCross Ref
Lyons, K., Starner, T., Plaisted, D., Fusia, J., Lyons, A., Drew, A., & Looney, E. W. (2004). Twiddler typing: One-handed chording text entry for mobile phones. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '04), 24-29 April 2004, Vienna (pp.671-678). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S. (2002a). Mobile text entry using three keys. Proceedings of the 2nd Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI '02) , 19-23 October 2002, Århus, Denmark (pp.27-34). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S. (2002b). A note on calculating text entry speed. Unpublished work. Available online at http://www.yorku.ca/mack/RN-TextEntrySpeed.htmlGoogle Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S. (2002c). KSPC (keystrokes per character) as a characteristic of text entry techniques. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Mobile HCI02), 18-20 September 2002, Pisa (pp.195-210). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Google ScholarCross Ref
MacKenzie, I. S., & Soukoreff, R. W. (2002a). Text entry for mobile computing: Models and methods, theory and practice. Human-Computer Interaction, 17 , 147-198.Google ScholarCross Ref
MacKenzie, I. S., & Soukoreff, R. W. (2002b). A character-level error analysis technique for evaluating text entry methods. Proceedings of the 2nd Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI '02), 19-23 October 2002, Århus, Denmark (pp.243-246). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1997). The immediate usability of Graffiti. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 1997, 21-23 May 1997, Kelowna, BC (pp.129-137). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1999). The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '99), 15-20 May 1999, Pittsburgh (pp.25-31). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Magnuson, T., & Hunnicutt, S. (2002). Measuring the effectiveness of word prediction: The advantage of long-term use. Speech, Music and Hearing, 43 , 57-67.Google Scholar
Matias, E., MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W. (1996). One-handed touch-typing on a QWERTY keyboard. Human-Computer Interaction, 11 , 1-27. Google ScholarDigital Library
Morgan, H. L. (1970). Spelling correction in systems programs. Communications of the ACM, 13 , 90-94. Google ScholarDigital Library
Norman, D. A. (1981). Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review, 88 , 1-15.Google Scholar
Perlin, K. (1998). Quikwriting: Continuous stylus-based text entry. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '98), 1-4 November 1998, San Francisco (pp.215-216). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., & Norman, D. A. (1982). Simulating a skilled typist: A study of skilled cognitive-motor performance. Cognitive Science, 6 , 1-36.Google ScholarCross Ref
Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2001). Measuring errors in text entry tasks: An application of the Levenshtein string distance statistic. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '01), 31 March-5 April 2001, Seattle (pp.319-320). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2003). Metrics for text entry research: An evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '03), 5-10 April 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, FL (pp.113-120). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2004). Recent developments in text-entry error rate measurement. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '04), 24-29 April 2004, Vienna (pp.1425-1428). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Venolia, D., & Neiberg, F. (1994). T-Cube: A fast, self-disclosing pen-based alphabet. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '94), 24-28 April 1994, Boston (pp.265-270). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wagner, R. A., & Fischer, M. J. (1974). The string-to-string correction problem. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 21 , 168-173. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wobbrock, J. O., Aung, H. H., Myers, B. A., & LoPresti, E. F. (2005a). Integrated text entry from power wheelchairs. Journal of Behaviour and Information Technology, 24 , 187-203.Google ScholarCross Ref
Wobbrock, J. O., Aung, H. H., Rothrock, B., & Myers, B. A. (2005b). Maximizing the guessability of symbolic input. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '05), 2-7 April 2005, Portland, OR (pp.1869-1872). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wobbrock, J. O., & Myers, B. A. (2006a). Trackball text entry for people with motor impairments. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '06), 22-27 April 2006, Montréal (pp.479-488). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wobbrock, J. O., & Myers, B. A. (2006b). In-stroke word completion. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '06), 15-18 October 2006, Montreux, Switzerland (pp.333-336). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wobbrock, J. O., & Myers, B. A. (2006c). From letters to words: Efficient stroke-based word completion for trackball text entry. Proceedings of the ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '06), 23-25 October 2006, Portland, OR (pp.2-9). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wobbrock, J. O., & Myers, B. A. (2006d). Analyzing the input stream for character-level errors in unconstrained text entry evaluations. Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) , 13(4), 458-489. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Aung, H. H. (2004). Writing with a joystick: A comparison of date stamp, selection keyboard, and EdgeWrite. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2004, 17-19 May 2004, London, ON (pp.1-8). Waterloo, ON: Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Hudson, S. E. (2003a). Exploring edge-based input techniques for handheld text entry. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Smart Appliances and Wearable Computing (IWSAWC'03). In 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW '03), 19-22 May 2003, Providence, RI (pp.280-282). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society. Google ScholarCross Ref
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Kembel, J. A. (2003b). EdgeWrite: A stylus-based text entry method designed for high accuracy and stability of motion. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '03), 2-5 November 2003, Vancouver, BC (pp.61-70). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Rothrock, B. (2006). Few-key text entry revisited: Mnemonic gestures on four keys. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '06), 22-27 April 2006, Montréal (pp.489-492). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Yamada, H. (1980). A historical study of typewriters and typing methods: From the position of planning Japanese parallels. Journal of Information Processing, 2 , 175-202.Google Scholar
Agarwal, A., & Simpson, R. (2005). User modeling for individuals with disabilities: a pilot study of word prediction. Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility--ASSETS '05 (pp.218-219). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Alsio, G., & Goldstein, M. (2000). Productivity prediction by extrapolation: Using workload memory as a predictor of target performance. Behaviour & Information Technology, 19 , 87-96.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) . Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Bailey, R. W. (1996). Human performance engineering: Designing high quality, professional user interfaces for computer products, applications, and systems (3rd ed.) . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar
Bellman, T., & MacKenzie, I. S. (1998). A probabilistic character layout strategy for mobile text entry. Proceedings of Graphics Interface '98 (pp.168-176). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society.Google Scholar
Card, S. K., English, W. K., & Burr, B. J. (1978). Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21 , 601-613.Google Scholar
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (1980). The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM, 23 , 396-410. Google ScholarDigital Library
Cooper, A. (1999). The inmates are running the asylum . Indianapolis: Sams. Google Scholar
Economist (2004). Je ne texte rien. The Economist, 10 July, Vol. 372 (p.85).Google Scholar
Fleetwood, M. D., Byrne, M. D., Centgraf, P., Dudziak, K. Q., Lin, B., & Mogilev, D. (2002). An evaluation of the text-entry in Palm OS: Graffiti and the virtual keyboard. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics 46th Annual Meeting--HFES 2002 (pp.617-621). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.Google Scholar
Gentner, D. R., Grudin, J. T., Larochelle, S., Norman, D. A., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1983). A glossary of terms including a classification of typing errors. In W. E. Cooper (Ed.), Cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting (pp.39-44). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Gong, J., Haggerty, B., & Tarasewich, P. (2005). An enhanced multitap text entry method with predictive next-letter highlighting. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2005 (pp.1399-1402). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Hwang, S., Geehyuk, L., Jeong, B., Lee, W., & Cho, H. (2005). FeelTip: Tactile input device for small wearable information appliances. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2005 (pp.1475-1478). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Isokoski, P., & Raisamo, R. (2004). Quikwriting as a multi-device text entry method. Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction--NordiCHI 2004 (pp.105-108). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
James, C. L., & Reischel, K. M. (2001). Text input for mobile devices: Comparing model prediction to actual performance. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI '01 (pp.365-371). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Koltringer, T., & Grechenig, T. (2004). Comparing the immediate usability of Graffiti 2 and virtual keyboard. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2004 (pp.1175-1178). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Lyons, K., Starner, T., & Gane, B. (2006). Experimental evaluation of the Twiddler onehanded chording mobile keyboard. Human-Computer Interaction, 21 (4), 343-392. Google ScholarDigital Library
Lyons, M. J., Chan, C.-H., & Tetsutani, N. (2004). MouthType: Text entry by hand and mouth. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2004 (pp.1383-1386). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S. (2002). Mobile text entry using three keys. Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction--NordiCHI 2002 (pp.27-34). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S. (2003). Motor behaviour models for human-computer interaction. In J. M. Carroll (Ed.), HCI models, theories, and frameworks: Toward a multidisciplinary science (pp.27-54). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., Chen, J., & Oniszczak, A. (2006). Unipad: Single-stroke text entry with language-based acceleration. Proceedings of the Fourth Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction--NordiCHI 2006 (pp.78-85). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., Kober, H., Smith, D., Jones, T., & Skepner, E. (2001). LetterWise: Prefix-based disambiguation for mobile text entry. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on User Interface Software and Technology--UIST 2001 (pp.111-120). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., Nonnecke, R. B., Riddersma, S., McQueen, C., & Meltz, M. (1994). Alphanumeric entry on pen-based computers. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 41 , 775-792. Google ScholarDigital Library
MacKenzie, I. S., & Soukoreff, R. W. (2002a). A character-level error analysis technique for evaluating text entry methods. Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction--NordiCHI 2002 (pp.241-244). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., & Soukoreff, R. W. (2002b). Text entry for mobile computing: Models and methods, theory and practice. Human-Computer Interaction, 17 , 147-198.Google ScholarCross Ref
MacKenzie, I. S., & Soukoreff, R. W. (2003). Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2003 (pp.754-755). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1997). The immediate usability of Graffiti. Proceedings of Graphics Interface '97 (pp.120-137). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1999). The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI '99 (pp.25-31). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (2001). An empirical investigation of the novice experience with soft keyboards. Behaviour & Information Technology, 20 , 411-418.Google Scholar
Majaranta, P., MacKenzie, I. S., Aula, A., & Raiha, K.-J. (2003). Auditory and visual feedback during eye typing. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2003 (pp.766-767). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Martin, D. W. (2004). Doing psychology experiments (6th ed.) . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Matias, E., MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W. (1996). One-handed touch typing on a QWERTY keyboard. Human-Computer Interaction, 11 , 1-27. Google ScholarDigital Library
McQueen, C., MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1995). An extended study of numeric entry on pen-based computers. Proceedings of Graphics Interface '95 (pp.215-222). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society.Google Scholar
Montgomery, E. B. (1980). Data input system. U.S. Patent 4,211,497. U.S. Patent Office.Google Scholar
Montgomery, E. B. (1982). Bringing manual input into the 20th century: New keyboard concepts. Computer, 15 , 11-18. Google ScholarDigital Library
Oniszczak, A., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2004). A comparison of two input methods for keypads on mobile devices. Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction--NordiCHI 2004 (pp.101-104). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Pavlovych, A., & Stuerzlinger, W. (2003). Less-Tap: A fast and easy-to-learn text input technique for phones. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2003 (pp.97-104). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society.Google Scholar
Perlin, K. (1998). Quikwriting: Continuous stylus-based text entry. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology--UIST '98 (pp.215-216). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Potosnak, K. M. (1988). Keys and keyboards. In M. Helander (Ed.), Handbook of human-computer interaction (pp.475-494). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rau, H., & Skiena, S. (1994). Dialing for documents: An experiment in information theory. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology--UIST '94 (pp.147-154). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Read, J. (2005). The usability of digital ink technologies for children and teenagers. People and Computers XIX: Proceedings of HCI 2005 (pp.19-25). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2001). Measuring errors in text entry tasks: An application of the Levenshtein string distance statistic. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing--CHI 2001 (pp.319-320). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2003). Metrics for text entry research: An evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2003 (pp.113-120). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2004). Recent developments in text-entry error rate measurement. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2004 (pp.1425-1428). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Spakov, O., & Miniotas, D. (2004). On-line adjustment of dwell time for target selection by gaze. Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction--NordiCHI 2004 (pp.203-206). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Ward, D. J., Blackwell, A. F., & MacKay, D. J. C. (2000). Dasher: A data entry interface using continuous gestures and language models. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology--UIST 2000 (pp.129-137). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wigdor, D., & Balakrishnan, R. (2003). TiltText: Using tilt for text input to mobile phones. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology--UIST 2003 (pp.81-90). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wigdor, D., & Balakrishnan, R. (2004). A comparison of consecutive and concurrent input text entry techniques for mobile phones. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI '04 (pp.81-88). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Aung, H. H., Rothrock, B., & Myers, B. A. (2005). Maximizing the guessability of symbolic input. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2005 (pp.1869-1872). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Aung, H. H. (2004). Writing with a joystick: A comparison of date stamp, selection keyboard, and EdgeWrite. Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Graphics Interface--GI 2004 (pp.1-8). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Rothrock, B. (2006). Few-key text entry revisited: Mnemonic gestures on four keys. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-- CHI 2006 (pp.489-492). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Yamada, H. (1980). A historical study of typewriters and typing methods: From the position of planning Japanese parallels. Journal of Information Processing, 2 , 175-202.Google Scholar
Arnott, L. J., & Javed, Y. M. (1992). Probabilistic character disambiguation for reduced keyboards using small text samples. Augmentative and Alternative Communications, 8 , 215-223.Google ScholarCross Ref
Bell, T., Cleary, J., & Witten, I. H. (1990). Text compression . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar
Darragh, J. J., Witten, I. H., & Long, J. (1992). The reactive keyboard . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Desautels, E. J., & Soffer, S. B. (1974). Touch-tone input techniques: Data entry using a constrained keyboard. Proceedings of the 1974 Annual Conference (pp.245-253). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G., & Beale, R. (2004). Human-computer interaction (3rd ed.). London: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar
Dunlop, M. (2004). Watch-top text-entry: Can phone-style predictive text entry work with only 5 buttons? Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2004 (pp.342-346). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Gong, J., & Tarasewich, P. (2005). Alphabetically constrained keypad designs for text entry on mobile phones. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2005 (pp.211-220). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Green, N., Kruger, J., Faldu, C., & Amant, R. S. (2004). A reduced QWERTY keyboard for mobile text entry. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2004 (pp.1429-1432). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Harbusch, K., & Kuhn, M. (2003). Towards an adaptive communication aid with text input from ambiguous keyboards. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics--EACL 2003 . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar
Higginbotham, D. J. (1992). Evaluation of keystroke savings across five assistive communication technologies. Augmentative and Alternative Communications, 8 , 258-272.Google ScholarCross Ref
Hwang, S., & Lee, G. (2005). Qwerty-like 3×4 keypad layouts for mobile phone. Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI 2005 (pp.1479-1482). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Koester, H. H., & Levine, S. P. (1998). Model simulation of user performance with word prediction. Augmentative and Alternative Communications, 14 , 25-35.Google ScholarCross Ref
Kurihara, T. (1970). Kana-Kanji Conversion (I). Technology reports of Kyushu University, 42(6) , 880-884, in Japanese. Hakata: Kyushu University.Google Scholar
Kurihara, T. & Kurosaki, Y. (1967). On the Transformation Process of Phonetic Sentences into Ideographic Sentences. Technology reports of Kyushu University, 39(4) , 659-664, in Japanese. Hakata: Kyushu University.Google Scholar
Lesher, G. W., Moulton, B. J., & Higginbotham, D. J. (1998). Optimal character arrangements for ambiguous keyboards. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 6 , 415-423.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S. (2002). KSPC (keystrokes per character) as a characteristic of text entry techniques. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices (pp.195-210). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar
Pavlovych, A., & Stuerzlinger, W. (2003). Less-Tap: A fast and easy-to-learn text input technique for phones. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2003 (pp.97-104). Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society.Google Scholar
Rabiner, L. R., & Schafer, R. W. (1976). Digital techniques for computer voice response: Implementations and applications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64 , 416-433.Google ScholarCross Ref
Ryu, H., & Cruz, K. (2005). LetterEase: Improving text entry on a handheld device via letter reassignment. Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interaction Group (CHISIG) of Australia (pp.1-10). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Shannon, C. E. (1951). Prediction and entropy of printed English. Bell System Technical Journal, 30 , 51-64.Google ScholarCross Ref
Silfverberg, M., MacKenzie, I. S., & Korhonen, P. (2000). Predicting text entry speed on mobile phones. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-- CHI 2000 (pp.9-16). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Smith, S. L., & Goodwin, N. C. (1971). Alphabetic data entry via the touch tone pad: A comment. Human Factors, 13 , 189-190.Google ScholarCross Ref
Tanaka-Ishii, K., Inutsuka, Y., & Takeichi, M. (2002). Entering text with a four-button device. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Vol. 1 (pp.1-7). Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., & Myers, B. A. (2006). Few-key text entry revisited: Mnemonic gestures on four keys. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-- CHI 2006 (pp.489-492). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Allen, G. (1993). Data input grid for computer. U.S. Patent 5,214,428. U.S. Patent Office.Google Scholar
Bahlmann, C., Haasdonk, B., & Burkhardt, H. (2002). On-line handwriting recognition with support vector machines--a kernel approach. Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, 6-8 August 2002, Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON, Canada (pp.49-54). Google ScholarCross Ref
Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (Eds.) (1996). The world's writing systems . Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Downton, A. C., & Impedova, S. (Eds.) (1997). Progress in handwriting recognition . Singapore: World Scientific.Google Scholar
Glatte, H. (1959). Shorthand systems of the world . New York: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. (1997). Unistrokes for computerized interpretation of handwriting. U.S. Patent 5,596,656. U.S. Patent Office.Google Scholar
Gove, P.B. (Ed.) (1986). Webster's third new international dictionary . Springfield, MA: Mirriam-Webster.Google Scholar
Hu, J., Brown, M. K., & Turin, W. (1996). HMM based on-line handwriting recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18 , 1039-1045. Google ScholarDigital Library
Huber, W. B., Hanson, V. L., Cha, S.-H., & Tappert, C. C. (2005). Facilitating pen computing through common chatroom abbreviations. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI '05 . New York: ACM Press.Google Scholar
Lee, S.-W. (1999). Advances in handwriting recognition . Singapore: World Scientific.Google Scholar
Liu, Z.-Q., Cai, J.-H., & Buse, R. (2003). Handwriting recognition: Soft computing and probabilistic approaches . New York: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar
Palm Computing (1996). PalmPilot: Graffiti reference card.Google Scholar
Panati, C. (1984). The browser's book of beginnings . Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Papyrus Associates (1995). Recognition by Papyrus for Microsoft Windows: User reference guide . Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corp.Google Scholar
Plamondon, R., & Srihari, S. N. (2000). On-line and off-line handwriting recognition: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22 , 63-84. Google ScholarDigital Library
Schomaker, L. (1998). From handwriting analysis to pen-computer applications. Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal , 93-102.Google ScholarCross Ref
Subrahmonia, J., & Zimmerman, T. (2000). Pen computing: challenges and applications. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2 , 60-66. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.Google ScholarCross Ref
Suen, C. Y., Berthod, M., & Mori, S. (1980). Automatic recognition of handprinted characters--The state of the art. Proceedings of the IEEE, 68 , 469-487.Google ScholarCross Ref
Tappert, C. C., Suen, C. Y., & Wakahara, T. (1990). The state-of-the-art in on-line handwriting recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12 , 787-808. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wobbrock, J. O. (2005). A robust design for accessible text entry. Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 9-12 October 2005, Baltimore, MD (pp.31-32).Google Scholar
Zhai, S., & Kristensson, P.-O. (2003). Shorthand writing on stylus keyboard. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems--CHI . New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Accot, J., & Zhai, S. (2001). Scale effects in steering law tasks. Proceedings of CHI 2001: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 3 , 1-8. Google Scholar
Buxton, W. (1986). Chunking and phrasing and the design of human-computer dialogues. Proceedings of the IFIP World Computer Congress (pp.475-480). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishers.Google Scholar
Coulmas, F. (1989). The writing systems of the world . Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
David, P. A. (1985). Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review, 75 , 332-337.Google Scholar
David, P. A. (1998-2000). Path dependence, its critics, and the quest for 'historical economics ' (No. JEL-codes: A1 B0 C4 D9 N0 O3). Stanford, CA: Stanford University.Google Scholar
Duda, R. O., Hart, P. E., & Stork, D. G. (2001). Pattern classification . New York: Wiley. Google Scholar
Fuchs, A. H. (1962). The progression-regression hypothesis in perceptual-motor skill learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29 , 39-53.Google Scholar
Getschow, C. O., Rosen, M. J., & Goodenough-Trepagnier, C. (1986). A systematic approach to design a minimum distance alphabetical keyboard. Proceedings of the RESNA (Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America) 9th Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN (pp.396-398).Google Scholar
Goldberg, D., & Richardson, C. (1993). Touching-typing with a stylus. Proceedings of INTERCHI, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.80-87). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Karat, C.-M., Halverson, C., Horn, D., & Karat, J. (1999). Patterns of entry and correction in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems. Proceedings of CHI '99: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.568-574). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Klimt, B., & Yang, Y. (2004). Introducing the Enron corpus. Proceedings of the Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (CEAS), Mountain View, CA .Google Scholar
Kohl, R. M., & Shea, C. H. (1992). Pew (1966) revisited: Acquisition of hierarchical control as a function of observational practice. Journal of Motor Behavior, 24 , 247-260.Google ScholarCross Ref
Kreitzman, A. (1998). The history of shorthand. Journal of Court Reporting , July.Google Scholar
Kristensson, P.-O., & Zhai, S. (2004). SHARK2: A large vocabulary shorthand writing system for pen-based computers. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp.43-52). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Kurtenbach, G., & Buxton, W. (1994). User learning and performance with marking menus. Proceedings of CHI: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.258-264). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Kurtenbach, G., Sellen, A., & Buxton, W. (1993). An empirical evaluation of some articulatory and cognitive aspects of "marking menus." Human-Computer Interaction, 8 , 1-23. Google ScholarDigital Library
Landauer, T. K., & Bjork, R. A. (1978). Optimum rehearsal patterns and name learning. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 625-632). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (1992). Typing-key layouts for single-finger or stylus input: initial user preference and performance (Technical Report No. 54729). Boca Raton, FL: International Business Machines Corp.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R., Kennedy, P. J., & LaLomia, M. J. (1992). Improved typing-key layouts for singlefinger or stylus input (Technical Report No. TR 54.692). Boca Raton, FL: International Business Machines Corp.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, S., & Margolis, S. E. (1996). Typing errors. Reason Magazine , http://reason.com/9606/Fe.QWERTY.shtml.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, S. J., & Margolis, S. E. (1990). The fable of the keys. Journal of Law and Economics, 33(1) , 1-25.Google ScholarCross Ref
MacKenzie, I. S., & Zhang, S. X. (1999). The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. Proceedings of CHI '99: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.25-31). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63 , 81-97.Google ScholarDigital Library
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing. I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84 , 1-66.Google ScholarCross Ref
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27 , 379-423, 623-656.Google ScholarDigital Library
Smith, B. A., & Zhai, S. (2001). Optimised virtual keyboards with and without alphabetical ordering--A novice user study. Proceedings of INTERACT'2001--IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Tokyo, Japan (pp.92-99).Google Scholar
Soukoreff, W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (1995). Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speeds using a stylus and keyboard. Behaviour & Information Technology, 14 , 379-379.Google Scholar
Tappert, C. C., Suen, C. Y., & Wakahara, T. (1990). The state of the art in on-line handwriting recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12 , 787-808. Google ScholarDigital Library
Theodoridis, K., & Koutroumbas, K. (1999). Pattern recognition . San Diego: Academic Press. Google Scholar
Wang, J., Zhai, S., & Su, H. (2001). Chinese input with keyboard and eye tracking--An anatomical study. Proceedings of CHI 2001--ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.349-356). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Ward, D., Blackwell, A., & MacKay, D. (2000). Dasher--A data entry interface using continuous gesture and language models. Proceedings of the 13th ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) (pp.129-136). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Williams, J. R. (1998). Guidelines for the use of multimedia in instruction. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp.1447-1451). Santa Monica, CA: HFES.Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Kembel, J. A. (2003). EdgeWrite: a stylus-based text entry method designed for high accuracy and stability of motion. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp.61-70). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Yamada, H. (1980). A historical study of typewriters and typing methods: From the position of planning Japanese parallels. Journal of Information Processing, 2 , 175-202.Google Scholar
Zhai, S., Hunter, M., & Smith, B. A. (2000). The Metropolis keyboard--An exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design. Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) (pp.119-218). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Zhai, S., Hunter, M., & Smith, B. A. (2002a). Performance optimization of virtual keyboards. Human-Computer Interaction, 17 , 89-129.Google ScholarCross Ref
Zhai, S., & Kristensson, P.-O. (2003). Shorthand writing on stylus keyboard. Proceedings of CHI 2003, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI Letters, 5 , 97-104. Google Scholar
Zhai, S., Kristensson, P.-O., & Smith, B. A. (2005). In search of effective text input interfaces for off the desktop computing. Interacting with Computers, 17(3) , 229-250.Google ScholarCross Ref
Zhai, S., & Smith, B. A. (2001). Alphabetically biased virtual keyboards are easier to use--layout does matter. Proceedings of CHI 2001: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.321-322). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Zhai, S., Sue, A., & Accot, J. (2002b). Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding. Proceedings of CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI Letters, 4 , 17-24. Google Scholar
Akita, Y., Nishida, M., & Kawahara, T. (2003). Automatic transcription of discussions using unsupervised speaker indexing. Proc. IEEE Workshop on Spontaneous Speech Processing and Recognition, 13-16 April 2003, Tokyo (pp.79-82).Google Scholar
Ando, A., Imai, T., Kobayashi, A., Isono, H., & Nakabayashi, K. (2000). Real-time transcription system for simultaneous subtitling of Japanese broadcast news programs. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 46 , 189-196.Google Scholar
Furui, S. (2001). Digital speech processing, synthesis, and recognition, (2nd ed.) . New York: Dekker.Google Scholar
Furui, S. (2003). Toward spontaneous speech recognition and understanding. In W. Chou & B.-H. Juang (Eds.), Pattern recognition in speech and language processing (pp.191-227). New York: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Furui, S., Kikuchi, T., Shinnaka, Y., & Hori, C. (2004). Speech-to-text and speech-to-speech summarization of spontaneous speech. IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio, 12 , 401-408.Google ScholarCross Ref
Gao, Y., Erdogan, H., Li, Y., Goel, V., & Picheny, M. (2001). Recent advances in speech recognition systems for IBM DARPA communicator. Proceedings of Eurospeech2001, 3-7 September 2001, Aalborg, Denmark (pp.503-506).Google Scholar
Gibbon, D., Moore, R., & Winski, R. (Eds.) (1998). Spoken language system assessment. In Handbook of standards and resources for spoken language systems, Vol. III . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Hirschberg, J., Bacchiani, M., Hindle, D., Isenhour, P., Rosenberg, A., Stark, L., Stead, L., Whittaker S., & Zamchick, G. (2001). SCANMail: Browsing and searching speech data by content. Proceedings of Eurospeech2001, 3-7 September 2001, Aalborg, Denmark (pp.2377-2380).Google Scholar
Hunt, M. (1990). Figures of merit for assessing connected-word recognizers. Speech Communication, 9 , 329-336.Google ScholarCross Ref
Janin, A., Ang, J., Bhagat, S., Dhillon, R., Edwards, J., Macias-Guarasa, J., Morgan, N., Peskin, B., Shriberg, E., Stolcke, A., Wooters, C., & Wrede, B. (2004). The ICSI Meeting project: Resources and research. Proceedings of the NIST ICASSP 2004 Meeting Recognition Workshop, 17 May 2004, Montreal. Google Scholar
Juang, B.-H., & Furui, S. (2000). Automatic recognition and understanding of spoken language--A first step toward natural human-machine communication. Proceedings of the IEEE, 88 , 1142-1165.Google ScholarCross Ref
Moeller, S. (2005). Quality of telephone-based spoken dialogue systems . New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Ney, H., Martin, S., & Wessel, F. (1997). Statistical language modeling using leaving-oneout. In S. Young & G. Bloothooft (Eds.), Corpus-based methods in language and speech processing (pp.174-207). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Nguyen, L., Matsoukas, S., Davenport, J., Liu, D., Billa, J., Kubala, F., & Makhoul, J. (1999). Further advances in transcription of broadcast news. Proceedings of Eurospeech99, 5-9 September 1999, Budapest (pp.667-670).Google Scholar
Oard, D. W. (2004). Transforming access to the spoken word. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Large-Scale Knowledge Resources, 8-9 March 2004, Tokyo (pp.57-59).Google Scholar
Pallett, D., Fisher, W., Fiscus, J., & Garofolo, J. (1990). DARPA ATIS test results, June 1990. Proceedings of the Speech and Natural Language Workshop , 24-27 June 1990 (pp.114-121). Google ScholarDigital Library
Rabiner, L. R., & Juang, B.-H. (1993). Fundamentals of speech recognition . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar
Waibel, A., & Rogina, I. (2003). Advances on ISL's lecture and meeting trackers. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Spontaneous Speech Processing and Recognition, 13-16 April 2003, Tokyo (pp.127-130).Google Scholar
Young, S. (1996). A review of large-vocabulary continuous-speech recognition. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 13 , 45-57.Google ScholarCross Ref
Aoki, H., Hansen, J. P., & Itoh, K. (2006). Towards remote evaluation of gaze typing systems. Proceedings of COGAIN 2006 (pp.96-103). Available at http://www.cogain.org/ results/reports/COGAIN-D3.1.pdf.Google Scholar
Bates, R., & Istance, H. O. (2003). Why are eye mice unpopular? A detailed comparison of head eye controlled assistive technology pointing devices. Universal Access in the Information Society, 2 , 280-290.Google ScholarDigital Library
Chapman, J. E. (1991). The use of eye-operated computer system in locked-in syndrome. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities--CSUN '91, 20-23 March 1991, Los Angeles, CA .Google Scholar
Charlier, J., Buquet, C., Dubus, F., Hugeux, J. P., & Degroc, B. (1997). VISIOBOARD: a new gaze command system for handicapped subjects. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 35 , 461-462.Google Scholar
Cleveland, N. (1994). Eyegaze human-computer interface for people with disabilities. Proceedings of 1st Automation Technology and Human Performance Conference, Washington, DC . Available at http://www.eyegaze.com/doc/cathuniv.htm.Google Scholar
Donegan, M., Oosthuizen, L., Bates, R., Daunys, G., Hansen, J. P., Joos, M., Majaranta, P., & Signorile, I. (2005). D3.1 user requirements report with observations of difficulties users are experiencing . Communication by Gaze Interaction (COGAIN), IST-2003-511598: Deliverable 3.1. Available at http://www.cogain.org/results/ reports/COGAIN-D3.1.pdf.Google Scholar
Duchowski, A. T. (2003). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice . London: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar
Fejtová, M., Fejt, J., & Lhotská, L. (2004). Controlling a PC by eye movements: The MEMREC project. In K. Miesenberger, J. Klaus, W. Zagler, & D. Burger (Eds.), Proceedings of Computers Helping People with Special Needs: 9th international conference (ICCHP 2004). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3118 , 770-773.Google ScholarCross Ref
Frey, L. A., White, K. P., Jr., & Hutchinson, T. E. (1990). Eye-gaze word processing. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 20 , 944-950.Google ScholarCross Ref
Gips, J., DiMattia, P., Curran, F. X., & Olivieri, P. (1996). Using EagleEyes--An electrodes based device for controlling the computer with your eyes--to help people with special needs. In J. Klaus, E. Auff, W. Kremser, & W. Zagler (Eds.), Interdisciplinary aspects on computers helping people with special needs (pp.630-635). Vienna: Oldenburg. Google Scholar
Gips, J., Olivieri, C. P., & Tecce, J. J. (1993). Direct control of the computer through electrodes placed around the eyes. In M. J. Smith & G. Salvendy (Eds.), Human-computer interaction: Applications and case studies (pp.630-635). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Grauman, K., Betke, M., Lombardi, J., Gips, J., & Bradski, G. R. (2003). Communication via eye blinks and eyebrow raises: Video-based human-computer interfaces. Universal Access in the Information Society, 2 , 359-373.Google ScholarDigital Library
Hansen, D. W., & Hansen, J. P. (2006). Eye typing with common cameras. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications--ETRA 2006 (p.55). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Hansen, D. W., Hansen, J. P., Nielsen, M., Johansen, A. S., & Stegmann, M. B. (2002). Eye typing using Markov and active appearance models. In Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision--WACV '02 (pp.132-136). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society. Google Scholar
Hansen, J. P., Hansen, D. W., & Johansen, A. S. (2001). Bringing gaze-based interaction back to basics. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), Universal access in HCI: Towards an information society for all (pp.325-328). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hansen, J. P., Johansen, A. S., Hansen, D. W., Itoh, K., & Mashino, S. (2003). Command without a click: Dwell time typing by mouse and gaze selections. In M. Rauterberg, M. Menozzi, & J. Wesson (Eds.), Proceedings of Human-Computer Interaction--INTERACT '03 (pp.121-128). Amsterdam: IOS Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, T. E., White, K. P., Martin, W. N., Reichert, K. C., & Frey, L. A. (1989). Human-computer interaction using eye-gaze input. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 19 , 1527-1534.Google Scholar
Hyrskykari, A. (2006). Eyes in attentive interfaces: Experiences from creating iDict, a gaze-aware reading aid . In Dissertations in interactive technology , No. 4, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Tampere. Published electronically in Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis, 531 . Available at http://acta.uta.fi/pdf/951-44-6643-8.pdf.Google Scholar
Hyrskykari, A., Majaranta, P., & Räihä, K.-J. (2005). From gaze control to attentive interfaces. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction-- HCII 2005, Vol. 7, Universal access in HCI: Exploring new interaction environments . CD-ROM. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Itoh, K., Aoki, H., & Hansen, J. P. (2006). A comparative usability study of two Japanese gaze typing systems. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications-- ETRA 2006 (pp.59-66). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Jacob, R. J. K. (1991). The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: What you look at is what you get. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 9 , 152-169. Google ScholarDigital Library
Jacob, R. J. K. (1993). Eye movement-based human-computer interaction techniques: Toward non-command interfaces. In H. R. Hartson & D. Hix (Eds.), Advances in human-computer interaction, Vol. 4 (pp.151-190). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar
Jacob, R. J. K. (1995). Eye tracking in advanced interface design. In W. Barfield & T. A. Furness (Eds.), Virtual environments and advanced interface design (pp.258-288). New York: Oxford University Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Jacob, R. J. K., & Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises (section commentary). In J. Hyönä, R. Radach, & H. Deubel (Eds.), The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp.573-605). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8 , 441-480.Google Scholar
Kahn, D. A., Heynen, J., & Snuggs, G. L. (1999). Eye-controlled computing: The VisionKey experience. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities--CSUN '99, 15-20 March 1999, Los Angeles, CA .Google Scholar
Land, M. F., & Furneaux, S. (1997). The knowledge base of the oculomotor system. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 352 , 1231-1239.Google ScholarCross Ref
Majaranta, P., & Räihä, K.-J. (2002). Twenty years of eye typing: Systems and design issues. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications--ETRA 2002 (pp.15-22). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Majaranta, P., MacKenzie, I. S., Aula, A., & Räihä, K.-J. (2006). Effects of feedback and dwell time on eye typing speed and accuracy. Universal Access in the Information Society, 5 , 199-208. Google ScholarDigital Library
Rasmusson, D., Chappell, R., & Trego, M. (1999). Quick Glance: Eye-tracking access to the Windows95 operating environment. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities--CSUN '99 . Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Stampe, D. M., & Reingold, E. M. (1995). Selection by looking: A novel computer interface and its application to psychological research. In J. M. Findlay, R. Walker, & R. W. Kentridge (Eds.), Eye movement research: Mechanisms, processes and applications (pp.467-478). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Surakka, V., Illi, M., & Isokoski, P. (2003). Voluntary eye movements in human-computer interaction. In J. Hyönä, R. Radach, & H. Deubel (Eds.), The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp.473-491). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ten Kate, J. H., Frietman, E. E. E., Willems, W., Ter Haar Romeny, B. M., & Tenkink, E. (1979). Eye-switch controlled communication aids. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Medical & Biological Engineering, 19-24 August 1979, Jerusalem, Israel .Google Scholar
Ward, D. J., & MacKay, D. J. C. (2002). Fast hands-free writing by gaze direction. Nature 418 , 838.Google ScholarDigital Library
Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language . New York: Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Bright, W. (1999). A matter of typology: Alphasyllabaries and abugidas. Written Language and Literacy, 2 , 45-55.Google ScholarCross Ref
Coulmas, F. (1996). The Blackwell encyclopedia of writing systems . Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Daniels, P. (1992). The syllabic origin of writing and the segmental origin of the alphabet. In P. Downing, S. Lima, & M. Noonan (Eds.), The linguistics of literacy (pp.83-110). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Daniels, P. (1996). The study of writing systems. In P. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems (pp.3-17). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gelb, I. (1952). A study of writing . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Grivelet, S. (2001). Introduction to digraphia: Writing systems and society. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 150 , 1-10.Google ScholarCross Ref
Harris, R. (1995). Signs of writing . London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harris, R. (2000). Rethinking writing . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Magner, M. (2001). Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 150 , 11-26.Google Scholar
Saussure, F. (1993). 3eme Cours de Linguistique Générale (2de partie: la langue) de Ferdinand Saussure, notes taken by E. Constantin. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Taylor, I. (1883). The alphabet: An account of the origin and development of letters . London: Kegan Paul, Trench.Google Scholar
Vachek, J. (1989). Written language revisited . Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Vaid, J., & Gupta, A. (2002). Exploring word recognition in a semi-alphabetic script: The case of Devanagari. Brain and Language, 81 , 679-690.Google ScholarCross Ref
Vaid, J., & Padakannaya, P. (2004). Introduction to the special issue of Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 17 , 1-6.Google ScholarCross Ref
World Internet Statistics (2006). http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htmGoogle Scholar
Bilac, S., Baldwin, T., & Tanaka, H. (2002). Bringing the dictionary to the user: the FOKS System. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (pp.84-91): http://www.foks.info//index.html. Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar
Breen, J. (2005). Jim Breen's WWWDic Site: http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/jwb/cgibin/ wwwjdic.cgiGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z., & Lee, K. (2000). A new statistical approach to Chinese pinyin input. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 241-247). Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google ScholarDigital Library
Chen, Z., Li, M., Zhang, F., & Yang, R. (2000). Chinese pinyin input on mobile phone. In The 2nd International Symosium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing, October 13-15, 2000, Beijing, China.Google Scholar
Dylan, W. (1997). Four corner system. Accessed in 2006 at http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/sapienti/fourcinp.htm. Created on the 23rd November 1997 and last updated on 2nd August 2001.Google Scholar
Gao, J., & Lee, K.-F. (2000). Distribution-based pruning of backoff language models. Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar
Halpern, J. (1999). Kanji learner's dictionary . Tokyo: Kodansha International.Google Scholar
Kurihara, A., & Kurosaki, H. (1967). About a transformation method of kana into kanji text. Technical Report of the University of Kyusyu, 39 , 659-664. [In Japanese].Google Scholar
Lee, I., & Ramsey, S. (2001). The Korean language . Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Lee, U. (2002). A research and analysis on the Standard Korean dictionary . Seoul: The National Academy of the Korean Language.Google Scholar
Mori, K., & Yagihashi, T. (1989). The birth of Japanese word processors . Tokyo: Maruzen publishing. [In Japanese].Google Scholar
Nagata, M. (1998). A study on Japanese text processing by statistical models . Kyoto: University of Kyoto. [Ph.D. thesis; in Japanese].Google Scholar
Sampson, G. (1985). Writing systems: A linguistic introduction . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Tanaka-Ishii, K., & Godon, J. (2006). Kansuke: A kanji look-up system based on a few stroke prototypes. International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages: http://www.ish.ci.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kansuke.html (pp. 234-244). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. Google Scholar
Tanaka-Ishii, K., Inutsuka, Y., & Takeichi, M. (2000). Japanese input system with digits-- Can Japanese be input only with consonants? Human Language Technology Conference 2001 (pp. 211-218). Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar
Tanaka-Ishii, K., Inutsuka, Y., & Takeichi, M. (2002). Entering text with a four-button device. International Conference on Computational Linguistics (pp.988-994). Morristown, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar
WanNenMa (2005). Wannenma entry system: http://www.hongen.com/pc/newer/ime/wnm/wnm01.htmGoogle Scholar
Wicentowski, J. (1996). Wubizixing. Created in 1996, accessed in 2006 at http://www.yale.edu/chinesemac/wubi/xing.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wicentowski, J. (2001). Wubihua. Created in 1994, accessed in 2006 at http://www.yale.edu/chinesemac/wubi/hua.htmlGoogle Scholar
Yamada, H. (1980). A historical study of typewriters and typing methods: From the position of planning Japanese parallels. Journal of Information Processing, 2 .Google Scholar
Yamada, H. (1983). Certain problems associated with the design of input keyboards for Japanese writing. In W. E. Cooper (Ed.), Cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting (pp.305-407).New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Acharya (2001). Fonts for Indian languages . Madras: Systems Development Laboratory, IIT: http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/ind_fonts.htmlGoogle Scholar
Acharya (2003). Limitations of Unicode and ISCII. Madras: Systems Development Laboratory, IIT: http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/multi_sys/uni_iscii.htmlGoogle Scholar
Amonwiwattanakul, V. (2001). Thailand Petty Patent No. 375. Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce of Thailand. [In Thai].Google Scholar
Baraha (2006). Indic Unicode issues in Windows XP: http://www.baraha.com/ documents.htmlGoogle Scholar
Daniels, P. T. (1996). The study of writing systems. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems (pp.3-17). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Golshani, E. (2004). Brahmi descended scripts: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/ 9594/brahmi.htmlGoogle Scholar
Hall, P. (1998). Vernacular software in South Asia: What happens now and what is needed. International Working Conference of IFIP WG9.4 for Implementation and Evaluation of Information Systems in Developing Countries, March 1998, Bangkok .Google Scholar
Holle, K. F. (1999). Table of old and new Indic alphabets: Contribution to the paleography of the Dutch Indies. Written Language and Literacy, 2 , 167-246.Google ScholarCross Ref
Hosking, R. F., & Meredith-Owens, G. M. (1966). A handbook of Asian scripts . London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Htut, Z. (2004). Input methods and basic encoding in Myanmar language: http://www.myanmars.net/unicode/doc/20040507_zhtut.pptGoogle Scholar
Internet World Statistics (2006). http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia.htm#inGoogle Scholar
Joshi, A., Ganu, A., Chand, A., Parmar, V., & Mathur, G. (2004). Keylekh: A keyboard for text entry in Indian scripts. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI 2004, Vienna . Retrieved 22 May 2006. Google Scholar
Kaplan, M. S., & Wissink, C. (2003). Unicode and keyboards on Windows. 23rd Internationalization and Unicode Conference, March 2003, Prague .Google Scholar
Keniston, K. (2001). Language, power, and software. In C. Ess (Ed.), Culture, technology, communication: Towards an intercultural global village (pp.283-306). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Kuipers, J. C., & McDermott, R. (1996). Insular Southeast Asian scripts. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems (pp.474-484). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Open Forum of Cambodia (2004). How to type Khmer Unicode [electronic version]: http://www.khmeros.info/drupal/?q = en/download/docsGoogle Scholar
Phaholpinyo, P. (2006). A survey of mobile phone type in Thailand and Thai input method on mobile phone. NECTEC Technical Journal, 5(17) . [In Thai].Google Scholar
Potipiti, T., Sornlertlamvanich, V., & Thanadkran, K. (2001). Towards an intelligent multilingual keyboard system. Paper presented at the Human Language Technology Conference (HLT 2001), 18-21 March 2001, San Diego . Google Scholar
Rojarayanon, P. (2003). GOTTHAI (unpublished work).Google Scholar
Salomon, R. G. (1996). Brahmi and Kharoshthi. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems (pp.373-383). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sornlertlamvanich, V. (2001a). Thailand Patent Accession No. 067839. Department of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Commerce of Thailand. [In Thai].Google Scholar
Sornlertlamvanich, V. (2001b). Sansarn and Smart-Q: http://www.tcllab.org/ virach/publication.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sornlertlamvanich, V. (2003). Development of Thai encoding and the implementations. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Indic Scripts: Past and Future, 17-19 December 2003, Tokyo .Google Scholar
Sornlertlamvanich, V., & Charoenporn, T. (2001). Punctuation mark: The forgotten items in Thai writing system. In Thai font (pp.102-114). Bangkok: National Electronics and Computer Technology Center. [In Thai].Google Scholar
Technology Development for Indian Languages (2002). Revision of Unicode Standard- 3.0 for Devanagari Script. Journal of Language Technology : http://www.tdil.mit.gov.in/ newsIndexJan02.htmlGoogle Scholar
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (2006). Growth in telephony continues in April 2006 -- 4.6 million subscribers added. Press Release No. 41/2006. New Delhi: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India.Google Scholar
Thai Industrial Standards Institute (1990). TIS 620-2533: Standard for Thai character codes for computers. Bangkok: TISI. [In Thai].Google Scholar
Thai Industrial Standards Institute (1995). TIS 820-2538: Layout of Thai character keys on computer keyboards. Bangkok: TISI. [In Thai].Google Scholar
Unicode (2003). The Unicode standard 4.0 . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Basis Technology (2006). Arabic editor: http://www.basistech.com/arabic-editor/Google Scholar
Bauer, T. (1996). Arabic writing. In P. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The World's writing systems (pp.559-568). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Daniels, P. T. (1997). Scripts of Semitic languages. In R. Hetzron (Ed.), The Semitic languages (pp.16-45). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Daniels, P. T., & Bright, W. (1996). The World's writing systems . London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, M. (2005). Unicode standard annex 9: The bidirectional algorithm: http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/Google Scholar
Goerwitz, R. L. (1996). The Jewish scripts. In P. Daniels & W. Bright (Ed.), The World's writing systems (pp.487-498). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hary, B., & Aronson, H. (1996). Adaptations of Hebrew script. In P. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The World's writing systems (pp.727-742). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hetzron, R. (1998). Hebrew. In B. Comrie (Ed.), The World's major languages (pp.686-704). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
International Phonetic Association (2006). Reproduction of the international phonetic alphabet (revised to 2005): http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipachart.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kaye, A. S. (1987). Arabic. In B. Comrie (Ed.), The World's major languages (pp.664-685). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kaye, A. (1996). Adaptations of Arabic script. In P. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The World's writing systems (pp.743-762). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mallarmé, S. (1980). Oeuvres complétes (p.901). Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Nelken, R., & Shieber, S. (2005). Arabic diacritization using weighted finite-state transducers. ACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA (pp.79-86). Google Scholar
Palfreyman, D., & Khalil, M. (2003). A funky language for teenzz to use: Representing Gulf Arabic in instant messaging. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 9 . Online at http://jcmc.indiana.edu/Google Scholar
Sasaki, T. (2005). Literacy in Israel. Kotoba to Shakai (Language and Society), 9 , 12-28. [In Japanese].Google Scholar
Sasaki, T. (2006). Text editing in Hebrew and Jewish languages: http://www.tscyberia.net/editing h-j.htmlGoogle Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, S., & Lewin, R. (1996). The ape at the brink of the human mind . New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Shieber, S., & Baker, E. (2003). Abbreviated text input. International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp.293-296). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Unicode Consortium (2003). The Unicode Standard, version 4.0, Chap. 8, Middle Eastern scripts: http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Beck, N., & Fetherston, T. (2003). The effects of incorporating a word processor into a year three writing program. Information Technology in Childhood Education Annual, 1 , 139-161.Google Scholar
Brouwer-Janse, M. D., Suri, J. F., Yawitz, M., de Vries, G., Fozard, J. L., & Coleman, R. (1997). User interfaces for young and old. Interactions, 2 , 34-46. Google ScholarDigital Library
Clarke, A. (2005). Guidelines for the design and deployment of ICT products and services used by children (ETSI EG 202 423) . Sophia Antipolis, France: European Telecommunications Standards Institute.Google Scholar
Cunningham, A. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (1990). Early spelling acquisition: Writing beats the computer. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82 , 159-162.Google ScholarCross Ref
Danesh, A., Inkpen, K., Lau, F., Shu, K., & Booth, K. (2001). Geney: Designing a collaborative activity for the Palm handheld computer, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems--CHI 2001 (pp.388-395). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Druin, A. (Ed.) (1999). The design of children's technology . San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. Google Scholar
Druin, A., & Inkpen, K. (2001). When are personal technologies for children? Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 5 , 191-194. Google ScholarDigital Library
ETSI (1997). Characteristics of telephone keypads and keyboards: Requirements of elderly and disabled people (ETR 346). Sophia Antipolis, France: European Telecommunications Standards Institute.Google Scholar
Gould, J. D., Conti, J., & Hovanyecz, T. (1983). Composing letters with a simulated listening typewriter. Communications of the ACM, 26 , 295-308. Google ScholarDigital Library
Gregor, P., Newell, A. F., & Zajicek, M. (2002). Designing for dynamic diversity--interfaces for older people. Proceedings of ASSETS 2002 (pp.151-156). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Grinter, R. E., & Eldridge, M. A. (2001). "y do tngrs luv 2 txt msg?" in W. Prinz, M. Jarke, Y. Rogers, K. Schmidt and V. Wulf (eds.): Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW '01), Bonn, Germany (pp.219-238). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Google Scholar
Grinter, R. E., & Eldridge, M. A. (2003). Wan2tlk?: Everyday text messaging. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems--CHI 2003 (pp.441-448). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Hayflick, L. (1977). The cellular basis for biological aging. In C. E. Finch & L. Hayflick (Eds.), Handbook of the biology of aging . New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hourcade, J. P. (2003). User interface technologies and guidelines to support children's creativity, collaboration and learning . College Park: University of Maryland. [Ph.D. thesis]. Google Scholar
Hourcade, J. P. (2006). Design for children. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (pp.1446-1459). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Jaffe, G. J., Alvarado, J. A., & Juster, R. P. (1986). Age-related changes of the normal visual field. Archives of Ophthalmology, 194 , 1021-1025.Google ScholarCross Ref
Kail, R. V. (2002). Children . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kerr, R. (1975). Movement control and maturation in elementary-grade children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41 , 151-154.Google ScholarCross Ref
Kimmel, D. C. (1990). Adulthood and aging . New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kurniawan, S., Mahmud, M., & Nugroho, Y. (2006). A study of the use of mobile phones by older persons. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems-- CHI 2006 (pp.989-994). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Miles, W. P. (1931). Measures of certain human abilities throughout the life span. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 17 , 627-633.Google ScholarCross Ref
Murata, A., Nakamura, H., & Okada, Y. (2002). Comparison of efficiency in key entry among young, middle and elderly age groups-Effects of aging and character size on work efficiency in an entry task. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 2002 (pp.96-101). New York: IEEE Press.Google Scholar
Newell, A. F. (1993). Interfaces for the ordinary and beyond. IEEE Software, 10 , 76-78. Google ScholarDigital Library
Nichols, T. A., Rogers, W. A., & Fisk, A. D. (2006). Design for aging. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (pp.1418-1446). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
O'Hare, E. A., & McTear, M. F. (1999). Speech recognition in the secondary school classroom: An exploratory study. Computers and Education, 33 , 27-45. Google ScholarDigital Library
Ogozalek, V. Z., & van Praag, J. (1986). Comparison of elderly and younger users of keyboard and voice input computer-based composition tasks. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems--CHI '86 (pp.205-211). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Omori, M., Watanabe, T., Takai, J., Takada, H., & Miyao, M. (2002). Visibility and characteristics of the mobile phones for elderly people. Behaviour and Information Technology, 21 , 313-316.Google ScholarCross Ref
Quadrello, T., Hurme, H., Maenzinger, J., Smith, P. K., Viesson, M., Vida, S., & Westerback, S. (2005). Grandparents use of new communication technologies in a European perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 2 , 200-207.Google ScholarCross Ref
Read, J. C., & Horton, M. (2004). The usability of digital tools in the primary classroom. Proceedings of EdMedia2004 (pp.4386-4391). New York: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.Google Scholar
Read, J. C., & Horton, M. (2006). When teenagers tType. Proceedings of the BCS HCI Conference--HCI2006 . London: British Computer Society.Google Scholar
Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J., & Casey, C. (2001). Measuring the usability of text input methods for children. Proceedings of the BCS HCI Conference--HCI 2001--People and Computers Series XV (pp.559-572). London: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J., & Horton, M. (2004a). The usability of handwriting recognition for writing in the primary classroom. Proceedings of the BCS HCI Conference-- HCI 2004--People and Computers Series XVIII (pp.135-150). London: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Read, J. C., Mazzone, E., & Horton, M. (2005). Recognition errors and recognizing errors--Children writing on the tablet PC. In Lecture notes in computer science (pp.1096-1099). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar
Read, J. C., Newell, A., Zajicek, M., Petrie, H., & Edwards, A. (2004b). Extreme HCI?-- Challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the BCS HCI Conference--HCI 2004 (pp.213-214). London: British Computer Society.Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (1984). Effects of age and skill in typing. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 113 , 345-371.Google Scholar
Shneiderman, B. (2003). Promoting universal usability with multi-layer interface design. Proceedings of the Conference on Universal Usability--CUU '03, 10-11 November 2003, Vancouver, BC, Canada (pp.1-8). Google ScholarDigital Library
Sperduto, R. D., Seigel, D., Roberts, J., & Rowland, M. (1983). Prevalence of myopia in the United States. Archives of Ophthalmology, 101 , 405-407.Google ScholarCross Ref
Sugden, D. A. (1980). Movement speed in children. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12 , 125-132.Google ScholarCross Ref
Wright, P., Bartram, C., Rogers, N., Emslie, H., Evans, J., Wilson, B., & Belt, S. (2000). Text entry on handheld computers by older users. Ergonomics, 43 , 702-716.Google ScholarCross Ref
Alliance for Technology Access (2004). Computer resources for people with disabilities: A guide to assistive technologies, tools and resources for people of all ages (4th ed.) . Alameda, CA: Hunter House. Google Scholar
Alm, N., & Arnott, J. L. (1998). Computer-assisted conversation for non-vocal people using pre-stored texts. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Part C, 28 , 318-328.Google ScholarDigital Library
Alm, N., Arnott, J. L., & Newell, A. (1992). Prediction and conversational momentum in an augmentative communication system. Communications of the ACM, 35 , 46-57. Google ScholarDigital Library
Arnott, J. L., & Javed, M. Y. (1990). Small text corpora in character disambiguation for reduced typing keyboards. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual RESNA Conference (pp.181-182). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Arnott, J. L., & Javed, M. Y. (1992). Probabilistic character disambiguation for reduced keyboards using small text samples. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 8 , 215-223.Google ScholarCross Ref
Beukelman, D. R., & Mirenda, P. (2005). Augmentative and alternative communication: Supporting children & adults with complex communication needs (3rd ed.) . Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.Google Scholar
Brewster, S., Raty, V., & Kortekangas, A. (1996). Enhancing scanning input with nonspeech sounds. Proceedings of the Second Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies-- ASSETS '96 (pp.10-14). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Brown, C. (1992). Assistive technology computers and people with disabilities. Communications of the ACM, 35 , 36-45. Google ScholarDigital Library
Carpenter, T., McCoy, K, & Pennington, C. (1997). Schema-based organization of re-usable text in AAC: user-interface considerations. Proceedings of the RESNA '97 Annual Conference (pp.57-59). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Cook., S., & Hussey, A. (1995). Assistive technologies: Principles and practice . St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.Google Scholar
Cooper, W. (1983). Cognitive aspects of skilled typewriting . New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Demasco, P., & McCoy, K. F. (1992). Generating text from compressed input: an intelligent interface for people with severe motor impairments. Communications of the ACM, 35 , 68-79. Google ScholarDigital Library
Dye, R., Alm, N., Arnott, J. L., Harper, G., & Morrison, A. (1998). A script-based AAC system for transactional interaction. Natural Language Engineering, 4 , 57-71. Google ScholarDigital Library
Edwards, A. D. N. (1995). Extra-ordinary human-computer interaction: Interfaces for users with disabilities . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Forrester Research, Inc. (2003). The wide range of abilities and its impact on computer technology . Cambridge, MA: Forrester Research.Google Scholar
Foulds, R., Soede, M., & van Balkom, H. (1987). Statistical disambiguation of multicharacter keys applied to reduce motor requirements for augmentative and alternative communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 3 , 192-195.Google ScholarCross Ref
Harbusch, K., & Kühn, M. (2003). An evaluation study of two-button scanning with ambiguous keyboards. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference for the Advancement of Assistive Technology--AAATE 2003 (pp.954-958). Taastrup, Denmark: Association for the Advancement of Assistive Technology in Europe.Google Scholar
Harper, G., Dye, R., Alm, N., Arnott, J. L., & Murray, I. R. (1998). A script-based speech aid for non-speaking people. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 20 , 289-295.Google Scholar
Higginbotham, D. J., Wilkins, D. P., & Lesher, G. W. (1999). Frametalker: A communication frame and utterance-based augmentative communication device. Proceedings of the RESNA '99 Annual Conference (pp.40-42). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Hine, N., & Arnott, J. L. (2002a). A multimedia story-telling system for non-speaking people. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Augmentative & Alternative Communication-- ISAAC 2002, 21-23 November 2002, Vancouver, BC, Canada (pp.87-88).Google Scholar
Hine, N., & Arnott, J. L. (2002b). A multimedia social interaction service for inclusive community living: Initial user trials. Universal Access in the Information Society, 2 , 8-17.Google ScholarCross Ref
Hine, N., Arnott, J. L., & Smith, D. (2003). Design issues encountered in the development of a mobile multi-media augmentative communication service. Universal Access in the Information Society, 2 , 255-264.Google ScholarDigital Library
Hinterberger, T., Kubler, A., Kaiser, J., Neumann, N., & Birbaumer, N. (2003). A brain-computer interface (BCI) for the locked-in: comparison of different EEG classifications for the thought translation device. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114 , 416-425.Google ScholarCross Ref
Jacko, J., & Vitense, H. (2001). A review and reappraisal of information technologies within a conceptual framework for individuals with disabilities. Universal Access in the Information Society, 1 , 56-76.Google Scholar
Kamphuis, H. A., & Soede, M. (1989). KATDAS: A small number of keys direct access system. Proceedings of the 12th Annual RESNA Conference (pp.278-279). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
King, M. T., Kushler, C. A., & Grover, D. A. (1995). JustType--Efficient communication with eight keys. Proceedings of the RESNA '95 Annual Conference (pp.94-96). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Koester, H. H. (2004). Usage, performance and satisfaction outcomes for experienced users of automatic speech recognition. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 41 , 739-754.Google ScholarCross Ref
Kreifeldt, J. G., Levine, S. L., & Iyengar, C. (1989). Reduced keyboard designs using disambiguation. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting (pp.441-444). Santa Monica, CA: HFES.Google Scholar
Kroemer, K. (2001). Keyboards and keying: An annotated bibliography of the literature from 1878 to 1999. Universal Access in the Information Society, 1 , 99-160.Google ScholarDigital Library
Lesher, G. W., Moulton, B. J., & Higginbotham, D. J. (1998). Optimal character arrangements for ambiguous keyboards. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 6 , 415-423.Google Scholar
Levine, S. H., & Goodenough-Trepagnier, C. (1990). Customised text entry devices for motor-impaired users. Applied Ergonomics, 21 , 55-62.Google ScholarCross Ref
Levine, S. H., Goodenough-Trepagnier, C., Getschow, C. O., & Minneman, S. L. (1987). Multi-character key text entry using computer disambiguation. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Technology (pp.177-179). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, K., Starner, T., Plaisted, D., Fusia, J., Lyons, A., Drew, A., & Looney, E. (2004). Twiddler typing: One handed chording text entry for mobile phones. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.671-678). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
McCormack, D. (1990). The effects of keyguard use and pelvic positioning on typing speed and accuracy in a boy with cerebral palsy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44 , 312-315.Google ScholarCross Ref
McCoy, K. F., Hoag, L. A., & Bedrosian, J. L. (2003). Pragmatic theory and utterancebased systems: Application of the co-operative principle. Proceedings of the 7th ISAAC Research Symposium (pp.76-79). Toronto: ISAAC.Google Scholar
McCoy, K. F., Pennington, C. A., & Badman, A. L. (1998). Compansion: From research prototype to practical integration. Natural Language Engineering, 4 , 73-95. Google ScholarDigital Library
Millar, S., & Nisbet, P. (1993). Accelerated writing for people with disabilities . Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, ISBN 1 898042 01 2.Google Scholar
Minneman, S. L. (1985). A simplified touch-tone telecommunications aid for deaf and hearing impaired individuals. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Technology (pp.209-211). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Moore, M. (2003). Frontiers of human-computer interaction: Direct-brain interfaces. In Frontiers of engineering: Reports on leading-edge engineering from the 2002 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering (pp.47-52). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Moulton, B. J., Lesher, G. W., & Higginbotham, D. J. (1999). A system for automatic abbreviation expansion. Proceedings of the RESNA Annual Conference (pp.55-57). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Newell, A., Arnott, J., Cairns, A., Ricketts, I., & Gregor, P. (1995). Intelligent systems for speech and language impaired people: A portfolio of research. In A. D. N. Edwards (Ed.), Extra-ordinary human-computer interaction: Interfaces for users with disabilities (pp.83-101). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Nisbet, P., & Poon, P. (1998). Special access technology . Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, ISBN 1 898042 11 X.Google Scholar
Oommen, B. J., Valiveti, R. S., & Zgierski, J. R. (1992). Correction to 'An adaptive learning solution to the keyboard optimization problem.' IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 22 , 1233-1243.Google Scholar
Sears, A., Karat, C.-M., Oseitutu, K., Karimullah, A., & Feng, J. (2001). Productivity, satisfaction, and interaction strategies of individuals with spinal cord injuries and traditional users interacting with speech recognition software. International Journal of Universal Access in the Information Society, 1 , 14-15.Google Scholar
Sears, A., & Young, M. (2003). Physical disabilities and computing technology: An analysis of impairments. In J. Jacko & A. Sears (Eds.), The human-computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals, evolving technologies and emerging applications (pp.482-503). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar
Shaw, R., Loomis, A., & Crisman, E. (1995). Input and integration: Enabling technologies for disabled users. In A. D. N. Edwards (Ed.), Extra-ordinary human-computer interaction: Interfaces for users with disabilities (pp.263-278). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Simpson, R., & Koester, H. H. (1999). Adaptive one-switch row-column scanning. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 7 , 464-473.Google ScholarCross Ref
Todman, J. (1999). The use of stored text for socially effective conversation. Proceedings of the RESNA Annual Conference (pp.16-18). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
Todman, J. (2000). Rate and quality of conversations using a text-storage AAC system: Single-case training study. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16 , 164-179, 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
Todman, J. (2003). Pragmatic aspects of communication. Proceedings of the 7th ISAAC Research Symposium (pp.68-75). Toronto: ISAAC.Google Scholar
Todman, J., & Alm, N. (1997). Pragmatics and AAC approaches to conversational goals. Proceedings of the ACL/EACL Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Communication Aids (pp.1-8). Madrid: Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Trewin, S., & Pain, H. (1998). A study of two keyboard aids to accessibility. In H. L. Johnson, L. Nigay, & C. Roast (Eds.), People and computers XIII: Proceedings of HCI 98 (pp.83-97). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar
Trewin, S., & Pain, H. (1999). Keyboard and mouse errors due to motor disabilities. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 50 , 109-144. Google ScholarDigital Library
Vanderheiden, G. (1984). A high-efficiency flexible keyboard input acceleration technique: Speedkey. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Rehabilitation Engineering (pp.353-354). Washington, DC: Resna Press.Google Scholar
von Tetzchner, S., & Martinsen, H. (2000). Introduction to augmentative and alternative communication (2nd ed.) . London: Whurr Publishers.Google Scholar
Waller, A., O'Mara, D., Tait, L., Booth, L., Brophy-Arnott, M. B., & Hood, H. E. (2001). Using written stories to support the use of narrative in conversational interactions: case study. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 17 , 221-232.Google ScholarCross Ref
Ward, D. J., & Mackay, D. J. (2002). Fast hands-free writing by gaze direction. Nature, 418 , 838.Google ScholarDigital Library
Witten, I. H. (1982). Principles of computer speech (pp.247-249). London: Academic Press. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J., Myers, B., & Kembel, J. (2003). EdgeWrite: a stylus-based text entry method designed for high accuracy and stability of motion. Proceedings of the 16th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp.61-70). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wolpaw, J. R., Birbaumer, N., McFarland, D., Pfurtscheller, G., & Vaughan, T. (2002). Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113 , 767-791.Google Scholar
Adler, M. (1973). The writing machine . London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Asakawa, C., Takagi, H., Ino, S., & Ifukube, T. (2003). Maximum listening speeds for the blind. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD 2003), 6-9 July 2003, Boston (pp.276-279).Google Scholar
Boyd, L. H., Boyd, W. L., & Vanderheiden, G. C. (1990). The graphical user interface: Crisis, danger and opportunity. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness , December 1990, 496-502.Google Scholar
Boyd, L. H., Boyd, W. L., & Vanderheiden, G. C. (1991). Graphics-based computers and the blind: Riding the tides of change. Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference Technology and Persons with Disabilities (CSUN), Los Angeles. Google Scholar
Buxton, W., Foulds, R., Rosen, M., Scadden, L., & Shein, F. (1986). Human interface design and the handicapped user. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '86), 13-17 April 1986, Boston (pp.291-297). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Byrne, M. D., Anderson, J. R., Douglass, S., & Matessa, M. (1999). Eye tracking the visual search of click-down menus. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '99), 15-20 May 1999, Pittsburgh (pp.402-409). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Edwards, W. K., Mynatt, E. D., & Stockton, K. (1995). Access to graphical interfaces for blind users. Interactions, 2 , 54-67. New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Kieras, D. E., & Meyer, D. E. (1997). An overview of the EPIC architecture for cognition and performance with application to human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 12 , 391-438. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google ScholarDigital Library
Lahiri, A., Chattopadhyay, S. J., and Basu, A. (2005). Sparsha: a comprehensive Indian language toolset for the blind. Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '05), 9-12 October 2005, Baltimore (pp.114-120). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Lee, S., Hong, S. H., & Jeon, J. W. (2003). Designing a universal keyboard using chording gloves. Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Universal Usability (CUU'03), 10-11 November 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (pp.142-147). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Linvill, J. G., & Bliss, J. C. (1966). A direct translation reading aid for the blind. Proceedings of the IEEE, 54 , 40-51.Google ScholarCross Ref
Lyons, K., Starner, T., Plaisted, D., Fusia, J., Lyons, A., Drew, A., & Looney, E. W. (2004). Twiddler typing: One-handed chording text entry for mobile phones. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '04), 24-29 April 2004, Vienna, Austria (pp.671-678). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
MacKenzie, I. S., & Soukoreff, R. W. (2002). Text entry for mobile computing: Models and methods, theory and practice. Human-Computer Interaction, 17 , 147-198.Google ScholarCross Ref
Masui, T. (1998). An efficient text input method for pen-based computers. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '98), 18-23 April 1998, Los Angeles (pp.328-335). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Mynatt, E. D., & Weber, G. (1994). Nonvisual presentation of graphical user interfaces: contrasting two approaches. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '94), 24-28 April 1994, Boston (pp.166-172). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Raman, T. V. (1996). Emacspeak--A speech interface. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '96), 13-18 April 1996, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (pp.66-71). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
Scadden, L. A. (1984). Blindness in the information age: Equality or irony? Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 78 , 394-400.Google Scholar
Takagi, H., Asakawa, C., Fukuda, K., & Maeda, J. (2004). Accessibility designer: Visualizing usability for the blind. Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '04), 18-20 October 2004, Atlanta (pp.177-184). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Thatcher, J. (1994). Screen reader/2: Access to OS/2 and the graphical user interface. Proceedings of the First Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies (ASSETS '94), 31 October-1 November 1994, Marina Del Rey, CA (pp.39-46). New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Theofanos, M. F., & Redish, J. G. (2003). Bridging the gap between accessibility and usability. interactions, 10 , 36-51. New York: ACM Press. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., & Aung, H. H. (2004a). Writing with a joystick: A comparison of date stamp, selection keyboard, and EdgeWrite. Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Graphics Interface, 17-19 May 2004, London, ON, Canada, Vol. 62 (pp.1-8). Waterloo, ON: School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo. Google Scholar
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., Aung, H. H., & LoPresti, E. F. (2004b). Text entry from power wheelchairs: EdgeWrite for joysticks and touchpads. Proceedings of the 6th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '04), 18-20 October 2004, Atlanta . New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
World Health Organization (2004). Fact Sheet 282: Magnitude and causes of visual impairment: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/Google Scholar

Cited By

Contributors

Ian Scott MacKenzie
York University
- Publication Years1991 - 2024
- Publication counts122
- Citation count6,045
- Available for Download88
- Downloads (cumulative)100,868
- Downloads (12 months)6,031
- Downloads (6 weeks)653
- Average Downloads per Article1,146
- Average Citation per Article50
View Full Profile
Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii
University of Tokyo, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology
- Publication Years1998 - 2019
- Publication counts41
- Citation count205
- Available for Download22
- Downloads (cumulative)7,074
- Downloads (12 months)370
- Downloads (6 weeks)81
- Average Downloads per Article322
- Average Citation per Article5
View Full Profile

Index Terms

Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
1. Applied computing
  1. Document management and text processing
    1. Document management
      1. Text editing
2. Computer systems organization
  1. Architectures
    1. Parallel architectures
      1. Cellular architectures

Reviews

Reviewer: Susan Loretta Fowler

This book starts with a heavy dose of statistics and formulas. "Oh my," I thought, "What did I get myself into__?__" Chapter 1 is an overview of text entry systems, starting with the early typewriter-interesting if you've never heard any of it before. Chapter 2, "Language Models for Text Entry," by Tanaka-Ishii, one of the editors, jumps right into n -gram, hidden Markov, adaptive, and other mathematical models for predicting what comes next when a writer types a letter or two. Chapter 3, by Wobbrock, goes into mathematically measuring text entry speeds and efficiencies (in other words, if you can enter text quickly but can't correct typographical errors easily, the method is inefficient). Chapter 4, by Mackenzie, describes how to set up experiments to evaluate text entry speed and efficiency. It contains less math, but is still abstract. I am not averse to math, but I never got a good grounding in it in school. It was therefore a struggle to pay attention to the points the authors were making in between formulas. The effort was worth it, though, since subsequent chapters refer to these analysis methods. And why is that important__?__ It's important because this isn't just a book about various text entry methods-interesting enough on their own-but about which ones work, for whom, and how well. Several text entry systems are described in Part 2 (chapters 5 to 9). Chapter 5 covers various systems for entering text on mobile phones. To deal with the problem of having a small number of keys on a mobile device, each of which needs to carry more than one letter, different types of keyboards and different kinds of completion algorithms are needed. Chapter 6 discusses handwriting recognition interfaces for English or Latin alphabets. Shape writing that uses pen movements over an on-screen alphabet to create words is covered in chapter 7. This looks like it would be a lot of fun. Experiments seem to indicate that it is quick to learn and use. The next chapter deals with speech-based interfaces for capturing natural speech and dictation. Chapter 9 discusses eye tracking, which is used by people with motor disorders. There are a few types: text entry by gazing at a letter and pausing for a set number of seconds to select it; gazing and blinking or moving eyes to the left or right to select it; and a zooming interface that lets users navigate through the letters and select words predicted by the software. Part 3 (chapters 10 to 13) covers non-Latin languages and character entry systems. Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Hebrew, Arabic, various Indian languages, Turkish, Cyrillic, and other interesting text entry puzzles on both keyboards and mobile devices are covered. Part 4 (chapters 14 to 16) discusses text input for children and the elderly, as well as for those with either physical or visual impairments (for example, those trying to enter information in a moving vehicle). Unlike many compilations, each chapter in this book is both well written and dense with information. This is remarkable because it is hard to get one good book out of many authors. Since each chapter also includes information about the research done on the efficiency of the entry method, the editors must have also had their authors back up all claims with data. If your organization has anything at all to do with text entry systems, you'll find this book invaluable. Online Computing Reviews Service

Access critical reviews of Computing literature here

Become a reviewer for Computing Reviews.

Comments

Recommendations

The inviscid text entry rate and its application as a grand goal for mobile text entry
MobileHCI '14: Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices & services

We introduce the concept of the inviscid text entry rate: the point when the user's creativity is the bottleneck rather than the text entry method. We then apply the inviscid text entry rate to define a grand goal for mobile text entry. Via a proxy ...
Investigating the viability of scroll-wheel interfaced mobile phones for text entry
SAICSIT '08: Proceedings of the 2008 annual research conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT research in developing countries: riding the wave of technology

Increasingly mobile device applications are requiring users to perform text-intensive tasks, such as text messaging, thus creating a demand for more efficient and easier text entry methods. The current diversity of mobile phones come with an equally ...
Gestural text entry on multiple devices
Assets '05: Proceedings of the 7th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility

We present various adaptations of the EdgeWrite unistroke text entry method that work on multiple computer input devices: styluses, touchpads, displacement and isometric joysticks, four keys or buttons, and trackballs. We argue that consistent, flexible,...

Browse Books

Sections

References

Cited By

Index Terms

Reviews

Access critical reviews of Computing literature here

The inviscid text entry rate and its application as a grand goal for mobile text entry

Investigating the viability of scroll-wheel interfaced mobile phones for text entry

Gestural text entry on multiple devices

Save to Binder

Sections

References

Cited By

Save to Binder

Index Terms

Reviews

Access critical reviews of Computing literature here

Recommendations

The inviscid text entry rate and its application as a grand goal for mobile text entry

Investigating the viability of scroll-wheel interfaced mobile phones for text entry

Gestural text entry on multiple devices