research-article

Definitions of Esports: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis

Authors:

Jessica Formosa,

Nicholas O'Donnell,

Ella M. Horton,

Regan L. Mandryk,

Daniel JohnsonAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 6, Issue CHI PLAY

Article No.: 227, Pages 1 - 45

https://doi.org/10.1145/3549490

Published: 31 October 2022 Publication History

Abstract

The esports market has been growing exponentially has been growing exponentially with much interest from industry and academia. Perhaps because of this growth, there is a lack of agreement on what esports actually encompasses. We conducted a systematic review of 461 peer reviewed, full papers that provide a definition of esports. Findings highlighted the growth of the esports field across different domains, and increasing global interest in esports, but a lack of consensus regarding definition of the term. Through thematic analysis we identified nine dimensions across esports definitions. We critically assess these dimensions in terms of their representativeness and utility in describing the multifaceted nature of esports. Our work may help create a shared understanding of what esports is- and is not-capturing a diversity of experiences within organized competitive gaming and supporting continued research growth in this increasingly important domain.

Supplementary Material

ZIP File (v6chip227aux.zip)

The zip contains both the source (MS Word) and final (pdf) versions of the Appendices. ' Appendix 1 is "Original dimensions from the thematic analysis". Appendix 2 is "Final dimensions from the thematic analysis" Appendix 3 is "Supplementary table: Included paper details" Appendix 4 is "Supplementary table: list of databases searched via EBSCOhost and ProQuest" Appendix 5 is "Supplementary table: database search strategies"

Download
1.65 MB

References

[1]

Aarseth, E. et al. 2017. Scholars' open debate paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder proposal. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 6, 3 (2017), 267--270.

[2]

Abanazir, C. 2019. E-sport and the EU: the view from the English Bridge Union. The International Sports Law Journal. 18, 3 (2019), 102--113.

[3]

Abbasi, A., Nisar, S., Rehman, U. and Ting, D. 2020. Impact of HEXACO Personality Factors on Consumer Video Game Engagement: A Study on eSports. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020), 1831.

[4]

Abbasi, A.Z., Asif, M., Hollebeek, L.D., Ul Islam, J., Ting, D.H. and Rehman, U. 2021. The effects of consumer esports videogame engagement on consumption behaviors. Journal of Product and Brand Management. 30, 8 (2021), 1194--1211.

[5]

About NACE: 2021. https://nacesports.org/.

[6]

Abramov, S., Korotin, A., Somov, A., Burnaev, E., Stepanov, A., Nikolaev, D. and Titova, M. 2021. Analysis of Video Game Players' Emotions and Team Performance: an eSports Tournament Case Study. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. (2021).

[7]

Abreu Freitas, B.D., Contreras-Espinosa, R.S. and Pereira Correia, P.Á. 2021. A Model of the Threats that Disreputable Behavior Present to Esports Sponsors. Contemporary Management Research. 17, 1 (2021), 27--64.

[8]

Adinolf, S. and Turkay, S. 2018. Toxic Behaviors in Esports Games: Player Perceptions and Coping Strategies. CHI PLAY '18 Extended Abstracts: Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play Companion Extended Abstracts (New York, NY, United States, 2018), 365--372.

[9]

Aghey, C. 2020. Integration of eSports in the structure of Ifs: disruption or continuity? International Sports Law Journal. 20, 3--4 (2020), 120--125.

[10]

Ahmad, S., Bryant, A., Kleinman, E., Teng, Z., Nguyen, T.H.D. and El-Nasr, M.S. 2019. Modeling Individual and Team Behavior through Spatio-temporal Analysis. CHI PLAY 2019 - Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (New York, NY, United States, 2019), 601--612.

Digital Library

[11]

Ahn, J., Collis, W. and Jenny, S. 2020. The one billion dollar myth: Methods for sizing the massively undervalued esports revenue landscape. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2020).

[12]

Akkaya, S., Sen, B.G. and Kapidere, M. 2021. A Multi-Directional Assessment Related to E-Sports as A New Game Experience Field and Socialising Tool. Yeni Bir Oyun Deneyim Alani ve Sosyallesme Araci Olarak E-Spor'a Iliskin Çok Yönlü Bir Inceleme. 25, 3 (2021), 968--988.

[13]

Alharthi, S.A., Raptis, G.E., Katsini, C., Dolgov, I., Nacke, L.E. and Toups, Z.O. 2021. Investigating the Effects of Individual Cognitive Styles on Collaborative Gameplay. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. 28, 4 (2021), 1--49.

Digital Library

[14]

Amor, J.S.C., Alguacil, M. and Gómez-Tafalla, A.M. 2022. Gender influence on brand recommendation at an esports event. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 22, 1 (2022), 231--238.

[15]

Anderson, C.G., Tsaasan, A.M., Reitman, J., Lee, J.S., Wu, M., Steel, H., Turner, T. and Steinkuehler, C. 2018. Understanding esports as a STEM career ready curriculum in the wild. 2018 10th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games) (2018), 1--6.

[16]

Anderson, D., Sweeney, K., Pasquini, E., Estes, B. and Zapalac, R. 2021. An exploration of esports consumer consumption patterns, fandom, and motives. International Journal of eSports Research (IJER). 1, 1 (2021), 1--18.

[17]

Andre, T.L., Walsh, S.M., Valladao, S. and Cox, D. 2020. Physiological and Perceptual Response to a Live Collegiate Esports Tournament. International Journal of Exercise Science. 13, 6 (2020), 1418--1429.

[18]

Ani., R., Harikumar, V., Devan, A.K. and Deepa, O.S. 2019. Victory prediction in League of Legends using Feature Selection and Ensemble methods. 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICCS) (2019), 74--77.

[19]

Atalay, A. and Topuz, A.C. 2018. What Is Being Played in the World? Mobile eSport Applications. Universal Journal of Educational Research. 6, 6 (2018), 1243--1251.

[20]

Ayas, E.B. 2020. Comparison of the Attitudes towards Learning with the Participation Motivation Level in E-Sports Players. African Educational Research Journal. 8, 1 (2020), 83--89.

[21]

Aziz, N., Nordin, M.J., Abdulkadir, S.J. and Salih, M.M.M. 2021. Digital Addiction: Systematic Review of Computer Game Addiction Impact on Adolescent Physical Health. Electronics. 10, 9 (2021), 996.

[22]

Bafna, P. 2020. Challenges to the Anti-Doping Regulations in Esports. Journal for Sports Law, Policy & Governance. 2, (2020), 133.

[23]

Bahrilli, T., Hamiyet, Y. and Çakir, Y.N. 2020. Determining The health problems of electronic athletes. Journal of Empirical Economics and Social Sciences. 2, 1 (2020), 42--58.

[24]

Baker, B. and Pizzo, A. 2021. Unpacking Nuance among Esports Consumers: Market Partitions within Esports based on Social Media Analytics. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2021).

[25]

Baltezarevic, B. and Baltezarevic, V. 2019. eSports as a new playground. Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education & Sport. 17, 1 (2019), 23--30.

[26]

Baltezarevic, R. and Baltezarevic, B. 2018. The impact of video games on the formation of eSports. Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education & Sport. 16, 1 (2018), 137--147.

[27]

Bányai, F., Griffiths, M.D., Király, O. and Demetrovics, Z. 2019. The Psychology of Esports: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Gambling Studies. 35, 2 (2019), 351--365.

[28]

Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Griffiths, M.D., Demetrovics, Z. and Király, O. 2020. Career as a Professional Gamer: Gaming Motives as Predictors of Career Plans to Become a Professional Esport Player. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020), 1866.

[29]

Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Kökönyei, G., Griffiths, M.D., Demetrovics, Z. and Király, O. 2021. The moderating role of coping mechanisms and being an e-sport player between psychiatric symptoms and gaming disorder: Online survey. JMIR mental health. 8, 3 (2021), e21115.

[30]

Barney, J., Burroughs, B. and DeSaix, A. 2021. Place, Casinos, and Esports. Gaming Law Review-Economics Regulation Compliance and Policy. 25, 10 (2021), 453--458.

[31]

Bayrakdar, A., Yildiz, Y. and Bayraktar, I. 2020. Do e-athletes move? A study on physical activity level and body composition in elite e-sports. Physical Education of Students. 24, 5 (2020), 259--264.

[32]

Behnke, M., Gross, J.J. and Kaczmarek, L.D. 2020. The role of emotions in esports performance. Emotion. (2020).

[33]

Behnke, M., Kosakowski, M. and Kaczmarek, L.D. 2020. Social challenge and threat predict performance and cardiovascular responses during competitive video gaming. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 46, (2020), 101584.

[34]

Benoit, J.J., Roudaia, E., Johnson, T., Love, T. and Faubert, J. 2020. The neuropsychological profile of professional action video game players. PeerJ. e10211, 8 (2020).

[35]

Beres, N.A., Frommel, J., Reid, E., Mandryk, R.L. and Klarkowski, M. 2021. Don't You Know That You're Toxic: Normalization of Toxicity in Online Gaming. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 1--15.

Digital Library

[36]

Beres, N.A., Klarkowski, M. and Mandryk, R.L. 2021. Under Pressure: Exploring Choke and Clutch in Competitive Video Games. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 5, (2021), 239.

[37]

Bickmann, P., Wechsler, K., Rudolf, K., Tholl, C., Froböse, I. and Grieben, C. 2021. Comparison of reaction time between esports players of different genres and sportsmen. International Journal of eSports Research. 1, 1 (2021), 1--16.

[38]

Biegun, J., Edgerton, J.D. and Roberts, L.W. 2020. Measuring Problem Online Video Gaming and Its Association With Problem Gambling and Suspected Motivational, Mental Health, and Behavioral Risk Factors in a Sample of University Students. Games and Culture. (May 2020), 1555412019897524.

[39]

Block, F., Hodge, V., Hobson, S., Sephton, N., Devlin, S., Ursu, M.F., Drachen, A. and Cowling, P.I. 2018. Narrative Bytes: Data-Driven Content Production in Esports. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video (New York, NY, USA, 2018), 29--41.

Digital Library

[40]

Block, S. and Haack, F. 2021. eSports: a new industry. The 20th International Scientific Conference Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2020 (2021), 1--9.

[41]

Blom, P.M., Bakkes, S. and Spronck, P. 2019. Towards Multi-modal Stress Response Modelling in Competitive League of Legends. 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG) (London, United Kingdom, 2019), 1--4.

[42]

Bonnar, D., Castine, B., Kakoschke, N. and Sharp, G. 2019. Sleep and Performance in eAthletes: For the win! Sleep Health. 5, 6 (2019), 647--650.

[43]

Bonnar, D., Lee, S., Gradisar, M. and Suh, S. 2019. Risk factors and sleep intervention considerations in esports: A review and practical guide. Sleep Medicine Research. 10, 2 (2019), 59--66.

[44]

Bonny, J.W., Scanlon, M. and Castaneda, L.M. 2020. Variations in psychological factors and experience-dependent changes in team-based video game performance. Intelligence. 80, (2020), 101450.

[45]

Borowy, M. and Jin, D.Y. 2013. Pioneering E-Sport: The Experience Economy and the Marketing of Early 1980s Arcade Gaming Contests. International Journal of Communication. 7, (2013), 2254--2274.

[46]

Bosc, G., Kaytoue, M., Raïssi, C. and Boulicaut, J.-F. 2013. Strategic Patterns Discovery in RTS-games for E-Sport with Sequential Pattern Mining. MLSA@ PKDD/ECML (2013), 11--20.

[47]

Bosc, G., Tan, P., Boulicaut, J.-F., Raïssi, C. and Kaytoue, M. 2017. A Pattern Mining Approach to Study Strategy Balance in RTS Games. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games. 9, 2 (2017), 123--132.

[48]

Bozkurt-Yüksel, A.E. 2021. Intellectual Property Rights of Gamers in Esports. Esporda Oyuncularin Fikri Mülkiyet Haklari. 11, 21 (2021), 275--307.

[49]

Brandão, A., Resende, J.S. and Martins, R. 2020. Employment of Secure Enclaves in Cheat Detection Hardening. Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business (2020), 48--62.

[50]

Brannon, J. 2018. Are You Not Entertained? Considering the P-3 Visa as an Alternative Option for International Esports Professional Gamers. Arizona Law Review. 60, 3 (2018), 753--781.

[51]

Braun, V. and Clarke, V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3, 2 (2006), 77--101.

[52]

Brevers, D., King, D.L. and Billieux, J. Delineating adaptive esports involvement from maladaptive a self. Current Opinion In Psychology. 36, 141--146.

[53]

Brock, T. 2017. Roger Caillois and E-Sports: On the Problems of Treating Play as Work. Games and Culture. 12, 4 (2017), 321--339.

[54]

Brock, T. and Johnson, M. 2021. The gamblification of digital games. Journal of Consumer Culture. 21, 1 (2021), 3--13.

[55]

Burk, D.L. 2013. Owning E-Sports: Proprietary Rights in Professional Computer Gaming. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 161, 6 (May 2013), 1535--1578.

[56]

Buzzelli, A. and Draper, J. 2021. Are They Athletes? A Self-Assessment of Athletic Identity Measurement and Perceived Benefits of Collegiate Esports Participants. Recreational Sports Journal. 45, 2 (2021), 117--130.

[57]

Byrne, A.M. 2020. Using Esports to Teach Bystander Leadership and Collaboration for Students in STEM. About Campus. 25, 1 (2020), 24--27.

[58]

Cabeza-Ramírez, L.J., Sánchez-Cañizares, S.M., Fuentes-García, F.J. and Santos-Roldán, L.M. 2022. Exploring the connection between playing video games and watching video game streaming: Relationships with potential problematic uses. Computers in Human Behavior. 128, (2022), 107130.

Digital Library

[59]

Canavarro, G.G., Sequeiros, J. and Fernandes, F. 2019. Game Design Decisions and Communication Theories Applied to eSports: A Literature Review. Videogame Sciences and Arts (2019), 123--135.

[60]

Candela, J. and Jakee, K. 2018. Can ESports Unseat the Sports Industry? Some Preliminary Evidence from the United States. Choregia. 14, 2 (Jul. 2018), 55--71.

[61]

Carfagna, P.A. 2020. Exploring the Esports Approach of America's Three Major Leagues. Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law. 11, (2020), 115.

[62]

Carrillo Vera, J.A., Aguado Terron, J.M. and Gomez Garcia, S. 2018. Following the trail of eSports: the multidisciplinary boom of research on the competitive practice of video games. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations. 10, 4 (2018), 42--61.

[63]

Carrillo Vera, J.A., Aguado Terrón, J.M., Vera, J.A.C., Terrón, J.M.A., Carrillo Vera, J.A. and Aguado Terrón, J.M. 2019. The esports ecosystem: Stakeholders and trends in a new show business. Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies. 11, 1 (2019), 3--22.

[64]

Carter, M., Gibbs, M. and Arnold, M. 2015. The demarcation problem in multiplayer games: Boundary-work in EVE Online's eSport. Game Studies. 15, 1 (2015).

[65]

Cavadenti, O., Codocedo, V., Boulicaut, J.-F. and Kaytoue, M. 2016. What did I do Wrong in my MOBA Game?: Mining Patterns Discriminating Deviant Behaviours. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA) (New York, NY, United States, 2016), 662--671.

[66]

Cerqueira, M., Monteiro, D., Travassos, B. and Machado, S. 2020. E-Sports: a legitimate sport? Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 20, 2 (2020), 1--3.

[67]

Cestino-Castilla, J., Macey, J. and McCauley, B. 2021. Aiming for validity: The experience of conflicts in legitimacy judgments in esports actors and new grassroots activism. 5th International GamiFIN Conference 2021 (2021), 190--199.

[68]

Çetin, A. and Coskuner, M. 2021. A Conceptual Overview of E-Sports Tourism as a New Trend in the Tourism Industry. Journal of Management and Economic Studies. 3, 1 (2021), 28--34.

[69]

Chan, G., Huo, Y., Kelly, S., Leung, J. and Tisdale, C. 2022. The impact of eSports and online video gaming on lifestyle behaviours in youth: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior. 126, (2022), e106974.

Digital Library

[70]

Chang, K. 2020. Study on How Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Influence Chinese Online Esports Viewership. 6th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2020) (2020), 45--60.

[71]

Charleer, S., Gerling, K., Gutiérrez, F., Cauwenbergh, H., Luycx, B. and Verbert, K. 2018. Real-Time Dashboards to Support eSports Spectating. Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (New York, NY, USA, 2018), 59--71.

Digital Library

[72]

Chee, F.M. and Karhulahti, V. 2020. The ethical and political contours of institutional promotion in esports: From precariat models to sustainable practices. Human Technology. 16, 2 (2020), 200--226.

[73]

Chen, Y.Q., Mei, J. and Huang, S. 2020. Machine Learning and Data mining on the innovation of E-sports industry. International Journal of Education and Information Technologies. 14, (2020), 121--132.

[74]

Chiu, W.S., Fan, T.C.M., Nam, S.B. and Sun, P.H. 2021. Knowledge Mapping and Sustainable Development of eSports Research: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis. Sustainability. 13, 18 (2021), 10354.

[75]

Cho, A., Tsaasan, A.M. and Steinkuehler, C. 2019. The building blocks of an educational esports league: Lessons from year one in orange county high schools. FDG '19: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (New York, NY, United States, 2019), 1--11.

Digital Library

[76]

Choi, C. 2019. Understanding Media Consumption of Electronic Sports through Spectator Motivation, Using Three Different Segmentation Approaches: The Levels of Addiction, Passion, and Fan Identification. Sport Mont. 17, 1 (2019), 3--8.

[77]

Chung, T., Sum, S., Chan, M., Lai, E. and Cheng, N. 2019. Will esports result in a higher prevalence of problematic gaming? A review of the global situation. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 8, 3 (2019), 384--394.

[78]

Coates, D., Parshakov, P. and Paklina, S. 2020. Do managers matter: Evidence from e-Sports. Contemporary Economic Policy. 38, 2 (2020), 304--312.

[79]

Comerford, S. 2012. International Intellectual Property Rights and the Future of Global ?E-Sports." Brooklyn Journal of International Law. 37, 2 (2012), 623--648.

[80]

Conroy, E., Kowal, M., Toth, A.J. and Campbell, M.J. 2021. Boosting: Rank and skill deception in esports. Entertainment Computing. 36, 11 (2021), 100393.

[81]

Conroy, E., Toth, A.J. and Campbell, M.J. 2022. The effect of computer mouse mass on target acquisition performance among action video gamers. Applied Ergonomics. 99, (2022), 103637.

[82]

Cortes, P., Huang, H. and Leung, A. 2021. Analysis of Legal Challenges Facing Esports in The People's Republic of China, Including The Macau SAR. Gaming Law Review: Economics, Regulation, Compliance, and Policy. 25, 10 (2021), 414--425.

[83]

Cranmer, E.E., Han, D.-I.D., van Gisbergen, M. and Jung, T. 2021. Esports matrix: Structuring the esports research agenda. Computers in Human Behavior. 117, (2021), 1106671.

[84]

Crawford, G. 2015. Is it in the Game? Reconsidering Play Spaces, Game Definitions, Theming, and Sports Videogames. Games and Culture. 10, 6 (2015), 571--592.

[85]

Cumming, D.J.-J., Gibbs, M. and Smith, W. 2021. Constructing Authentic Spectatorship at an Esports Bar. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. (2021), 08912416211031661.

[86]

Cunningham, G.B., Fairley, S., Ferkins, L., Kerwin, S., Lock, D., Shaw, S. and Wicker, P. 2018. eSport: Construct specifications and implications for sport management. Sport Management Review. 21, 1 (2018), 1--6.

[87]

Cushen, P.J., Rife, S.C. and Wann, D.L. 2019. The Emergence of a New Type of Sport Fan: Comparing the Fandom, Motivational Profiles, and Identification of Electronic and Traditional Sport Fans. Journal of Sport Behavior. 42, 2 (2019), 127--141.

[88]

Cwil, M., Wardaszko, M., Dabrowski, K. and Chojecki, P. 2019. Empirical Studies on the Role of Matchmaking in Mobile Esports Player Engagement. Neo-Simulation and Gaming Toward Active Learning. R. Hamada, S. Soranastaporn, H. Kanegae, P. Dumrongrojwatthan, S. Chaisanit, P. Rizzi, and V. Dumblekar, eds. Springer. 269--280.

[89]

Czegledy, P.K. 2021. Esports Intergrity Policies. Gaming Law Review: Economics, Regulation, Compliance, and Policy. 25, 4 (2021), 161--170.

[90]

Dafai, S. Al 2016. Conventions within eSports: Exploring Similarities in Design. DiGRA/FDG '16 - Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference of DiGRA and FDG (2016).

[91]

Dahl, M., Tryding, M., Heckler, A. and Nyström, M. 2021. Quiet Eye and Computerized Precision Tasks in First-Person Shooter Perspective Esport Games. Frontiers in Psychology. 12, (2021), 676591.

[92]

Darvin, L., Holden, J., Wells, J. and Baker, T. 2021. Breaking the glass monitor: examining the underrepresentation of women in esports environments. Sport Management Review. 24, 3 (2021), 475--499.

[93]

Darvin, L., Vooris, R. and Mahoney, T. 2020. The playing experiences of esport participants: An analysis of treatment discrimination and hostility in esport environments. Journal of Athlete Development and Experience. 2, 1 (2020), 36--50.

[94]

DeArmond, M.C., Shelton, B.E. and Hsu, Y.-C. 2022. The Gap Between Korean Esports and Educational Gaming. International Journal of Game-Based Learning (IJGBL). 12, 1 (2022), 1--12.

[95]

Delello, J.A., McWhorter, R.R., Roberts, P., Dockery, H.S., De Giuseppe, T. and Corona, F. 2021. The Rise of eSports: Insights Into the Perceived Benefits and Risks for College Students. International Journal of eSports Research. 1, 1 (2021), 1--19.

[96]

Delfabbro, P. and King, D.L. 2020. Gaming-gambling convergence: evaluating evidence for the ?gateway" hypothesis. International Gambling Studies. 20, 3 (2020), 380--392.

[97]

Demediuk, S., Murrin, A., Bulger, D., Hitchens, M., Drachen, A., Raffe, W.L. and Tamassia, M. 2018. Player Retention in League of Legends: A Study Using Survival Analysis. Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (New York, NY, USA, 2018), 1--9.

Digital Library

[98]

Demediuk, S., York, P., Drachen, A., Walker, J.A. and Block, F. 2019. Role Identification for Accurate Analysis in Dota 2. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (2019), 130--138.

[99]

Denoo, M., Bibert, N. and Zaman, B. 2021. Disentangling the motivational pathways of recreational esports gamblers: A laddering study. CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 1--15.

Digital Library

[100]

Derevensky, J.L., Hayman, V. and Gilbeau, L. 2019. Behavioral Addictions: Excessive Gambling, Gaming, Internet, and Smartphone Use Among Children and Adolescents. Substance Abuse. 66, 6 (2019), 1163--1182.

[101]

Difrancisco-Donoghue, J., Balentine, J., Schmidt, G. and Zwibel, H. 2019. Managing the health of the eSport athlete: An integrated health management model. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine. 5, 1 (2019), e000467.

[102]

DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J. and Balentine, J.R. 2018. Collegiate eSport: Where do we fit in? Current Sports Medicine Reports. 17, 4 (2018), 117--118.

[103]

DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., Werner, W.G., Douris, P. and Zwibel, H. 2020. Esports players, got muscle? Competitive video game players' physical activity, body fat, bone mineral content, and muscle mass in comparison to matched controls. Journal of Sport and Health Science. (2020).

[104]

Diwanji, V., Reed, A., Ferchaud, A., Seibert, J., Weinbrecht, V. and Sellers, N. 2020. Don't just watch, join in: Exploring information behavior and copresence on Twitch. Computers in Human Behavior. 105, (2020), 106221.

Digital Library

[105]

Dongsheng, Y., Xiaohang, Y. and Daofeng, K. 2011. The Present Situation and Development Trend of E-sports Games in China. 2011 International Conference on Future Computer Science and Education (2011), 384--386.

[106]

Dwan, H. 2017. What are esports? A beginner's guide. The Telegraph.

[107]

Dykstra, R., Koutakis, P. and Hanson, N. 2021. Relationship Between Physical Fitness Variables and Reaction Time in eSports Gamers. International Journal of eSports Research (IJER). 1, 1 (2021), 1--14.

[108]

Eggert, C., Herrlich, M., Smeddinck, J. and Malaka, R. 2015. Classification of Player Roles in the Team-Based Multi-player Game Dota 2. Entertainment Computing (ICEC 2015) (Gewerbestrasse, Cham, Switzerland, 2015), 112--125.

Digital Library

[109]

Egliston, B. 2018. E-sport, phenomenality and affect. Transformations. 31 (2018), 156--176.

[110]

Elasri-Ejjaberi, A., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, S. and Aparicio-Chueca, P. 2020. Effect of eSport sponsorship on brands: An empirical study applied to youth. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 20, 2 (2020), 852--861.

[111]

Emara, A.K., Ng, M.K., Cruickshank, J.A., Kampert, M.W., Piuzzi, N.S., Schaffer, J.L. and King, D. 2020. Gamer's Health Guide: Optimizing Performance, Recognizing Hazards, and Promoting Wellness in Esports. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 19, 12 (2020), 537--545.

[112]

Emmerich, K., Krekhov, A., Cmentowski, S. and Krueger, J. 2021. Streaming VR Games to the Broad Audience: A Comparison of the First-Person and Third-Person Perspectives. CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2021), 1--14.

Digital Library

[113]

Esic: Who We Are: 2020. https://esic.gg/about/.

[114]

Esports, or esports, or e-sports, or eSports: Words matter for more reasons than you think: 2019. http://thesportdigest.com/2019/11/esports-or-esports-or-e-sports-or-esports-words-matter-for-more-reasons-than-you-think/.

[115]

Esports "thrilled" with Asian Games inclusion: https://ocasia.org/news/1433-esports-thrilled-with-asian-games-inclusion.html.

[116]

Falkenthal, E. and Byrne, A.M. 2020. Distributed Leadership in Collegiate Esports. Simulation & Gaming. (2020).

[117]

Felczak, M. 2020. Local eSports media analyzed through the circuit of culture framework: Onet-RAS case study. Proceedings of the 4th International GamiFIN Conference, 2020 (2020), 177--187.

[118]

Felczak, M. 2015. Narratives of Spectatorship: E-sports in Poland. New perspectives in game studies: Proceedings of the Central and Eastern European Game Studies Conference (2015), 109--124.

[119]

Fietkiewicz, K.J. 2020. The law of live streaming: A systematic literature review and analysis of german legal framework. 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020 (2020), 227--242.

Digital Library

[120]

Fiore, R., Zampaglione, D., Murazzi, E., Bucchieri, F., Cappello, F. and Fucarino, A. 2020. The eSports conundrum: is the sports sciences community ready to face them? A perspective. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 12, (2020), 1591--1602.

[121]

Fogt, J.S., Onate, J., Emerson, A., Kraemer, W. and Fogt, N. 2021. Visual and Ocular Characteristics of eSports Participants. Optometry and Vision Science. 98, 7 (2021), 771--776.

[122]

Font, J.M. and Mahlmann, T. 2019. Dota 2 Bot Competition. IEEE Transactions on Games. 11, 3 (2019), 285--289.

[123]

Ford, C.M. 2017. Virtuosos on the Screen: Playing Virtual Characters Like Instruments in Competitive Super Smash Bros. Melee. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), 1935--1948.

Digital Library

[124]

Freeman, G. and Wohn, D.Y. 2017. eSports as an emerging research context at CHI: Diverse perspectives on definitions. CHI Extended AbstractsCHI EA '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2017), 1601--1608.

Digital Library

[125]

Freeman, G. and Wohn, D.Y. 2017. eSports as An Emerging Research Context at CHI: Diverse Perspectives on Definitions. CHI EA '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2017), 1601--1608.

Digital Library

[126]

Freeman, G. and Wohn, D.Y. 2017. Social Support in eSports: Building Emotional and Esteem Support from Instrumental Support Interactions in a Highly Competitive Environment. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (New York, NY, USA, 2017), 435--447.

Digital Library

[127]

Freeman, G. and Wohn, D.Y. 2019. Understanding eSports Team Formation and Coordination. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 28, (2019), 95--126.

[128]

Freitas, B.D.A. and Contreras-Espinosa, R.S. 2021. Esports Sponsoring: The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Having a Global Audience. Videogame Sciences and Arts. (2021), 37--46.

[129]

Friehs, M.A., Dechant, M., Vedress, S., Frings, C. and Mandryk, R.L. 2021. Shocking advantage! Improving digital game performance using non-invasive brain stimulation. International Journal of Human Computer Studies. 148, (2021), 102582.

[130]

Froke, P. and Baiak, F. 2020. The Associated Press stylebook. Basic Books.

[131]

Funk, D.C., Pizzo, A.D. and Baker, B.J. 2018. eSport management: Embracing eSport education and research opportunities. Sport Management Review. 21, 1 (2018), 7--13.

[132]

Gainsbury, S.M., Abarbanel, B. and Blaszczynski, A. 2017. Game on: Comparison of demographic profiles, consumption behaviours, and gambling site selection criteria of esports and sports bettors. Gaming Law Review. 21, 8 (2017), 575--587.

[133]

García-Lanzo, S., Bonilla, I. and Chamarro, A. 2020. The psychological aspects of electronic sports: Tips for sports psychologists. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 51, 6 (2020), 613--625.

[134]

García, J. and Murillo, C. 2020. Sports video games participation: what can we learn for esports? Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. 10, 2 (2020), 169--185.

[135]

Gawrysiak, J., Burton, R., Jenny, S. and Williams, D. 2020. Using Esports Efficiently to Enhance and Extend Brand Perceptions - A Literature Review. Physical Culture and Sport, Studies and Research. 86, 1 (2020), 1--14.

[136]

Ghazali, N.F., Sanat, N. and As' ari, M.A. 2021. Esports Analytics on PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds Player Placement Prediction using Machine Learning. International Journal of Human and Technology Interaction (IJHaTI). 5, 1 (2021), 17--28.

[137]

Ghoshal, A. 2019. Ethics in Esports. Gaming Law Review. 23, 5 (2019), 338--343.

[138]

Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Duclos_Bastías, D. and Schlüter, F. 2021. Sponsoring Esports Strategies: Brand Image and Attraction Sponsors. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry. 12, 10 (2021), 2137--2155.

[139]

Goebeler, L., Standaert, W. and Xiao, X. 2021. Hybrid sport configurations: The intertwining of the physical and the digital. Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. (2021), 1--10.

[140]

Goldman, M.M. and Hedlund, D.P. 2020. Rebooting content: Broadcasting sport and esports to homes during COVID-19. International Journal of Sport Communication. 13, 3 (2020), 370--380.

[141]

Gong, D., Ma, W., Liu, T., Yan, Y. and Yao, D. 2019. Electronic-Sports Experience Related to Functional Enhancement in Central Executive and Default Mode Areas. Neural Plasticity. (2019), 1--7.

[142]

Gray, P.B., Vuong, J., Zava, D.T. and McHale, T.S. 2018. Testing men's hormone responses to playing League of Legends: No changes in testosterone, cortisol, DHEA or androstenedione but decreases in aldosterone. Computers in Human Behavior. 83, (2018), 230--234.

Digital Library

[143]

Greer, N., Rockloff, M., Browne, M., Hing, N. and King, D.L. 2019. Esports Betting and Skin Gambling: A Brief History. Journal of Gambling Issues. 43, (2019), 128--146.

[144]

Greer, N., Rockloff, M.J., Russell, A.M.T. and Lole, L. 2021. Are esports bettors a new generation of harmed gamblers? A comparison with sports bettors on gambling involvement, problems, and harm. Journal of behavioral addictions. 10, 3 (2021), 435--446.

[145]

Griffiths, M.D., Kuss, D.J., Lopez-Fernandez, O. and Pontes, H.M. 2017. Problematic gaming exists and is an example of disordered gaming. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 6, 3 (2017), 296--301.

[146]

Guo, X. 2021. Research on advertising marketing in E-sports competition in china. 2020 International Conference on New Energy Technology and Industrial Development (NETID 2020) (2021), 3040.

[147]

Guo, Z., Cahalane, M. and Carbonie, A. 2020. Pursuit of happiness through esports: An interpretive structural approach. Proceedings of the 24th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems: Information Systems (IS) for the Future, PACIS 2020 (2020), 199.

[148]

Gupta, D., Sharma, H. and Gupta, M. 2021. Doping as a barrier in universal acceptance of esports. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. (2021).

[149]

Hagiwara, G., Akiyama, D., Furukado, R. and Takeshita, S. 2020. A study on psychological training of eSports using digital games: Focusing on rhythm game. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Spring Conferences of Sports Science (2020), S495--S503.

[150]

Hagiwara, G., Iwatsuki, T., Funamori, H., Matsumoto, M., Kubo, Y., Takami, S., Okano, H. and Akiyama, D. 2021. Effect of positive and negative ions in esports performance and arousal levels. Journal of Digital Life. 1, (2021).

[151]

Hallmann, K. and Giel, T. 2018. eSports -- Competitive sports or recreational activity? Sport Management Review. 21, 1 (2018), 14--20.

[152]

Hamari, J. and Sjöblom, M. 2017. What is eSports and why do people watch it? Internet Research. 27, 2 (2017), 211--232.

[153]

Hamilton, W., Kerne, A. and Robbins, T. 2012. High-Performance Pen + Touch Modality Interactions: A Real-Time Strategy Game eSports Context. Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (New York, NY, USA, 2012), 309--318.

Digital Library

[154]

Hamilton, W.A., Garretson, O. and Kerne, A. 2014. Streaming on Twitch: Fostering Participatory Communities of Play within Live Mixed Media. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2014), 1315--1324.

Digital Library

[155]

Harris, B.C., Hansen, J., Can, O., Rahman, M.W.U., Foxman, M., Cote, A.C. and Fickle, T. 2022. "Starting from scratch to looking really clean and professional": How students' productive labor legitimizes collegiate esports. Critical Studies in Media Communication. (2022), 1--13.

[156]

Hayday, E.J. and Collison, H. 2020. Exploring the Contested Notion of Social Inclusion and Gender Inclusivity within eSport Spaces. Social Inclusion. 8, 3 (2020), 197--208.

[157]

Heggem, T. 2016. It's Complicated: Analyzing the Potential for Esports Players' Unions. Arizona State Sports and Entertainment Law Journal. 6, (2016), 447.

[158]

Hemphill, D. 2005. Cybersport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 32, 2 (2005), 195--207.

[159]

Hidayat, D.N., Sugiharto, S. and Soenyoto, T. 2020. Cirebon Gaming Esport Club Management. Journal of Physical Education and Sports. 9, 1 (2020), 39--43.

[160]

van Hilvoorde, I., Pot, N., Hilvoorde, I. v. and Pot, N. 2016. Embodiment and fundamental motor skills in eSports. Sport Ethics and Philosophy. 10, 1 (Feb. 2016), 14--27.

[161]

Himmelstein, D., Liu, Y. and Shapiro, J.L. 2017. An exploration of mental skills among competitive league of legend players. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations. 9, 2 (2017), 1--21.

Digital Library

[162]

Hippe, R., Dornheim, J., Zeitvogel, S. and Laubenheimer, A. 2017. Evaluation of machine learning algorithms for smurf detection. Collaborative European Research Conference CERC 2017 (Karlsruhe, Germany, 2017), 65--68.

[163]

Hodge, V., Devlin, S., Sephton, N., Block, F., Cowling, P. and Drachen, A. 2019. Win prediction in esports: Mixed-rank match prediction in multi-player online battle arena games. IEEE Transactions on Games. (2019).

[164]

Hodge, V.J., Devlin, S., Sephton, N., Block, F., Cowling, P.I. and Drachen, A. 2021. Win Prediction in Multiplayer Esports: Live Professional Match Prediction. IEEE Transactions on Games. 13, 4 (2021), 368--379.

[165]

Holden, J., Kaburakis, A. and Rodenberg, R.M. 2017. The Future is Now: Esports Policy Considerations and Potential Litigation. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport. 27, 1 (2017), 46--78.

[166]

Holden, J.T. and Baker, T.A. 2019. The Econtractor? Defining the Esports Employment Relationship. American Business Law Journal. 56, 2 (2019), 391--440.

[167]

Holden, J.T., Edelman, M. and Baker, T. 2019. A Short Treatise on Esports and the Law: How America Regulates Its Next National Pastime. University of Illinois Law Review. (2019).

[168]

Holden, J.T., Kaburakis, A. and Rodenberg, R.M. 2018. Esports: Children, stimulants and video-gaming-induced inactivity. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 54, 8 (2018), 830--831.

[169]

Holden, J.T., Kaburakis, A. and Tweedie, J.W. 2019. Virtue(al) games-real drugs. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. 13, 1 (2019), 19--32.

[170]

Holden, J.T., Rodenberg, R.M. and Kaburakis, A. 2017. Esports Corruption: Gambling, Doping, and Global Governance. Maryland Journal of International Law. (2017), 236--273.

[171]

Hollist, K.E. 2015. Time to be grown-ups about video gaming: The rising eSports industry and the need for regulation. Arizona Law Review. 57, 3 (2015), 823--847.

[172]

Hong, H.J. 2022. eSports: the need for a structured support system for players. European Sport Management Quarterly. (2022), 1--24.

[173]

Hou, J., Yang, X. and Panek, E. 2020. How about playing games as a career? The evolution of E-sports in the eyes of mainstream media and public relations. International Journal of Sport Communication. 13, 1 (2020), 1--21.

[174]

Huk, T. 2019. The social context of the benefits achieved in eSport. The New Educational Review. 55, 1 (2019), 160--169.

[175]

Hulaj, R., Nystrom, M.B.T., Sorman, D.E., Backlund, C., Rohlcke, S. and Jonsson, B. 2020. A Motivational Model Explaining Performance in Video Games. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020).

[176]

Huston, C., Gracia B Cruz, A. and Zoppos, E. 2021. Dimensionalizing esports consumption: Alternative journeys to professional play. Journal of Consumer Culture. (2021), 1469540520982364.

[177]

Hutchins, B. 2008. Signs of meta-change in second modernity: the growth of e-sport and the World Cyber Games. New Media and Society. 10, 6 (2008), 851--869.

[178]

Huth, C. 2021. Nutritional behaviour of (Non-) eSports players--a comparative study. Quality in Sport. 7, 2 (2021), 38--44.

[179]

Hüttermann, M., Trail, G.T., Pizzo, A.D. and Stallone, V. 2020. Esports Sponsorship: An Empirical Examination of Esports Consumers' Perceptions of Non-Endemic Sponsors. Journal of Global Sport Management. (2020), 1--26.

[180]

Ibrahim, F. and Lewis, L. 2020. Just a Game? Adoption of Franchising in Esports. Franchise Law Journal. 39, 3 (2020), 371--386.

[181]

Ikenami, R.K., Da Silveira Lobo, L., Silva, É.R., Martins, P.S., Da Costa, P.G.F., Duarte, F.J. and Lipovaya, V. 2020. A method proposal to support decision-making in unstable ecosystems: application in the Brazilian eSports ecosystem case. International Journal of Technology Management. 82, 2 (2020), 172.

[182]

International Esports Federation: https://iesf.org/esports.

[183]

Irwin, S. V., Naweed, A. and Lastella, M. 2021. The mind games have already started: An in-depth examination of trash talking in counter-strike: Global offensive esports using practice theory. Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds. 13, 2 (2021), 173--194.

[184]

Irwin, S. V and Naweed, A. 2018. BM'ing, Throwing, Bug Exploiting, and Other Forms of (Un)Sportsmanlike Behavior in CS:GO Esports. Games and Culture. 15, 4 (2018), 411--433.

[185]

Iwatsuki, T., Hagiwara, G. and Dugan, M.E. 2022. Effectively optimizing esports performance through movement science principles. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 17, 1 (2022), 202--207.

[186]

Jang, W. and Byon, K.K. 2020. Antecedents and consequence associated with esports gameplay. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship. 21, 1 (2020), 1--22.

[187]

Jang, W. and Byon, K.K. 2020. Antecedents of esports gameplay intention: Genre as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior. 109, (2020), 106336.

[188]

Jang, W. and Byon, K.K. 2021. Investigation of eSports Playing Intention Formation: The Moderating Impact of Gender. Sport Marketing Quarterly. 30, 3 (2021), 193--206.

[189]

Jang, W.W., Byon, K.K., Pecoraro, J. and Tsuji, Y. 2021. Clustering Esports Gameplay Consumers via Game Experiences. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 3, (2021), 669999.

[190]

Jasny, M. 2020. Doping in e-sports. An empirical exploration and search for sociological interpretations. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica. 75 (2020), 85--99.

[191]

Jasny, M. 2020. Methodological Dysfunctionalism and E-sports: A New Analytical Approach Application Perspective. Studia Filologiczne UJK: Philological Studies. 33, (2020), 139--152.

[192]

Jasny, M. and Sodomirski, T. 2021. Sport-Related Aspects Of Preparation For Participation In E-sports Tournaments Based on the Game Magic: The Gathering. Tom 47, czesc 2. (2021), 117.

[193]

Jenny, S., Gawrysiak, J. and Besombes, N. 2021. Esports. edu: An Inventory and Analysis of Global Higher Education Esports Academic Programming and Curricula. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2021).

[194]

Jenny, S.E., Keiper, M.C., Taylor, B.J., Williams, D.P., Gawrysiak, J., Manning, R.D. and Tutka, P.M. 2018. eSports Venues: A New Sport Business Opportunity. Journal of Applied Sport Management. 10, 1 (2018).

[195]

Jenny, S.E., Manning, R.D., Keiper, M.C. and Olrich, T.W. 2017. Virtual(ly) Athletes: Where eSports Fit Within the Definition of "Sport." Quest. 69, 1 (2017), 1--18.

[196]

Ji, Z. and Hanna, R.C. 2020. Gamers First--How Consumer Preferences Impact eSports Media Offerings. JMM International Journal on Media Management. 22, 1 (2020), 13--29.

[197]

Jiménez-Marín, G., Madroñal, M.G. and Galiano-Coronil, A. 2021. Social Media Marketing and Gamer Events: The Case of the Launch of Apex Legends as a Model of Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship. 25, (2021), 1--10.

[198]

Jin, D.Y. 2020. Historiography of Korean Esports: Perspectives on Spectatorship. International Journal of Communication. 14, (2020), 3727--3745.

[199]

Jin, D.Y. and Chee, F. 2008. Age of New Media Empires: A Critical Interpretation of the Korean Online Game Industry. Games and Culture. 3, 1 (2008), 38--58.

[200]

Johnson, M.R. and Mejia, R. 2017. Making Science Fiction Real: Neoliberalism, Real-Life and Esports in Eve Online. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research. 10, 3 (2017), 1--13.

[201]

Johnson, M.R. and Woodcock, J. 2017. Fighting games and Go: Exploring the aesthetics of play in professional gaming. Thesis Eleven. 138, 1 (2017), 26--45.

[202]

Johnson, M.R. and Woodcock, J. 2019. "It's like the gold rush': the lives and careers of professional video game streamers on Twitch.tv. Information Communication and Society. 22, 3 (2019), 336--351.

[203]

Johnson, M.R. and Woodcock, J. 2021. Work, play, and precariousness: An overview of the labour ecosystem of esports. Media, Culture & Society. 43, 8 (2021), 1449--1465.

[204]

Jonasson, K. 2016. Broadband and circuits: the place of public gaming in the history of sport. Sport, Ethics & Philosophy. 10, 1 (2016), 28--41.

[205]

Jonasson, K. and Thiborg, J. 2010. Electronic sport and its impact on future sport. Sport in Society. 13, 2 (2010), 287--299.

[206]

Jonnalagadda, A., Frosio, I., Schneider, S., McGuire, M. and Kim, J. 2021. Robust Vision-Based Cheat Detection in Competitive Gaming. Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games (I3D '21) (New York, NY, USA, 2021), 1--17.

[207]

Julkunen, S., Raatikainen, M., Rollins, M. and Pennanen, M. 2021. Understanding the European Business Environment in Esports: An Ecosystem Perspective. Nordic Journal of Business. 70, 1 (2021), 39--58.

[208]

Kadan, A., Li, L. and Chen, T. 2018. Modeling and analysis of features of team play strategies in eSports applications. Modern Information Technologies and IT-Education. 14, 2 (2018), 397--407.

[209]

Kailash, S. and Pabalkar, D. 2021. Impact of Esports on Sports Branding and Customer Awareness. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. 8, 3 (2021), 506--516.

[210]

Kajastila, R., Holsti, L. and Hämäläinen, P. 2016. The Augmented Climbing Wall: High-Exertion Proximity Interaction on a Wall-Sized Interactive Surface. CHI '16: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2016), 758--769.

Digital Library

[211]

Kane, D. and Spradley, B.D. 2017. Recognizing ESports as a Sport. The Sport Journal. (2017).

[212]

Kang, S.-K. and Lee, J.-H. 2020. An E-Sports Video Highlight Generator Using Win-Loss Probability Model. SAC '20: Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (New York, NY, United States, 2020), 915--922.

[213]

Karhulahti, V.-M. 2016. Prank, troll, gross and gore: Performance issues in Esport live-streaming. DiGRA/FDG '16 - Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference of DiGRA and FDG. 13, 1 (2016).

[214]

Karhulahti, V.-M. 2017. Reconsidering Esport: Economics and Executive Ownership. Physical Culture & Sport. Studies & ResearchStudies & Research. 74, 1 (2017), 43--53.

[215]

Kari, T., Siutila, M. and Karhulahti, V.-M. 2018. An Extended Study on Training and Physical Exercise in Esports. Exploring the Cognitive, Social, Cultural, and Psychological Aspects of Gaming and Simulations. IGI GLOBAL. 23.

[216]

Katona, A., Spick, R., Hodge, V., Demediuk, S., Block, F., Drachen, A. and Walker, J.A. 2019. Time to Die: Death Prediction in Dota 2 using Deep Learning. 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG) (2019), 1--8.

Digital Library

[217]

Kauweloa, N. and Winter, J. 2019. Taking College Esports Seriously. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2019), 2448--2457.

[218]

Kauweloa, S. and Winter, J.S. 2016. Colligiate E-sports as Work or Play. DiGRA/FDG '16 - Proceedings of the First International Joint Conference of DiGRA and FDG. 13, 1 (2016).

[219]

Ke, X. and Wagner, C. 2020. Global pandemic compels sport to move to esports understanding from brand extension perspective. Managing Sport and Leisure. (2020), 1--6.

[220]

Kelly, S. and Leung, J. 2021. The New Frontier of Esports and Gaming: A Scoping Meta-Review of Health Impacts and Research Agenda. Frontiers in sports and active living. 3, (2021), 640362.

[221]

Kelly, S.J., Derrington, S. and Star, S. 2021. Governance challenges in esports: A best practice framework for addressing integrity and wellbeing issues. International of Sport Policy and Politics. 14, 1 (2021), 151--168.

[222]

Kelly, S.J. and Van der Leij, D. 2020. A new frontier: Alcohol sponsorship activation through esports. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 39, 4 (2020), 533--558.

[223]

Kemp, C., Pienaar, P.R. and Rae, D, E. 2020. Brace yourselves: esports is coming. South African Journal of Sports Medicine. 32, 1 (2020), 1--2.

[224]

Kemp, C., Pienaar, P.R., Rosslee, D.T., Lipinska, G., Roden, L.C. and Rae, D.E. 2021. Sleep in Habitual Adult Video Gamers: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, (2021), 781351.

[225]

Kempe-Cook, L., Sher, S.T.-H. and Su, N.M. 2019. Behind the voices: The practice and challenges of eSports casters. CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2019), 1--12.

Digital Library

[226]

Kendal, K., Ataç, A. and Köse, I.T. 2021. System Discomfort and Mental Toughness in E-Sport Players. The Turkish Journal on Addictions. (2021).

[227]

Kim, J. and Kim, M. 2020. Spectator e-sport and well-being through live streaming services. Technology in Society. 63, (2020), 101401.

[228]

Kim, S.H. and Thomas, M.K. 2015. A Stage theory model of professional video game players in South Korea: The socio-cultural dimensions of the development of expertise. Asian Journal of Information Technology. 14, 5 (2015), 176--186.

[229]

Kim, S.J., Kim, S.Y. and Lee, G. 2021. Learning from eSports: A review, comparison, and research agenda. Pan - Pacific Journal of Business Research. 12, 1 (2021), 61--80.

[230]

Kim, Y. 2013. A study of wellness core technology and E-sports. 2013 International Conference on IT Convergence and Security, ICITCS 2013 (2013), 1--3.

[231]

Kim, Y., Choi, M.J. and Cha, Y.S. 2012. A study on the impact of e-sports participation by students with mental retardation on their self-confidence and social skills. 2012 Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN) (2012), 471--475.

[232]

Kim, Y., Lee, S. and Lee, Y. 2021. Sequential Effects of Indirect, Direct, and Virtual Sport Experiences on Consumer Learning. Sport Marketing Quarterly. 30, 3 (2021), 235--246.

[233]

Kim, Y., Nauright, J. and Suveatwatanakul, C. 2020. The rise of E-Sports and potential for Post-COVID continued growth. Sport in Society. 23, 11 (2020), 1861--1871.

[234]

Kobritz, J. 2015. Should eSports Be Sanctioned as an NCAA Sport? Journal of NCAA Compliance. 6 (2015), 4--5.

[235]

Kocak, U.Z. 2022. Are eSports more than just sitting? A study comparing energy expenditure. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research. 11, 1 (2022), 39--45.

[236]

Kokkinakis, A. V. et al. 2020. DAX: Data-Driven Audience Experiences in Esports. ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences (New York, NY, United States, 2020), 94--105.

[237]

Kokkinakis, A., York, P., Patra, M., Robertson, J., Kirman, B., Coates, A., Pedrassoli Chitayat, A., Demediuk, S.P., Drachen, A. and Hook, J.D. 2021. Metagaming and metagames in Esports. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2021), 1--24.

[238]

Komatsu, M., Matsumoto, T. and Prowant, C. 2021. Learning through Esports in Innovation Practice on Electrical Technology. Procedia Computer Science. 192, (2021), 2550--2557.

Digital Library

[239]

Koposov, D., Semenova, M., Somov, A., Lange, A., Stepanov, A. and Burnaev, E. 2020. Analysis of the reaction time of esports players through the gaze tracking and personality trait. 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) (2020), 1560--1565.

[240]

Kordyaka, B., Jahn, K. and Niehaves, B. 2020. To Diversify or Not? Uncovering the Effects of Identification and Media Engagement on Franchise Loyalty in eSports. JMM: The International Journal on Media Management. 22, 1 (2020), 49--66.

[241]

Korotin, A., Khromov, N., Stepanov, A., Lange, A., Burnaev, E. and Somov, A. 2019. Towards understanding of eSports athletes' potentialities: The sensing system for data collection and analysis. 2019 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (2019).

[242]

Koshy, A., Cironis, L., McVey, M., Sousa, A., Ahmad, S.L., Hassan, T., Yuen, K., Douris, P.C., Zwibel, H. and DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J. 2020. An observation of common physiological parameters during esports activity. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2020), 1--11.

[243]

Koshy, A. and Koshy, G.M. 2020. The Potential of Physiological Monitoring Technologies in Esports. International Jounral of Esports. 1, 1 (2020), 1--11.

[244]

Kou, Y. 2020. Toxic Behaviors in Team-Based Competitive Gaming: The Case of League of Legends. CHI PLAY '20: Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (New York, NY, United States, 2020), 81--92.

[245]

Kou, Y. and Gui, X. 2020. Emotion Regulation in eSports Gaming: A Qualitative Study of League of Legends. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 4, 2 (2020), 1--25.

Digital Library

[246]

Kramer, K., Wagner, D. and Scheck, B. 2021. Reaping the digital dividend? Sport marketing's move into esports: insights from Germany. European Journal of International Management. 15, 2--3 (2021), 339--366.

[247]

Kunz, R.E., Roth, A. and Santomier, J.P. 2021. A perspective on value co-creation processes in eSports service ecosystems. Sport, Business and Management. (2021), 1--25.

[248]

Kwag, S., Lee, W.J. and Ko, Y.D. 2020. Optimal seat allocation strategy for e-sports gaming center. International Transactions in Operational Research. (2020).

[249]

Lam, A.T.W., Perera, T.P., Quirante, K.B.A., Wilks, A., Ionas, A.J. and Baxter, G.D. 2020. E-athletes' lifestyle behaviors, physical activity habits, and overall health and wellbeing: A systematic review. Physical Therapy Reviews. 25, 5--6 (2020), 449--461.

[250]

Lazcano, A. and Avedillo, A. 2021. Equating Esports and Traditional Sports May Facilitate its Regulation Around the World. Gaming Law Review: Economics, Regulation, Compliance, and Policy. 25, 10 (2021), 459--463.

[251]

Lebed, F. 2021. Physical Activity is not Necessary: The Notion of Sport as Unproductive Officialised Competitive Game. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. 16, 1 (2021), 111--129.

[252]

Lee, D., Cheon, W., Judge, L.W., Shin, H. and Kim, K.-O. 2012. Motives and Marketing Stimuli Affecting Esports Consumption: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. International Journal of Sport Management. 16, 1 (2012), 65--91.

[253]

Lee, S.-S., Lin, H.-L., Teo, K.H., Tan, W.P. and Lin, C.-W. 2018. Discussion on The Consumers Motivation to Watch E-sports Game and The Follow-up Behaviors Intention. ICEEL 2018: Proceedings of the 2018 2nd International Conference on Education and E-Learning (New York, NY, United States, 2018), 181--186.

Digital Library

[254]

Lehnert, K., Walz, A. and Christianson, R. 2020. The booming eSports market: A field day for fans. Journal of Business Strategy. (2020), 1--7.

[255]

Leis, O. and Lautenbach, F. 2020. Psychological and physiological stress in non-competitive and competitive esports settings: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 51, (2020), 101738.

[256]

Leis, O., Raue, C., Dreiskämper, D. and Lautenbach, F. 2021. To be or not to be (e)sports? That is not the question! Why and how sport and exercise psychology could research esports. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 51, 2 (2021), 241--247.

[257]

Lelonek-Kuleta, B. and Bartczuk, R.P. 2021. Online Gambling Activity, Pay-to-Win Payments, Motivation to Gamble and Coping Strategies as Predictors of Gambling Disorder Among e-sports Bettors. Journal of Gambling Studies. 37, 4 (2021), 1079--1098.

[258]

Lert-asavapatra, P. and Wangmahaporn, B. 2020. Factors Affecting to Virtual Goods Purchase Intention: Free to Play Gaming Context. 2020: International Academic Multidisciplinary Research Conference in Switzerland 2020 (West Chester Pike, PA, USA., 2020), 131--136.

[259]

Lettieri, E. and Orsenigo, C. 2020. Predicting soccer consumption: Do eSports matter? Empirical insights from a machine learning approach. Sport, Business and Management. 10, 5 (2020), 523--544.

[260]

Li, L., Uttarapong, J., Freeman, G. and Wohn, D.Y. 2020. Spontaneous, Yet Studious: Esports Commentators' Live Performance and Self-Presentation Practices. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (New York, NY, United States, 2020), 1--25.

[261]

Lim, S.-G., Jung, S.-H. and Huh, J.-H. 2021. Visual algorithm of VR e-sports for online health care. Healthcare. 9, 7 (2021), 824.

[262]

Lim, S.H. 2018. Electronic Football Participation vs. Traditional Football Engagements in Korea. Research in Dance and Physical Education. 2, 1 (2018), 1--15.

[263]

Lin, J.-H.T., Bowman, N., Lin, S.-F. and Chen, Y.-S. 2019. Setting the digital stage: Defining game streaming as an entertainment experience. Entertainment Computing. 31, (2019), 100309.

[264]

Lin, Z. and Zhao, Y. 2020. Self-enterprising eSports: Meritocracy, precarity, and disposability of eSports players in China. International Journal of Cultural Studies. 23, 4 (2020), 582--599.

[265]

Lindberg, L., Nielsen, S.B., Damgaard, M., Sloth, O.R., Rathleff, M.S. and Straszek, C.L. 2020. Musculoskeletal pain is common in competitive gaming: A cross-sectional study among Danish esports athletes. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 6, 1 (2020), 799.

[266]

Lipovaya, V., Costa, P., Grillo, P., Volosiuk, A. and Sopina, A. 2019. eSports: Opportunities for Future Ergonomic Studies. IEA 2018: Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018) (2019), 1937--1947.

[267]

Liu, K. 2019. A Global Analysis into Loot Boxes: Is It ?Virtually" Gambling? Washington International Law Journal. 28, 3 (2019), 763--799.

[268]

Lokhman, N., Karashchuk, O. and Kornilova, O. 2018. Analysis of esports as a commercial activity. Problems and Perspectives in Management. 16, 1 (2018), 207--213.

[269]

Lopez-Cabarcos, M.A., Ribeiro-Soriano, D. and Pineiro-Chousa, J. 2020. All that glitters is not gold. The rise of gaming in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge. 5, 4 (2020), 289--296.

[270]

Lukowicz, K. and Strzelecki, A. 2020. User Satisfaction on Social Media Profile of E-sports Organization. Marketing and Management of Innovations. 4 (2020), 61--75.

[271]

Lux, M., Halvorsen, P., Dang-Nguyen, D.-T., Stensland, H., Kesavulu, M., Potthast, M. and Riegler, M. 2019. Summarizing E-Sports Matches and Tournaments: The Example of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Immersive Mixed and Virtual Environment Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2019), 13--18.

Digital Library

[272]

MacArthur, C., Gringberg, A., Harley, D. and Hancock, M. 2021. You're Making Me Sick: A Systematic Review of How Virtual Reality Research Considers Gender & Cybersickness. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '21). (New York, NY, USA, 2021), 1--15.

Digital Library

[273]

Macedo, T. and Falcão, T. 2020. Like a Pro: Communication, Camaraderie and Group Cohesion in the Amazonian Esports Scenario. Entertainment Computing. 34, (2020), 100354.

[274]

Macey, J., Abarbanel, B. and Hamari, J. 2020. What predicts esports betting? A study on consumption of video games, esports, gambling and demographic factors. New Media & Society. (2020).

[275]

Macey, J. and Hamari, J. 2019. eSports, skins and loot boxes: Participants, practices and problematic behaviour associated with emergent forms of gambling. New Media and Society. 21, 1 (2019), 20--41.

[276]

Macey, J. and Hamari, J. 2018. Investigating relationships between video gaming, spectating esports, and gambling. Computers in Human Behavior. 80, (2018), 344--353.

Digital Library

[277]

Macey, J., Tyrväinen, V., Pirkkalainen, H. and Hamari, J. 2020. Does esports spectating influence game consumption? Behaviour and Information Technology. (2020), 1--17.

[278]

Madden, D. and Harteveld, C. 2021. Constant pressure of having to perform: Exploring player health concerns in esports. 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Making Waves, Combining Strengths, CHI 2021 (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 1--14.

Digital Library

[279]

Madden, D., Liu, X., Yu, H., Sonbudak, M.F., Troiano, G.M. and Harteveld, C. 2021. Why are you playing games? You are a girl!: Exploring gender biases in esports. 10th International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterisation, ICMPC 2020 (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 1--15.

[280]

Malvone, N. 2020. Esports Game Changers Impact Society Following the Path of Traditional Sports. International Journal of Business Management and Commerce. 5, 2 (2020), 30--37.

[281]

Mandryk, R.L., Frommel, J., Armstrong, A. and Johnson, D. 2020. How Passion for Playing World of Warcraft Predicts In-Game Social Capital, Loneliness, and Wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020), Article 2165.

[282]

Mao, E. 2021. The structural characteristics of esports gaming and their behavioral implications for high engagement: A competition perspective and a cross-cultural examination. Addictive Behaviors. 123, (2021), Article number 107056.

[283]

Marcelino, S.L., Leo, G. and Rafdinal, W. 2021. Esports: An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Continuance Intention. Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar of Science and Applied Technology (ISSAT 2021) (2021), 690--696.

[284]

Marta, R.F., Fernando, J., Sampurna, A., Boado Jarata, J.R. and Syarnubi, K.L. 2021. Interactivity in E-Sport Future Learning from the Choices and Attributes Perspectives of Online News. Review of International Geographical Education Online. 11, 4 (2021), 1192--1202.

[285]

Marta, R.F., Prasetya, A.A., Laurensia, B., Stevani, S. and Syarnubi, K.L. 2020. Imbalance Identity in E-Sports News Intersectionality on Covid-19 Pandemic Situation. Jurnal ASPIKOM. 5, 2 (2020), 206--218.

[286]

Martin-Niedecken, A.L., Rogers, K., Vidal, L.T., Mekler, E.D. and Segura, E.M. 2019. ExerCube vs. Personal Trainer: Evaluating a Holistic, Immersive, and Adaptive Fitness Game Setup. CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2019), 1--15.

Digital Library

[287]

Martin-Niedecken, A.L. and Schättin, A. 2020. Let the Body'n'Brain Games Begin: Toward Innovative Training Approaches in eSports Athletes. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020), 138.

[288]

Martinelli, D. 2017. Skin Gambling: Have we Found the Millennial Goldmine or Imminent Trouble? Gaming Law Review. 21, 8 (2017), 557--565.

[289]

Martinelli, J. 2019. The Challenges of Implementing a Governing Body for Regulating ESports. International & Comparative Law Review. 26, 2 (2019), 499--523.

[290]

Martoncik, M. 2015. E-Sports: Playing just for fun or playing to satisfy life goals? Computers in Human Behavior. 48, (2015), 208--211.

Digital Library

[291]

Masala, D. and Iona, T. 2018. The Psycho-pedagogic Value of Video Games and E-sports. Senses and Sciences. 5, 4 (2018), 676--683.

[292]

Mateo-Orcajada, A., Abenza-Cano, L. and Vaquero-Cristóbal, R. 2022. Analyzing the changes in the psychological profile of professional League of Legends players during competition. Computers in Human Behavior. 126, (2022), e107030.

Digital Library

[293]

Mathonat, R., Boulicaut, J.F. and Kaytoue, M. 2020. A Behavioral Pattern Mining Approach to Model Player Skills in Rocket League. 2020 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG) (2020), 267--274.

[294]

Matsui, A., Sapienza, A. and Ferrara, E. 2019. Does Streaming Esports Affect Players' Behavior and Performance? Games and Culture. 15, 1 (2019), 9--31.

[295]

Matuszewski, P., Dobrowolski, P. and Zawadzki, B. 2020. The Association Between Personality Traits and eSports Performance. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020), 1490--1490.

[296]

McCutcheon, C. and Hitchens, M. 2020. eSport and the exploitation of digital labour. The Journal of Fandom Studies. 8, 1 (2020), 65--81.

[297]

McCutcheon, C., Hitchens, M. and Drachen, A. 2018. eSport vs irlSport. ACE 2017: Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (Cham, Switzerland, 2018), 531--542.

[298]

McGee, C. and Ho, K. 2021. Tendinopathies in video gaming and esports. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 3, (2021), 689371.

[299]

McGinniss, K.T., Goutos, D. and Tuakli-Wosornu, Y.A. 2020. Diversifying Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in American College Athletics: The Case for Adaptive (And Other Non-Traditional) Sports. Sport Journal. (2020).

[300]

McLeod, C.M., Xue, H. and Newman, J.I. 2021. Opportunity and inequality in the emerging esports labor market. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. (2021), 10126902211064092.

[301]

Meaning of e-sport in English: https://www.lexico.com/definition/e-sport.

[302]

Meier, M., Maier, C., Mattke, J. and Weitzel, T. 2020. Esports: Explaining Willingness to Pay for Streaming Services. Communications of the Association for Information System. (2020), 556--577.

[303]

Melentev, N., Somov, A., Burnaev, E., Strelnikova, I., Melenteva, E. and Menshchikov, A. 2020. ESports Players Professional Level and Tiredness Prediction using EEG and Machine Learning. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors (2020), 1--4.

[304]

Meng-Lewis, Y., Wong, D., Zhao, Y. and Lewis, G. 2020. Understanding complexity and dynamics in the career development of eSports athletes. Sport Management Review. (2020), 1--17.

[305]

Micallef, D., Brennan, L., Parker, L., Schivinski, B. and Jackson, M. 2021. Where Do Online Games Fit into the Health Behaviour Ecology of Emerging Adults: A Scoping Review. Nutrients. 13, 8 (2021), 2895.

[306]

Milic, M.K. 2020. E-sport during the covid 19 pandemic and its negative impact on child health. Sportske Nauke i Zdravlje. 10, 2 (2020), 193--199.

[307]

Miroff, M. 2019. Tiebreaker: An Antitrust Analysis of Esports. Columbia Journal of Law & Social Problems. 52, 2 (2019), 177--233.

[308]

Mizumatsu, Y., Oda, R. and Kajinami, T. 2018. A User Interface to Visualize the Viewing Tendencies of e-Sports Players. 2018 IEEE 7th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE) (New York, NY, United States, 2018), 663--664.

[309]

Moll, P., Lux, M., Theuermann, S. and Hellwagner, H. 2018. A Network Traffic and Player Movement Model to Improve Networking for Competitive Online Games. 2018 16th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames) (2018), 1--6.

[310]

Molnár, A., Sánta, J. and Ráthonyi, G.G. 2020. Examination of the Hungarian esport ecosystem throgh international examples. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce. 14, 1--2 (2020), 96--101.

[311]

Mora-Cantallops, M. and Sicilia, M.Á. 2019. Team efficiency and network structure: The case of professional League of Legends. Social Networks. 58, (2019), 105--115.

[312]

Moral, R.C.B., Paulus, G.B., Assunção, J.V.C. and Silva, L.A.L. 2020. Investigating Case Learning Techniques for Agents to Play the Card Game of Truco. 2020 19th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames) (2020), 107--116.

[313]

Murakami, K. and Miyachi, H. 2021. A Study on the Impact of High Refresh-Rate Displays on Scores of eSports. International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (2021), 283--288.

[314]

Murakami, K., Miyashita, K. and Miyachi, H. 2020. A Study on the Relationship Between Refresh-Rate of Display and Reaction Time of eSports. International Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing (2020), 339--347.

[315]

Murray, S., Birt, J. and Blakemore, S. 2020. eSports diplomacy: towards a sustainable "gold rush." Sport in Society. (2020), 1--20.

[316]

Musabirov, I., Bulygin, D., Okopny, P. and Sirotkin, A. 2017. Deconstructing Cosmetic Virtual Goods Experiences in Dota 2. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), 2054--2058.

Digital Library

[317]

Musick, G., Zhang, R., McNeese, N.J., Freeman, G. and Hridi, A.P. 2021. Leveling Up Teamwork in Esports: Understanding Team Cognition in a Dynamic Virtual Environment. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 1--30.

[318]

Myers, B. 2017. Friends With Benefits: Plausible Optimism and the Practice of Teabagging in Video Games. Games and Culture. 14, 7--8 (2017), 763--780.

[319]

Nagorsky, E. and Wiemeyer, J. 2020. The structure of performance and training in esports. PLoS ONE. 16, 4 (2020), e0250316.

[320]

Naraine, M.L. 2021. Actually, Esports Is Sport: A Response to Parry's (2019) Misguided View. Sports Innovation Journal. 2, (2021), 33--44.

[321]

Naweed, A., Irwin, S. V. and Lastella, M. 2020. Varieties of (Un)sportsmanlike Conduct in the FPS Esports Genre: A Taxonomic Classification of "Esportsmanship.' Journal of Global Sport Management. (2020), 1--21.

[322]

Neus, F. 2020. Differences and similarities in motivation for offline and online eSports event consumption. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2020), 79--99.

[323]

Newzoo 2020. 2020 Global Esports Market Report.

[324]

Nielsen, R.K.L., Hanghøj, T., Boller, M. and Mollerup, P. 2021. Teaching Esports to Young Students with Autism: Exploring Pedagogical Possibilities and Challenges. FDG'21: The 16th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG) 2021 (2021), 1--8.

Digital Library

[325]

Nikas, I.A. and Poulaki, I. 2021. eSports Tourism: Sports Tourism in a Modern Tourism Environment. Culture and Tourism in a Smart, Globalized, and Sustainable World (2021), 105--115.

[326]

Noriya, W., To-aj, O., Jarueksil, S., Muendech, S. and Srichaisawat, P. 2021. The Direction of Promoting Esport Industry in Thailand. Annals of Applied Sport Science. 9, 3 (2021), e1027.

[327]

Novak, A.R., Bennett, K.J., Pluss, M.A. and Fransen, J. 2020. Performance analysis in esports: Modelling performance at the 2018 League of Legends World Championship. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 15, 5--6 (2020), 809--817.

[328]

Nuangjumnong, T. 2015. The universality of leadership behaviors in virtual environments: a case of esports players in Thailand. Journal of the Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies. 30 (2015), 105--132.

[329]

Ohrankammen, J., Alavesa, P. and Arhippainen, L. 2021. Approaching Collaborative Flow in Collaborative Gaming, a Survey Study. 2021 30th Conference of Open Innovations Association FRUCT (2021), 148--154.

[330]

Olshefski, E. 2015. Game-Changing Event Definition and Detection in an eSports Corpus. Proceedings of the The 3rd Workshop on EVENTS: Definition, Detection, Coreference, and Representation (Denver, Colorado, 2015), 77--81.

[331]

Orme, S. 2021. "Just watching": A qualitative analysis of non-players' motivations for video game spectatorship. New Media & Society. (2021), 1461444821989350.

[332]

Pack, S.M. and Hedlund, D.P. 2020. Inclusion of electronic sports in the Olympic Games for the right (or wrong) reasons. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 12, 3 (2020), 485--495.

[333]

Page, M.J. et al. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery. 88, (2021), 105906.

[334]

Palanichamy, T., Sharma, M.K., Sahu, M. and Kanchana, D.M. 2020. Influence of Esports on stress: A systematic review. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 29, 2 (2020), 191--199.

[335]

Pantelic, N., Milo?evic, M. and Ilic, R. 2021. Electronic Sports as a Research Subject in the Biophysical Branch of Sport Sciences. Sinteza 2021 - International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Data Related Research (2021), 287--292.

[336]

Paravizo, E. and de Souza, R.L.R. 2021. Towards Improving Esports' Working Conditions: Insights on Role of a Professional Players' Association. 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (2021), 755--761.

[337]

Parry, J. 2019. E-sports are Not Sports. Sport, Ethics & Philosophy. 13, 1 (2019), 3--18.

[338]

Parshakov, P., Coates, D. and Zavertiaeva, M. 2018. Is diversity good or bad? Evidence from eSports teams analysis. Applied Economics. 50, 47 (2018), 5064--5075.

[339]

Parshakov, P., Naidenova, I. and Barajas, A. 2020. Spillover effect in promotion: Evidence from video game publishers and eSports tournaments. Journal of Business Research. 118, (2020), 262--270.

[340]

Parshakov, P. and Zavertiaeva, M. 2018. Determinants of Performance in eSports: A Country-Level Analysis. International Journal of Sport Finance. 13, 1 (2018), 34--51.

[341]

Pedraza-Ramirez, I., Musculus, L., Raab, M. and Laborde, S. 2020. Setting the scientific stage for esports psychology: a systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 13, 1 (2020), 319--352.

[342]

Pelletier, V.H., Lessard, A., Piché, F., Tétreau, C. and Descarreaux, M. 2020. Video games and their associations with physical health: a scoping review. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine. 6, 1 (2020), e000832.

[343]

Pellicone, A.J. and Ahn, J. 2017. The Game of Performing Play: Understanding Streaming as Cultural Production. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), 4863--4874.

Digital Library

[344]

Peng, Q., Dickson, G., Scelles, N., Grix, J. and Brannagan, P.M. 2020. Esports Governance: Exploring Stakeholder Dynamics. Sustainability. 12, 19 (2020), 8270.

[345]

Pesa, A.R., Cicin-Sain, D. and Blazevic, T. 2017. New Business Model in the Growing E-Sports Industry. Poslovna Izvrsnost/Business Excellence. 11, 2 (2017), 121--132.

[346]

Piotr, G. and Artur, S. 2021. How Randomness Affects Player Ability to Predict the Chance to Win at PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG). The Computer Games Journal. 10, 1--4 (2021), 1--18.

[347]

Pires, K. and Simon, G. 2014. DASH in Twitch: Adaptive Bitrate Streaming in Live Game Streaming Platforms. Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on Design, Quality and Deployment of Adaptive Video Streaming (New York, NY, USA, 2014), 13--18.

Digital Library

[348]

Pishchik, V.I., Molokhina, G.A., Petrenko, E.A. and Milova, Y.V. 2019. Features of mental activity of students: eSport players. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering & Education (IJCRSEE). 7, 2 (Jul. 2019), 67--76.

[349]

Pizzo, A.D., Jones, G.J., Baker, B.J., Funk, D.C. and Kunkel, T. 2021. Sensemaking of novelty: the dynamic nature of integrating esports within a traditional sport organization. Sport Management Review. (2021), 1--24.

[350]

Pizzo, A.D., Jones, G.J., Funk, D.C. and Hall, S. 2019. Navigating the Iron Cage: An Institutional Creation Perspective of Collegiate eSports. International Journal of Sport Management. 20, 1 (2019), 171--197.

[351]

Pizzo, A.D., Kunkel, T., Jones, G.J., Baker, B.J. and Funk, D.C. 2022. The strategic advantage of mature-stage firms: Digitalization and the diversification of professional sport into esports. Journal of Business Research. 139, (2022), 257--266.

[352]

Pizzo, A.D., Na, S., Baker, B.J., Lee, M.A., Kim, D. and Funk, D.C. 2018. eSport vs. Sport: A Comparison of Spectator Motives. Sport Marketing Quarterly. 27, 2 (Jun. 2018), 108--123.

[353]

Pohl, C. 2017. Sword and Shield: Nevada, Esports, and the Non-Divergent Interests. Gaming Law Review. 21, 8 (Oct. 2017), 588--602.

[354]

Post, G. and Birt, J. 2020. Assessing esport candidacy for critical thinking education. ASCILITE 2020: 37th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education (2020), 295--300.

[355]

Poulus, D., Coulter, T.J., Trotter, M.G. and Polman, R. 2020. Stress and Coping in Esports and the Influence of Mental Toughness. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020), 628.

[356]

Poulus, D.R., Coulter, T.J., Trotter, M.G. and Polman, R. 2021. A qualitative analysis of the perceived determinants of success in elite esports athletes. Journal Of Sports Sciences. (2021), 1--12.

[357]

Poulus, D.R., Coulter, T.J., Trotter, M.G. and Polman, R. 2021. Longitudinal analysis of stressors, stress, coping and coping effectiveness in elite esports athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. (2021), 102093.

[358]

Przybylski, A.K., Weinstein, N., Ryan, R.M. and Rigby, C.S. 2009. Having to versus wanting to play: Background and consequences of harmonious versus obsessive engagement in video games. CyberPsychology & Behavior. 12, 5 (2009), 485--492.

[359]

Pu, H., Xiao, S. and Kota, R.W. 2021. Virtual games meet physical playground: exploring and measuring motivations for live esports event attendance. Sport in Society. (2021), 1--23.

[360]

Pu, H.Z., Kim, J. and Daprano, C. 2021. Can Esports Substitute Traditional Sports? The Convergence of Sports and Video Gaming during the Pandemic and Beyond. Societies. 11, 4 (2021), 129.

[361]

Putra, E.Y., Adam, S.I., Rambitan, H. and Lombo, D.G. 2021. Information System of Digital Portfolio Platform and E-Sports Tournament Events in North Sulawesi Based On Android. 2021 3rd International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent System (ICORIS) (2021), 1--7.

[362]

Qian, T.Y., Wang, J.J., Zhang, J.J. and Lu, L.Z. 2019. It is in the game: dimensions of esports online spectator motivation and development of a scale. European Sport Management Quarterly. 20, 32 (2019), 1--22.

[363]

Qian, T.Y., Zhang, J.J., Wang, J.J. and Hulland, J. 2019. Beyond the Game: Dimensions of Esports Online Spectator Demand. Communication and Sport. 8, 6 (2019), 825--851.

[364]

QSR International 1999. NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software [Software].

[365]

Ravari, Y.N., Spronck, P., Sifa, R. and Drachen, A. 2017. Predicting victory in a hybrid online competitive game: The case of destiny. Proceedings, The Thirteenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE-17) (Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands, 2017), 207--213.

[366]

Reitman, J.G., Anderson-Coto, M.J., Wu, M., Lee, J.S. and Steinkuehler, C. 2019. Esports Research: A Literature Review. Games and Culture. 15, 1 (2019), 32--50.

[367]

Rethlefsen, M.L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A.P., Moher, D., Page, M.J. and Koffell, J.B. 2021. PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews. 10, 1 (2021), 1--19.

[368]

Rhoden, G., Nelson, H., Valladao, S. and Andre, T. 2021. Blood glucose levels in response to 1 hour of esports training: A pilot study. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2021), 1--14.

[369]

Riatti, P. and Thiel, A. 2021. The societal impact of electronic sport: A scoping review. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. (2021), 1--14.

[370]

Ribeiro, F.J., Viana, V.M., Borges, N.P. and Teixeira, V.H. 2021. The emergence of esports nutrition: A review. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine. 33, (2021), 81--95.

[371]

Richard, J., Ivoska, W. and Derevensky, J. 2021. Towards an Understanding of Esports Gambling: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Youth Esports Bettors. Gaming Law Review. 25, 10 (2021), 426--434.

[372]

Ridenhour, K.F. 2020. Traditional Sports and Esports: The Path to Collective Bargaining. Iowa Law Review. 105, 4 (2020), 1857--1897.

[373]

Robeers, T. 2020. "Roads?! Where we're going, we don't'need, roads': Framing online sim racing during Covid-19 by motorsport forum participants. Journal of Motorsport Culture & History. 1, 1 (2020), 1113--2766.

[374]

Robeers, T. and Van Den Bulck, H. 2018. Towards an understanding of side-lining environmental sustainability in Formula E: traditional values and the emergence of eSports. Athens journal of sports. 5, 4 (2018), 331--350.

[375]

Rodio, F. and Bastien, J.M.C. 2013. Heuristics for Video Games Evaluation: How Players Rate Their Relevance for Different Game Genres According to Their Experience. Proceedings of the 25 ième conférence francophone on l'Interaction Homme-Machine (New York, NY, USA, 2013), 89--93.

Digital Library

[376]

Rodrigues, E. and Filgueiras, E. 2020. eSports: How Do Video Game Aspects Define Competitive Gaming Streams and Spectatorship. Design, User Experience, and Usability. Design for Contemporary Interactive Environments: 9th International Conference, DUXU 2020, Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020 (2020), 506--516.

[377]

Rogers, R., Farquhar, L. and Mummet, J. 2020. Motivational Differences Among Viewers of Traditional Sports, Esports, and NBA 2K League. Communication and Sport. (2020), 216747952094273.

[378]

Rogstad, E.T. 2021. Gender in eSports research: A literature review. European Journal for Sport and Society. (2021), 1--19.

[379]

Rojas-Valverde, D., Fallas-Campos, A. and Alpízar-Alpízar, M. 2020. Esports in times of a global pandemic: opportunities and future challenges when transforming gaming into a sport in Costa Rica. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud. 18, 2 (2020), 205--216.

[380]

Rosell Llorens, M. 2017. eSport Gaming: The Rise of a New Sports Practice. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. 11, 1 (2017), 1--13.

[381]

Rothwell, G. and Shaffer, M. 2019. Esports in K-12 and Post-Secondary Schools. Education Sciences. 9, 2 (2019), 105.

[382]

Rudolf, K., Bickmann, P., Froböse, I., Tholl, C., Wechsler, K. and Grieben, C. 2020. Demographics and health behavior of video game and esports players in germany: The esports study 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17, 6 (2020), 1870.

[383]

Ruotsalainen, M. and Välisalo, T. 2020. "Overwatch is anime": Exploring an alternative interpretational framework for competitive gaming. DiGRA '20 -- Proceedings of the 2020 DiGRA International Conference: Play Everywhere (2020), 1--15.

[384]

Ruvalcaba, O., Shulze, J., Kim, A., Berzenski, S.R. and Otten, M.P. 2018. Women's Experiences in eSports: Gendered Differences in Peer and Spectator Feedback During Competitive Video Game Play. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 42, 4 (2018), 295--311.

[385]

Ryzhov, I.O., Tariq, A. and Powell, W.B. 2011. May the best man win: Simulation optimization for match-making in e-sports. Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) (New York, NY, United States, 2011), 4234--4245.

[386]

Saiz-Alvarez, J.M., Palma-Ruiz, J.M., Valles-Baca, H.G. and Fierro-Ramírez, L.A. 2021. Knowledge Management in the Esports Industry: Sustainability, Continuity, and Achievement of Competitive Results. Sustainability. 13, 19 (2021), 10890.

[387]

Salo, M. 2017. Career Transitions of eSports Athletes: A Proposal for a Research Framework. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations. 9, 2 (2017), 22--32.

Digital Library

[388]

Sánchez-Ruiz, A.A. and Miranda, M. 2017. A machine learning approach to predict the winner in StarCraft based on influence maps. Entertainment Computing. 19, (2017), 29--41.

[389]

Sant, K. and Stafrace, K.M. 2021. Upper Limb Injuries Secondary to Overuse in the Esports Community. Is this a rising epidemic? International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2021), 1--7.

[390]

dos Santos, E.Z.L., Moreira, L.O., Coutinho, E.F. and Maia, J.G.R. 2018. Assessing Socioeconomic Issues of the Brazilian e-Sports Scene. Proceedings of SBGames (2018), 741--749.

[391]

dos Santos, R.L., Petroll, M. d. L.M., Boeing, R. and Scussel, F. 2021. Let's play a new game: the drivers of eSports consumption. Research, Society and Development. 10, 5 (2021), e40710515188.

[392]

Savas, D., Murat, S.H., Cilem, B. and Gunseli, D. 2020. E-Sports Education and Development in a Global World. Ambient Science. 7, 1 (2020), 237--242.

[393]

Schelfhout, S., Bowers, M.T. and Hao, Y.A. 2021. Balancing Gender Identity and Gamer Identity: Gender Issues Faced by Wang ?BaiZe' Xinyu at the 2017 Hearthstone Summer Championship. Games and Culture. 16, 1 (2021), 22--41.

[394]

Schmitt, J. and Köstler, H. 2016. A multi-objective genetic algorithm for simulating optimal fights in StarCraft II. 2016 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG) (2016), 1--8.

Digital Library

[395]

Schneider, S. 2015. eSport Betting: The Intersection of Gaming and Gambling. Gaming Law Review and Economics. 19, 6 (2015), 419--420.

[396]

Scholz, T., Völkel, L. and Uebach, C. 2021. Sportification of Esports-A systematization of sport-teams entering the esports ecosystem. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2021), 1--15.

[397]

Scholz, T.M. 2020. Deciphering the World of eSports. International Journal on Media Management. 22, 1 (2020), 1--12.

[398]

Scholz, T.M. and Stein, V. 2017. Going Beyond Ambidexterity in the Media Industry: eSports as Pioneer of Ultradexterity. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations. 9, 2 (2017), 47--62.

Digital Library

[399]

Schwartz, D.G. 2017. Historical Parallels between Tournament Poker and Esports. Gaming Law Review. 21, 10 (2017), 730--744.

[400]

Schwartz, D.G. 2017. Research (In)Complete: An Exploratory History of Competitive Video Gaming. Gaming Law Review. 21, 8 (2017), 542--556.

[401]

Scott, M.J., Summerley, R., Besombes, N., Connolly, C., Gawrysiak, J., Halevi, T., Jenny, S., Miljanovic, M., Stange, M., Taipalus, T. and Patrick Williams, J. 2021. Towards a Framework to Support the Design of Esports Curricula in Higher Education. ITiCSE '21: Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 2 (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 599--600.

[402]

Scott, M.J., Summerley, R., Besombes, N., Connolly, C., Gawrysiak, J., Halevi, T., Jenny, S.E., Miljanovic, M., Stange, M., Taipalus, T. and Williams, J.P. 2021. Foundations for Esports Curricula in Higher Education. ITiCSE-WGR '21: Proceedings of the 2021 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 27--55.

[403]

Semenova, M., Lange, A., Koposov, D., Somov, A. and Burnaev, E. 2020. Personality Traits and Coping Strategies of eSports Players. 2020 7th International Conference on Behavioural and Social Computing (BESC) (2020), 1--5.

[404]

Sentuna, B. and Kanbur, D. 2016. What kind of an activity is a virtual game? A postmodern approach in relation to concept of phantasm by Deleuze and the philosophy of Huizinga. Sport, Ethics & Philosophy. 10, 1 (2016), 42--50.

[405]

Seo, Y. 2013. Electronic sports: A new marketing landscape of the experience economy. Journal of Marketing Management. 29, 13--14 (2013), 1542--1560.

[406]

Seo, Y. 2016. Professionalized consumption and identity transformations in the field of eSports. Journal of Business Research. 69, 1 (2016), 264--272.

[407]

Seo, Y. and Jung, S.U. 2016. Beyond solitary play in computer games: The social practices of eSports. Journal of Consumer Culture. 16, 3 (2016), 635--655.

[408]

Seo, Y., Kim, M., Lee, D. and Jung, Y. 2018. Attention to eSports advertisement: effects of ad animation and in-game dynamics on viewers' visual attention. Behaviour and Information Technology. 37, 12 (2018), 1194--1202.

[409]

Shea, R., Fu, D. and Liu, J. 2015. Towards Bridging Online Game Playing and Live Broadcasting: Design and Optimization. Proceedings of the 25th ACM Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (New York, NY, USA, 2015), 61--66.

Digital Library

[410]

Shen, Y.-C. 2021. What do people perceive in watching video game streaming? Eliciting spectators' value structures. Telematics and Informatics. 59, (2021), 101557.

[411]

Shitaka, M. and Kojiri, T. 2021. Tactical Knowledge Acquisition Support System from Play Videos of Esports Experts. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computers in Education. Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education (2021), 432--440.

[412]

Shulze, J., Marquez, M. and Ruvalcaba, O. 2021. The Biopsychosocial Factors That Impact eSports Players' Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Journal of Global Sport Management. (2021), 1--25.

[413]

Shynkaruk, O., Byshevets, N., Iakovenko, O., Serhiyenko, K., Anokhin, E., Yukhno, Y., Usychenko, V., Yarmolenko, M. and Stroganov, S. 2021. Modern Approaches to the Preparation System of Masters in eSports. Sport Mont. 19, S2 (2021), 69--74.

[414]

Silva, A.S., Correia, M. V. and Silva, H.P. 2021. Invisible ECG for High Throughput Screening in eSports. Sensors. 21, 22 (2021), 7601.

[415]

Sjöblom, M. and Hamari, J. 2017. Why do people watch others play video games? An empirical study on the motivations of Twitch users. Computers in Human Behavior. 75, (2017), 985--996.

Digital Library

[416]

Sjöblom, M., Hassan, L., Macey, J., Törhönen, M. and Hamari, J. 2018. Liking the Game: How Can Spectating Motivations Influence Social Media Usage at Live Esports Events? Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society (New York, NY, USA, 2018), 160--167.

Digital Library

[417]

Sjöblom, M., Macey, J. and Hamari, J. 2020. Digital athletics in analogue stadiums: Comparing gratifications for engagement between live attendance and online esports spectating. Internet Research. 30, 3 (2020), 713--735.

[418]

Skubida, D. 2016. Can Some Computer Games Be a Sport? Issues with Legitimization of eSport as a Sporting Activity. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations. 8, 4 (2016), 38--52.

Digital Library

[419]

Smith, A.D. and Smith-Ditizio, A.A. 2021. eSports: A new era of spectator games from a consumer's viewpoint. International Journal of Business Information Systems. 36, 3 (2021), 406--431.

[420]

Smith, T., Obrist, M. and Wright, P. 2013. Live-Streaming Changes the (Video) Game. Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Interactive TV and Video (New York, NY, USA, 2013), 131--138.

Digital Library

[421]

Smithies, T.D., Campbell, M.J., Ramsbottom, N. and Toth, A.J. 2021. A Random Forest approach to identify metrics that best predict match outcome and player ranking in the esport Rocket League. Scientific reports. 11, 1 (2021), 19285.

[422]

Smithies, T.D., Toth, A.J., Conroy, E., Ramsbottom, N., Kowal, M. and Campbell, M.J. 2020. Life After Esports: A Grand Field Challenge. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, (2020), 883.

[423]

Snodgrass, J.G., Bagwell, A., Patry, J.M., Dengah, H.J.F., Smarr-Foster, C., Van Oostenburg, M. and Lacy, M.G. 2018. The partial truths of compensatory and poor-get-poorer internet use theories: More highly involved videogame players experience greater psychosocial benefits. Computers in Human Behavior. 78, (2018), 10--25.

Digital Library

[424]

Soodmee, T. and Jaroenwiriyakul, S. 2021. The Future of E-Sports: Factors Affecting Performance in Thailand. Proceedings of 14th National and 1 st International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (2021), 1411--1427.

[425]

Stepanov, A., Lange, A., Khromov, N., Korotin, A., Burnaev, E. and Somov, A. 2019. Sensors and Game Synchronization for Data Analysis in eSports. 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN'19) (2019), 933--938.

[426]

Stoever, J.K. 2021. Title IX, Esports, and #EToo. The George Washington Law Review. 89, 4 (2021), 857--931.

[427]

Summerley, R. 2019. The Development of Sports: A Comparative Analysis of the Early Institutionalization of Traditional Sports and E-Sports. Games and Culture. 15, 1 (2019), 51--72.

[428]

Suschevskiy, V. and Marchenko, E. 2018. Network Analysis of Players Transfers in eSports: The Case of Dota 2. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 858, (2018), 468--473.

[429]

Sweeney, K., Tuttle, M.H. and Berg, M.D. 2019. Esports Gambling: Market Structure and Biases. Games and Culture. 16, 1 (2019), 65--91.

[430]

Szablewicz, M. 2016. A Realm of Mere Representation? "Live" E-Sports Spectacles and the Crafting of China's Digital Gaming Image. Games and Culture. 11, 3 (2016), 256--274.

[431]

Sztobryn, K. 2021. In Search of Answers to Questions about Electronic Sports and Copyright. GRUR International. 70, 3 (2021), 237--244.

[432]

Tang, T., Cooper, R. and Kucek, J. 2021. Gendered Esports: Predicting Why Men and Women Play and Watch Esports Games. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 65, 3 (2021), 336--356.

[433]

Tang, T., Kucek, J. and Toepfer, S. 2020. Active Within Structures: Predictors of Esports Gameplay and Spectatorship. Communication and Sport. (2020), 1--21.

[434]

Tang, W. 2018. Understanding Esports from the Perspective of Team Dynamics. Sport Journal. 21, (2018).

[435]

Taylor, N. 2016. Play to the camera: Video ethnography, spectatorship, and e-sports. Convergence. 22, 2 (2016), 115--130.

[436]

Taylor, N.T. 2016. Now you're playing with audience power: the work of watching games. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 33, 4 (2016), 293--307.

[437]

Taylor, T.L. 2012. Raising the Stakes: E-Sports and the Professionalization of Computer Gaming. The MIT Press.

[438]

Thakur, P.C., Sharma, M.K., Kommu, J.V.S. and Anand, N. 2021. Esport: Is it a sport or clinical entity? Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour. 26, 2 (2021), 161--163.

[439]

The International DOTA 2 Championships: 2019. https://www.dota2.com/international/overview/.

[440]

Thiel, A. and John, J.M. 2018. Is eSport a ?real' sport? Reflections on the spread of virtual competitions. European Journal for Sport and Society. 15, 4 (2018), 311--315.

[441]

Thomas, A. 2020. A question of (e) Sports: An answer from copyright. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice. 15, 12 (2020), 960--975.

[442]

Tjonndal, A. 2021. "What's next? Calling beer-drinking a sport?!": virtual resistance to considering eSport as sport. Sport, Business and Management. 11, 1 (2021), 72--88.

[443]

Tjonndal, A. and Skauge, M. 2021. Youth sport 2.0? The development of eSports in Norway from 2016 to 2019. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. 13, 1 (2021), 166--183.

[444]

Toomey, R.P. 2019. Upholding the Integrity of Esports to Successfully and Safely Legitimize Esports Wagering. Gaming Law Review. 23, 1 (2019), 12--18.

[445]

Törhönen, M., Sjöblom, M., Vahlo, J. and Hamari, J. 2020. View, play and pay? - The relationship between consumption of gaming video content and video game playing and buying. Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2020), 2719--2728.

[446]

Toth, A.J., Conroy, E. and Campbell, M.J. 2021. Beyond action video games: Differences in gameplay and ability preferences among gaming genres. Entertainment Computing. 38, (2021), 100408.

[447]

Toth, A.J., Ramsbottom, N., Constantin, C., Milliet, A. and Campbell, M.J. 2021. The effect of expertise, training and neurostimulation on sensory-motor skill in esports. Computers in Human Behavior. 121, (2021), 106782.

Digital Library

[448]

Toth, A.J., Ramsbottom, N., Kowal, M. and Campbell, M.J. 2020. Converging evidence supporting the cognitive link between exercise and esport performance: A dual systematic review. Brain Sciences. 10, 11 (2020), 1--36.

[449]

Tregel, T., Sarpe-Tudoran, T., Müller, P.N. and Göbel, S. 2021. Analyzing Game-Based Training Methods for Selected Esports Titles in Competitive Gaming. Serious Games, Joint International Conference, JCSG 2021 (2021), 213--228.

[450]

Trent, L.D. and Shafer, D.M. 2020. Extending disposition theory of sports spectatorship to esports. International Journal of Communication. 14, 21 (2020), 1049--1069.

[451]

Trotter, M.G., Coulter, T.J., Davis, P.A., Poulus, D.R. and Polman, R. 2020. The association between esports participation, health and physical activity behaviour. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17, 19 (2020), 1--14.

[452]

Trotter, M.G., Coulter, T.J., Poulus, D., Davis, P.A. and Polman, R. 2021. Social Support, Self-Regulation, and Psychological Skill Use in E-Athletes. Frontiers in psychology. 12, (2021), 722030.

[453]

Tudor, E.S. V. 2020. The Emergence of eSport During Covid-19: How Sim Racing Replaced Live Motorsport in 2020. Journal of Motorsport Culture & History. 1, 1 (2020), 8.

[454]

Türkay, S., Formosa, J., Adinolf, S., Cuthbert, R. and Altizer, R. 2020. See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil: How Collegiate Players Define, Experience and Cope with Toxicity. CHI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, United States, 2020), 1--13.

[455]

Türkay, S., Formosa, J., Cuthbert, R., Adinolf, S. and Brown, R. 2021. Virtual Reality Esports - Understanding Competitive Players' Perceptions of Location Based VR Esports. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, New York, USA, 2021).

[456]

Turtiainen, R., Friman, U. and Ruotsalainen, M. 2018. ?Not Only for a Celebration of Competitive Overwatch but Also for National Pride": Sportificating the Overwatch World Cup 2016. Games and Culture. 15, 4 (2018), 351--371.

[457]

Üçüncüoglu, M. and Çavusoglu, S.B. 2020. Esports as a Sportive Reflection of Information Society and Its Interaction with Modern Sports. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 5, 2 (2020), 166--180.

[458]

Urbaniak, K., Watrobski, J. and Salabun, W. 2020. Identification of Players Ranking in E-Sport. Applied Sciences. 10, 19 (2020), 1--35.

[459]

Vieira, J. and Luwes, N. 2020. An Image processing Player Acquisition and Tracking System for E-sports. 2020 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence: Technologies and Applications (CloudTech) (2020), 294--300.

[460]

Viger, T. 2021. Professional Gamers are Today's Professional Athletes. Georgia State University Law Review. 37, 3 (2021), 1001--1043.

[461]

Viscione, I. and D'Elia, F. 2019. Augmented reality for learning in distance education: the case of e-sports. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 19, (2019), 2047--2050.

[462]

Wagner, M.G. 2006. On the Scientific Relevance of eSports. International Conference on Internet Computing & Conference on Computer Games Development (ICOMP 2006) (2006), 437--442.

[463]

Walton, D.R., Lower-Hoppe, L.M. and Horger, M. 2020. Do Esports Classify as Intercollegiate Sport? Legal Analysis of Title IX. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics. 13, (2020), 94--118.

[464]

Ward, M.R. and Harmon, A.D. 2019. ESport Superstars. Journal of Sports Economics. 20, 8 (2019), 987--1013.

[465]

Wardaszko, M., Cwil, M., Chojecki, P. and Dabrowski, K. 2019. Analysis of Matchmaking Optimization Systems Potential in Mobile eSports. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (Grand Wailea, Maui, Hawaii, 2019), 2468--2475.

[466]

Wardle, H., Petrovskaya, E. and Zendle, D. 2020. Defining the esports bettor: Evidence from an online panel survey of emerging adults. International Gambling Studies. 20, 3 (2020), 487--499.

[467]

Watanabe, K., Saijo, N., Minami, S. and Kashino, M. 2021. The effects of competitive and interactive play on physiological state in professional esports players. Heliyon. 7, 4 (2021), e06844.

[468]

Watanabe, N.M., Xue, H., Newman, J.I. and Yan, G. 2021. The Attention Economy and Esports: An Econometric Analysis of Twitch Viewership. Journal of Sport Management. 1, (2021), 1--14.

[469]

Wattanapisit, A., Wattanapisit, S. and Wongsiri, S. 2020. Public Health Perspectives on Esports. Public Health Reports. 135, 3 (2020), 295--298.

[470]

Weiss, T. 2008. Cultural influences on hedonic adoption behavior: Propositions regarding the adoption of competitive video and computer online gaming. DIGIT 2008 Proceedings (2008), 7.

[471]

Weiss, T. 2011. Fulfilling the needs of esports consumers: A uses and gratifications perspective. 24th Bled eConference - eFuture: Creating Solutions for the Individual, Organisations and Society, Proceedings (2011), 572--580.

[472]

Weiss, T. and Schiele, S. 2013. Virtual worlds in competitive contexts: Analyzing eSports consumer needs. Electronic Markets. 23, 4 (2013), 307--316.

[473]

Westmattelmann, D., Grotenhermen, J.G., Sprenger, M. and Schewe, G. 2021. The show must go on-virtualisation of sport events during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Information Systems. 30, 2 (2021), 119--136.

[474]

Williams, D., Tutka, P., Gawrysiak, J. and Jenny, S. 2021. NCAA e-sports 20XX: An analysis of radical innovation adoption through firm collaboration. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing. 21, 1--2 (2021), 76--102.

[475]

Witkowski, E. 2012. On the Digital Playing Field: How We "Do Sport" With Networked Computer Games. Games and Culture. 7, 5 (2012), 349--374.

[476]

Witkowski, E. 2009. Probing the Sportiness of eSports. eSports Yearbook 2009. J. Christophers and T. Scholz, eds. Production and Publishing House: Books on Demand. 53--56.

[477]

Witkowski, E. and Manning, J. 2019. Player power: Networked careers in esports and high-performance game livestreaming practices. Convergence. 25, 5--6 (2019), 953--969.

[478]

Wohn, D.Y. and Freeman, G. 2020. Live Streaming, Playing, and Money Spending Behaviors in eSports. Games and Culture. 15, 1 (2020), 73--88.

[479]

Wong, J. 2020. More than Just a Game: The Labor and Employment Issues within eSports. UNLV Gaming Law Journal. 11, 1 (2020), 123.

[480]

Wong, M.Y.C., Chung, P., Ou, K. and Leung, K. 2021. Perception of Hong Kong Teenagers and Young Adults on Esports Participation: A Qualitative Study Using Theory of Planned Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology. 12, (2021), 650000.

[481]

Wood, L., Hoeber, O., Snelgrove, R. and Hoeber, L. 2019. Computer science meets digital leisure: Multiple perspectives on social media and eSport collaborations. Journal of Leisure Research. 50, 5 (2019), 425--437.

[482]

Wu, M., Lee, J.S. and Steinkuehler, C. 2021. Understanding tilt in esports: A study on young League of Legends players. 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Making Waves, Combining Strengths, CHI 2021 (New York, NY, United States, 2021), 1--9.

Digital Library

[483]

Wulf, T., Schneider, F.M. and Beckert, S. 2020. Watching Players: An Exploration of Media Enjoyment on Twitch. Games and Culture. 15, 3 (2020), 328--346.

[484]

Xenopoulos, P., Doraiswamy, H. and Silva, C. 2020. Valuing Player Actions in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (2020), 1283--1292.

[485]

Xiao, M. 2020. Factors Influencing eSports Viewership: An Approach Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action. Communication & Sport. 8, 1 (2020), 92--122.

[486]

Xiaobo, K.E., Wagner, C. and Du, H.S. 2021. Calling for information systems research on esports: An overview study. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. (2021), 1--20.

[487]

Xiaoxian, L. 2020. E-Sports Hotel, a Brand New Personalized Hotel in the Age of E-Sports. Advances in Creativity, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Communication of Design (2020), 213--218.

[488]

Xu, Q., Kim, H. and Billings, A.C. 2022. Let's Watch Live Streaming: How Streamer Credibility Influences Brand Attitude in Esports Streamer Marketing. Communication & Sport. 0, 0 (2022), 1--20.

[489]

Yamanaka, G.K., Campos, M.V.S., Roble, O.J. and Mazzei, L.C. 2021. eSport: A state-of-the-art review based on bibliometric analysis. Journal of Physical Education & Sport. 21, 6 (2021), 3547--3555.

[490]

Yan, E.Q., Huang, J. and Cheung, G.K. 2015. Masters of Control: Behavioral Patterns of Simultaneous Unit Group Manipulation in StarCraft 2. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2015), 3711--3720.

Digital Library

[491]

Yang, A., Liu, D. and Santhanam, R. 2021. The Impact of Role Coordination on Virtual Team Performance and Player Retention in Esports. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. 418, (2021), 121--128.

[492]

Yang, Y. 2020. Influences on Livestreaming Usage in China: Contents, Motivations, and Engagements. Culture and Computing: 8th International Conference, C&C 2020, Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020 (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2020), 133--142.

Digital Library

[493]

Ye, J.-N., Ye, J.-H., Wang, C.-M. and Hong, J.-C. 2021. Development of 5 Cs Educational Value Scale for eSport Games. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science. 5, 3 (2021), 362--374.

[494]

Yin, K., Zi, Y., Zhuang, W., Gao, Y., Tong, Y., Song, L. and Liu, Y. 2020. Linking Esports to health risks and benefits: Current knowledge and future research needs. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 9, 6 (2020), 485.

[495]

YouTube to become the exclusive stream for the ESL Pro League, per report: https://esportsobserver.com/youtube-become-exclusive-stream-esl-pro-league-per-report/.

[496]

Yu, C., Zhu, W. and Sun, Y. 2019. E-sports ban/pick prediction based on Bi-LSTM meta learning network. Artificial Intelligence and Security. 5th International Conference, ICAIS 2019. Proceedings: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS 11632) (Cham, Switzerland, 2019), 97--105.

[497]

Yu, Y., Nguyen, B.-H., Yu, F. and Huynh, V.-N. 2021. Esports Game Updates and Player Perception: Data Analysis of PUBG Steam Reviews. 2021 13th International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE) (2021), 1--6.

[498]

Yue, Y., Rui, W. and Ling, S.C.S. 2020. Development of E-sports industry in China: Current situation, Trend and research hotspot. International Journal of Esports. 1, 1 (2020), 1--11.

[499]

Yuliawan, D. and Rizky, M.Y. 2020. Analysis of Esports Interpretation in Children. 1st International Conference on Business & Social Sciences (2020), 271--278.

[500]

Zagala, K. and Strzelecki, A. 2019. eSports Evolution in Football Game Series. Physical Culture & Sport. Studies & Research. 83, 1 (2019), 50--62.

[501]

Zanescu, A., French, M. and Lajeunesse, M. 2021. Betting on DOTA 2's Battle Pass: Gamblification and productivity in play. New Media & Society. 23, 10 (2021), 2882--2901.

[502]

Zetino, J. 2021. Out of Their League: An Antitrust Analysis of Esports Players Associations and Attempts at Unionization. Houston Law Review. 58, 3 (2021), 777.

[503]

Zhao, Y. and Lin, Z. 2021. Umbrella platform of Tencent eSports industry in China. Journal of Cultural Economy. 14, 1 (2021), 9--25.

[504]

Zhao, Y. and Zhu, Y. 2020. Identity transformation, stigma power, and mental wellbeing of Chinese eSports professional players. International Jounral of Cultural Studies. (2020).

[505]

Zhou, W. and Yang Zhou, Z. 2020. E-Sports Report Path and Mode: A Case Study on China Youth Online. The Web Conference 2020 (New York, NY, United States, 2020), 533--539.

[506]

Zhu, X.Q., Pyun, D. and Manoli, E. 2021. Developing a Conceptual Model of Service Quality for eSports. Quest. 73, 4 (2021), 375--390.

[507]

Zhuang, W., Yin, K., Zi, Y. and Liu, Y. 2020. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: Augmenting the Training and Performance Potential in Esports Players. Brain Sciences. 10, 7 (2020), 1--13.

Cited By

Kırbaç ABayri Ulukan Mİncesulu SKaya E(2025)A New Intraoperative Method for Controlling Electrode Placement in Cochlear Implant Surgeries: Nucleus® SmartNav System and Preliminary ResultsJournal of Academic Research in Medicine10.4274/jarem.galenos.2024.7122414:3(115-120)Online publication date: 2-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.4274/jarem.galenos.2024.71224
Lee ALee G(2025)“They’re a Girl So Don’t Expect Too Much”: The Marginalisation of Women in Esports VideogamesImpact of Patriarchy and Gender Stereotypes on Working Women10.1007/978-3-031-74406-8_1(1-16)Online publication date: 11-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74406-8_1
Ratković MPećić M(2024)Marketing potential of the e-sports market in SerbiaEkonomski signali10.5937/ekonsig2401123R19:1(123-142)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonsig2401123R
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Definitions of Esports: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis

Recommendations

“Why Are You Playing Games? You Are a Girl!”: Exploring Gender Biases in Esports
CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Esports are rapidly growing within academia. In HCI, earlier work explored how problematic behaviors emerging from gender biases (e.g., toxicity) negatively impact female participation in esports. Here, we further explore gender biases in esports by ...
Emotion Regulation in eSports Gaming: A Qualitative Study of League of Legends
CSCW

Today eSports gaming is enjoying growing popularity in the world and much attention from various research areas, including CSCW. eSports gaming is a highly competitive environment commonly associated with negative emotions such as anxiety and stress. ...
eSports: Digital Games and Its Future From the Traditional Athletes’ and eSports Players’ Perspectives
Background
Discussions regarding the classification of eSports as a sport are still ongoing, primarily due to the distinctive features that differentiate them from traditional sports.
Purpose
This study seeks to comparatively explore the ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Volume 6, Issue CHI PLAY

CHI PLAY

October 2022

986 pages

EISSN:2573-0142

DOI:10.1145/3570219

Editor:
Jeff Nichols
Apple Inc., United States

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2022 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 31 October 2022

Published in PACMHCI Volume 6, Issue CHI PLAY

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

22
Total Citations
View Citations
1,625
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)662
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)62

Reflects downloads up to 18 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Kırbaç ABayri Ulukan Mİncesulu SKaya E(2025)A New Intraoperative Method for Controlling Electrode Placement in Cochlear Implant Surgeries: Nucleus® SmartNav System and Preliminary ResultsJournal of Academic Research in Medicine10.4274/jarem.galenos.2024.7122414:3(115-120)Online publication date: 2-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.4274/jarem.galenos.2024.71224
Lee ALee G(2025)“They’re a Girl So Don’t Expect Too Much”: The Marginalisation of Women in Esports VideogamesImpact of Patriarchy and Gender Stereotypes on Working Women10.1007/978-3-031-74406-8_1(1-16)Online publication date: 11-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74406-8_1
Ratković MPećić M(2024)Marketing potential of the e-sports market in SerbiaEkonomski signali10.5937/ekonsig2401123R19:1(123-142)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonsig2401123R
Rogers ETrotter MJohnson DDesbrow BKing N(2024)Caffeine improves the shooting performance and reaction time of first-person shooter esports players: a dose-response studyFrontiers in Sports and Active Living10.3389/fspor.2024.14377006Online publication date: 10-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1437700
Ketelhut SNigg C(2024)Heartbeats and high scores: esports triggers cardiovascular and autonomic stress responseFrontiers in Sports and Active Living10.3389/fspor.2024.13809036Online publication date: 4-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1380903
Rogers ETrotter MJohnson DDesbrow BKing N(2024)KovaaK's aim trainer as a reliable metrics platform for assessing shooting proficiency in esports players: a pilot studyFrontiers in Sports and Active Living10.3389/fspor.2024.13099916Online publication date: 26-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1309991
Amor JAlguacil MCrespo-Hervás JCalabuig F(2024)Uncovering Differences: A Study on Loyalty in Esports Mobile Apps by GenderPhysical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research10.2478/pcssr-2024-0019104:1(66-77)Online publication date: 22-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2024-0019
Nicholson MThompson CPoulus DPavey TRobergs RKelly VMcNulty C(2024)Physical Activity and Self-Determination towards Exercise among Esports AthletesSports Medicine - Open10.1186/s40798-024-00700-010:1Online publication date: 16-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00700-0
Jung SChen JCai L(2024)Beyond Video Game Competition: Novel Dimensions of Live Esports Event Experiences Through Co-CreationJournal of Hospitality & Tourism Research10.1177/1096348023122028248:8(1453-1466)Online publication date: 4-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231220282
Borkowski JBesombes NCabagno G(2024)The construction of esports careers in France: Are there gender-based inequalities right from the start?International Review for the Sociology of Sport10.1177/10126902241290042Online publication date: 21-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902241290042
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents