Consolacion Ragasa

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Lentinus tigrinus afforded cerevisterol (1), and a mixture of stellasterol (2) and ergosterol (3) in about 4:5 ratio.  The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of its NMR data with literature data.  The structures of 2 and 3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

The dichloromethane extracts of the leaves, roots, stems, and pods from Andrographis paniculata were probed for their cytotoxicity on five human immortalized cancer cell lines: Small cell lung carcinoma (H69PR), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human acute monocytic
leukemia (THP-1), and colon carcinomas (human colorectal carcinoma cell line [HCT-116] and human small cell lung cancer cell line [HT-29]), and primary normal human dermal fi broblasts-neonatal (HDFn) by employing the in vitro PrestoBlue® cell viability assay. The highest cytotoxicity observed was exhibited by the THP-1 and the root extract which displayed the lowest IC50 value of 3.42 μg/mL. This was followed by HCT-116, H69PR, and THP-1 treated with the leaf extract which gave IC50 values of 3.48, 3.50, and 3.53 μg/mL, respectively. The leaf, root, and stem extracts were highly antiproliferative against H69PR (IC50 < 7 μg/mL) and THP-1 (IC50 < 4 μg/mL) while the leaf and
pod extracts were detrimental toward MCF-7 (IC50 < 5 μg/mL). Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons on the dose-response curves indicated no signifi cant difference in the cytotoxicity of the crude leaf, root, stem, and pod extracts on HCT-116 and HT-29 cells which afforded IC50 values ranging from 3.48 to 8.92 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity was not detected in HDFn cells treated with the leaf, root, and pod (>100 μg/mL) and stem (IC50 = 72.22 μg/mL) extracts. From the results, it can be construed that the crude dichloromethane extracts of A. paniculata can be a substantial source of biologically active constituents that have cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities in the cancer cell lines tested while being noncytotoxic to wild-type cells.

The dichloromethane extracts of Salacca wallichiana Mart. afforded lupenone (1), triacylglycerols (2), and long-chain fatty acid esters (3) from the female flowers; 3 and β-sitosterol (4) from the male flowers; 2–4 and taraxerol (5) from the stem of the fruit; and 4 from the fruit peel. The structures of 1–5 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

This paper is a review on the chemical constituents and biological activities of the fruiting bodies of seven edible and two inedible mushrooms with reported anticancer properties found in the Philippines. We previously reported the chemical constituents of the dichloromethane extracts of the fruiting bodies of these mushrooms, which were cultured at Central Luzon State University, bought from the Mushroom Burger and Metro Manila supermarkets, and collected from Mt. Makiling. These studies yielded ergosterol (1) ergosterol peroxide (2) cerevisterol, dilinoleoyloleoylglycerol, and a mixture of linoleic acid (3) palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic

Introduction: Cymodocea rotundata Asch. & Schweinf, a widespread seagrass with reported antimicrobial activity, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy.  Results: This study has led to the isolation of β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6′-O-fatty acid esters (1), chlorophyll a (2) and a mixture of β-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b) in about 1:1 ratio from the dichloromethane extract of C. rotundata.  Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1-3b from C. rotundata. Compounds 2-3b were reported to exhibit antibacterial activity and may be partly responsible for the reported antimicrobial activity of the C. rotundata extract.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. flowers has led to the isolation of α-amyrin acetate (1), a mixture of α-amyrin acetate (1), lupeol acetate (2) and β-amyrin acetate (3) in about 4:2:1 ratio, α-amyrin fatty acid ester (4), a mixture of ursolic acid (5) and oleanolic acid (6) in about 1:1 ratio, and β-sitosterol (7). The structures of 1-7 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to probe the cytotoxic capacity of the labdane diterpenoids andrographolide (1), 14-deoxyandrographolide (2), 14-deoxy-12-hydroxyandrographolide (3), and neoandrographolide (4) on mutant and wild-type immortalized cell lines. Methods: Breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colon carcinomas (HCT-116 and HT-29), small cell lung carcinoma (H69PR), human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1), and wild-type primary normal human dermal fibroblasts-neonatal cells (HDFn) were incubated with 1-4, and the degree of cytotoxicity was analyzed by employing the in vitro PrestoBlue® cell viability assay. Working solutions of 1-4 were prepared in complete cell culture medium to a final non-toxic dimethyl sulfoxide concentration of 0.2%. The plates were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO 2 in a 98% humidified incubator throughout the assay. Nonlinear regression and statistical analyses were done to extrapolate the half maximal inhibitory concentration 50% (IC 50). One-way ANOVA (p<0.05) and multiple comparison, Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05), were used to compare different pairs of data sets. Results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: The highest cytotoxicity index was exhibited by the H69PR and 1 trials which displayed the lowest IC 50 value of 3.66 µg/mL, followed by HT-29 treated with 2, HCT-116 and 1 trials, and H69PR treated with 4 (IC 50 =3.81, 3.82, and 4.19 µg/mL, respectively). Only 1 and 4 were detrimental toward MCF-7, while 1, 3, and 4 were degenerative against H69PR. Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison indicated no significant difference in the cytotoxicity of 1-4 on HCT-116 cells which afforded IC 50 values ranging from 3.82 to 5.12 µg/mL. Evaluation of the two colon carcinoma cell lines showed that HCT-116 was categorically more susceptible to cellular damage caused by treatments with 1-4 than was HT-29. Cytotoxicity was not detected in THP-1 and HDFn cells (IC 50 >100 µg/mL). Conclusion: Diterpenoids 1-4 isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of A. paniculata exhibited different cytotoxic activities against MCF-7, HCT-116, HT-29, and H69PR. All constituents had comparable action on HCT-116 cells but were not found to be cytotoxic to normal HDFn cells and mutant THP-1 cells.

In this study, the dichloromethane extracts of H. madulidii yielded a mixture of lupeol cinnamate (1a), -amyrin cinnamate (1b), and -amyrin cinnamate (1c) in a 2:2:1 ratio, lupeol (2), a mixture of -sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b) in a 5:1 ratio and unsaturated hydrocarbons
from the stems; and a mixture of 3a and 3b in a 3:1 ratio, squalene (4), chlorophyll a (5), and saturated hydrocarbons from the leaves.

Background: Mixtures of ursolic acid (1) and oleanolic acid (2) (1:1 and 1:2), oleanolic acid  (2), squalene  (3), chlorophyll a  (4), wrightiadione  (5), and α‑amyrin acetate  (6) were isolated from the dichloromethane  (CH2Cl2) extracts of the leaves and twigs of Wrightiapubescens (R. Br.). Objectives: To test for the cytotoxicity potentials of 1–6. Materials and Methods: The antiproliferative activities of 1–6 against three human cancer cell lines, breast  (MCF‑7) and colon  (HT‑29 and HCT‑116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast neonatal  (HDFn), were evaluated using the PrestoBlue® cell viability assay. Results: Compounds 4, 1 and 2 (1:2), 2, 1 and 2  (1:1), and 5 exhibited the most cytotoxic effects against HT‑29 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.68, 0.74, 0.89, 1.70, and 4.07 μg/mL, respectively. Comparing 2 with its 1:1 mixture with 1 (IC50 = 1.70 and 7.18 μg/mL for HT‑29 and HCT‑116, respectively) and 1:2 mixture with 1 (0.74 and 3.46 μg/mL for HT‑29 and HCT‑116, respectively), 2 also showed strong cytotoxic potential against HT‑29 and HCT‑116 (0.89 and
2.33 μg/mL, respectively). Unlike, the mixtures which exhibited low effects
on MCF‑7  (IC50 = 20.75 and 30.06 μg/mL for 1:1 and 1:2, respectively),
2 showed moderate activity against MCF‑7  (10.99 μg/mL). Compound
6 showed the highest cytotoxicity against HCT‑116  (IC50 = 4.07 μg/mL).
Conclusion: Mixtures of 1 and 2 (1:1 and 1:2), 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 from the
CH2Cl2  extracts of the leaves and twigs of W. pubescens (R. Br.) exhibited varying cytotoxic activities. All the compounds except 6 exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effects against HT‑29. On the other hand, 6 was most cytotoxic against HCT‑116. Overall, the toxicities of 1–6 were highest against HT‑29, followed by HCT‑116 and MCF‑7. All the compounds showed varying activities against HDFn (IC50 <30 μg/mL).

Background and Objectives:  The dichloromethane crude extract (P), and compounds, glyasperin A (1), propolin E (2), and propolin A (3), obtained from Philippine stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi Friese) nests, were evaluated for their cytotoxic potentials.  Materials and Methods: The anti-proliferative activities of P and 1-3 against human cancer cell lines, breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29 and HCT-116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast neonatal (HDFn), were evaluated using the PrestoBlue® cell viability assay.  Results:  The crude extract (P) was most anti-proliferative against HCT-116 cells (IC50 = 1.410 μg/mL).  Glyasperin A (1) exhibited the strongest effect on MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 2.378 μg/mL).  Propolin E (2) was most cytotoxic against HCT-116 cells (IC50 = 2.279 μg/mL), while propolin A (3) was most inhibitory against MCF-7 cells (2.815).  Comparing the colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT-116 was generally more susceptible under P, 2 and 3 (IC50 = 1.410, 2.279, 3.013 μg/mL, respectively) than HT-29 (5.620, 5.320, 5.359).  Comparing propolin E and propolin A, significant difference was seen in HCT-116 cells where 2 (IC50 = 2.279 μg/mL) was more cytotoxic than 3 (3.013). The crude extract (P) was more cytotoxic than Zeocin against HCT-116 cells. Conclusion: The dichloromethane crude extract, glyasperin A, propolin E, and propolin A, from Philippine stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi Friese) nests, exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against MCF-7, HT-116, and HT-29 cells with IC50 values ranging from 1.410 to 5.620 μg/mL. This is the first report on the anti-proliferative properties of the crude extract and compounds from this source.

Spinasterol (1) and spinasteryl acetate (2) from the Ardisia pyramidalis (Cav.) Pers. leaves (Myrsinaceae) were tested on duck chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vascularity assay. The petechial to severe hemorrhaging, hyperemia, and the formation of ghost vessels were observed on CAM administered with 1 and 2.  Sterols 1 and 2 have effectively suppressed blood vessel branching and inter-capillary elongation. High degree of von Willebrand factor expression was observed in those CAMs administered with 1 and 2. This is further confirmed by the absence of the epithelial membrane antigen in all of the samples tested, suggesting that the main mechanism of angio-suppression was due to the action of von Willebrand factor which modulates other angiogenic factors.  Spinasterol was found to be the most effective in reducing branch point formation and inter capillary distance with very minimal incidence of mortality, thus suggesting its potential as potent source of phytopharmaceutical.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the stems of Hoya cagayanensis led to the isolation of dihydrocanaric acid  (1), lupeol (2), lupenone (3) and saturated hydrocarbons from the stems; and 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (4) and a mixture of β-sitosterol (5a) and  stigmasterol (5b) from the leaves.  The structures of 1 and 4 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 2, 3, 5a and 5b were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Fejervarya vittigera (Wiegmann, 1834) commonly known as Luzon wart frog is an edible farm frog endemic to the Philippines. Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of F. vittigera has led to the isolation of cholesterol (1) and triacylglycerols (2) from the skin and the muscle and bones. The structures of 1 and 2 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature

Objective:  To isolate and identify the chemical constituents of Ceriops decandra.

Methods: The chemical constituents of Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W. Theob. were isolated by silica gel chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy.

Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of C. decandra  has led to the isolation of 3β-E-coumaroylbetulinic acid (1), lupeol fatty acid esters (2), betulonic acid (3), betulin (4), betulinic acid (5), lupeol (6), lupenone (7), and a mixture of 3β-E-feruloyllupeol (8) and 3β-Z-feruloyllupeol (9), and chlorophyll a (10). The structures of 1-10 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of 1-3 from C. decandra. Literature search revealed that the triterpenes isolated from C. decandra exhibited anticancer properties.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Antidesma  ghaesembilla Gaertn. has led to the isolation of β-friedelinol (1), lupeol (2), squalene (3), polyprenol (4), β-sitosterol (5), long-chain hydrocarbons (6),  and chlorophyll a (7) from the leaves; and 5 and triacylglycerols (8) from the fruit.  The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 2-8 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe led to the isolation of cardol (1), β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'-O-fatty acid esters (2), β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters (3), and a mixture of β-sitosterol (4a) and stigmasterol (4b) from the petiole; 1, a mixture of 4a and 4b,  anacardic acid (5),  triacylglycerols (6), monoacylglycerol (7), long-chain fatty acid esters (8), and linoleic acid (9) from the twigs; and a mixture of 4a and 4b, 5, 6, 8,  long-chain fatty alcohols (10), and long- chain hydrocatbons (11)  from the flowers of D. dao.  The structures of 1 and 5 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 2-4 and 6-11 were identified by NMR spectroscopy.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Kosteletzkya batacensis (Blanco) Fern.-Vill. has led to the isolation of β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6-O-fatty acid esters (1), phytyl fatty acid esters (2), squalene (3), and chlorophyll a (4) from the leaves; 3, 4, a mixture of β-sitosterol (5a) and stigmasterol (5b) in a 2:1 ratio, and long chain hydrocarbons (6) from the stems.  The structures of 1-6 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Premna nauseosa Blanco afforded squalene (1) and a mixture of β-sitosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3) in about 6:1 ratio. The structures of 1-3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the white flowers of Plumeria rubra L. (syn. Plumeria acuminata W.T.Aiton) afforded a mixture of lupeol (1), í µí»¼-amyrin (2) and β-amyrin (3) in about 8:2:1 ratio. The structures of 1-3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eryngii and Flammulina velutipes led to the isolation of ergosterol (1). P. eryngii also afforded trilinolein (2), while F. velutipes also yielded triacylglycerol (3). The structures of 1-3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Hoya paziae Kloppenb. led to the isolation of a mixture of lupeol (1a), α-amyrin (1b), and β-amyrin (1c) in a 2:3:1 and a mixture of lupeol fatty acid esters (2a), α-amyrin fatty acid esters (2b), and β-amyrin fatty acid esters (2c) in a 3:2:1 ratio. The structures of 1a-2c were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Hoya pubicalyx afforded 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (1), a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (2) and lupenone (3) in a 3:1 ratio, and a mixture of β-sitosterol (4) and stigmasterol (5) in a 3:1 ratio.  The structures of 1-5 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiying bodies of Trametes versicolor yielded ergosterol peroxide (1) and a mixture of stellasterol (2) and ergosterol (3) in a 3.6:1 ratio.  The structures of 1-3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Flacourtia rukam Zoli. & Moritzi (Syn. Flacourtia euphlebia Merr.) led to the isolation of monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (1), β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6β-O-fatty acid esters (2), β-sitosterol (3) and triacylglycerols (4) from the pulp; 3 and chlrorophyll a (5) from the fruit peel; and 4 from the seeds. The structures of 1-5 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) yielded taraxeryl fatty acid esters (1), squalene (2), (E)-3-alkenoic acids (3), β-carotene (4), a mixture of β-sitosterol (5a) and stigmasterol (5b), long-chain fatty alcohols (6), and long-chain hydrocarbons (7) from the leaves; and 7, triacylglycerols (8), and long-chain saturated fatty acid esters (9) from the twigs. The structures of 1-9 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Ficus ampelas Burm.f. has led to the isolation of squalene (1),  mixtures of β-amyrin fatty acid esters (2a) and α-amyrin fatty acid esters (2b) in a 1:2 ratio and β-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b) in a 2:1 ratio, chlorophyll a (4), and saturated fatty acids (5) from the twigs; and 5, β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6β-O-fatty acid esters (6), and long-chain fatty alcohols (7) from the fruit. The structures of 1-7 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Rheum ribes has led to the isolation of β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'-O-fatty acid esters (1), β-sitosterol (2), phytyl fatty acid esters (3), triacylglycerols (4) and chlorophyllide a (5). The structures of 1-5 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of Coprinopsis lagopus led to the isolation of 3β-linoleyloxyergosta-7,22-diene (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), linoleic acid (3) and triacylglycerols (4).  The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Hoya cumingiana Decne. yielded a mixture of α-amyrin (1), β-amyrin (2), bauerenol (3) and lupeol (4) in about 9:3:1:1 ratio and another mixture of β-sitosterol (5) and stigmasterol (6) in a 5:1 ratio from the leaves; and taraxerol (7) from the stems.  The structures of 1-7 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the stems of Corchorus olitorius L. led to the isolation of oleanolic acid (1), 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (2), chlorophyll a (3), mixtures of phytyl fatty acid esters (4a) and β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters (4b) and β-sitosterol (5a) and stigmasterol (5b).  The structures of 1-5b were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

In an earlier study, we isolated α-mangostin as the major xanthone and 3-isomangostin as a minor constituent of the pulp of the ripe fruit of Garcinia mangostana Linn.  Further study on the pulp has led to the isolation of garcinone D (1). The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.  Garcinone D was reported to exhibit anticancer property.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the the  edible young stems of  Gundelia tournefortii  L. var Armata yielded β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6̾-O-fatty acid esters (1); mixtures of β-sitosterol (2a) and stigmasterol (2b) in a 1:2 ratio; phytyl fatty acid esters (3a), α-amyrin fatty acid esters (3b); lupeol fatty acid esters (3c) and β-amyrin fatty acid esters (3d) in a 3:2:2:1 ratio; α-amyrin (4a) and β-amyrin (4b) in a 1:3 ratio; oleic acid (5a) and linoleic acid (5b) in a 1:2 ratio; and long-chain fatty alcohols (6).  The structures of 1-6  were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. has yielded mixtures of erythrodiol (1a), uvaol (1b), and betulin (1c) in a 1:1:1 ratio, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in a 2:1 ratio, β-amyrin acetate (3b) and α-amyrin acetate (3b) in a 1:4 ratio, and β-sitosterol (4a) and stigmasterol (4b) in a 3:2 ratio; squalene (5), β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'̾-O-fatty acid esters (6), and chlorophyll a (7). The structures of 1–7 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & de Vriese) Miq. has led to the isolation of 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (1), phytyl fatty acid ester (2), squalene (3), and β-sitosterol (4).  The structures of 1-4 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Ursolic acid (1), squalene (2), a mixture of α-amyrin acetate (3a) and lupeol acetate (3b), and isoscopoletin (4), isolated from the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and twigs of Kibatalia gitingensis, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three
human cancer cell lines, breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29 and HCT-116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDFn), using the in vitro PrestoBlue® cell viability assay. Compounds 1-4 exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against HT-29 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.6931 to 1.083 μg/mL. Furthermore, 1-4 were moderately
cytotoxic against HCT-116 cells with IC50 values ranging from 4.065 to 11.09 μg/mL. These compounds were least cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 8.642 to 25.87 μg/mL. The most cytotoxic against HT-29 cells, HCT-116 cells and MCF-7 cells are 2, 4 and 1, respectively.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang and Xia has led to the isolation of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (1), β-sitosterol (2), linoleic acid (3), and 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (4). The structures of 1-4 were identified by NMR spectroscopy.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Hypnea nidulans Setchell has led to the isolation of monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (1) and zeinoxanthin (2). The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 2 was identified by comparison of its NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the flowers of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. afforded mixtures of α-amyrin acetate (1a), β-amyrin acetate (1b) and lupeol acetate (1c); and α-amyrin fatty acid esters (2a), β-amyrin fatty acid esters (2b), lupeol fatty acid esters (2c) and phytyl fatty acid esters (2d).  The structures of 1a-2d were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the flowers of Duranta erecta L. has led to the isolation of oleanolic acid (1), a mixture of α-amyrin (2a) and β-amyrin (2b) in a 3:1 ratio, phytyl fatty acid esters (3), and triacylglycerols (4), The structures of 1-4b were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

The dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Dracontomelon dao (Merr. & Rolfe) has led to the isolation of anacardic acid (1), β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'-O-fatty acid esters (2), β-sitosterol (3), phytol (4), a mixture of phytyl fatty acid esters (5) and β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters (6),  chlorophyll a (7), long-chain fatty alcohols (8), and long-chain hydrocarbons (9). The structures of 1–9 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat. has led to the isolation of ergosterol peroxide (1) and triacylglycerols (2).  The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of its 13C NMR data with literature data.

The dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata led to the isolation of neoandrographolide (1), 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene (2) and 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (3), and squalene (4) from the leaves, while the  stems yielded 1 and 2. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Cymodocea serrulata has led to the isolation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1), chlorophyll a (2), and a mixture of β-sitosterol (3) and stigmasterol (4).  The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.    The structures of 2-4 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Silica gel chromatography of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae led to the isolation of ergosterol peroxide (1).  The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of its 1H and 13C NMR data with literature data.

The dichloromethane extract of the flowers of Brassica rapa var. parachinensis (Baily) Hanelt, also known as choi sum led to the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), chlorophyll a (2) and triacylglycerol (3). The structures of 1-3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Hoya cagayanensis led to the isolation of dihydrocanaric acid  (1), lupeol (2), lupenone (3) and saturated hydrocarbons from the stems; and 2-hydroxyethyl benzoate (4) and a mixture of β-sitosterol (5a) and  stigmasterol (5b) from the leaves.  The structures of 1 and 4 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 2, 3, 5a and 5b were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

Brassica rapa chinensis L. and Brassica rapa var. parachinensis (Baily) Hanelt were studied for their chemical constituents. The dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of Brassica chinensis L. afforded β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6-O-fatty acid esters (1), β-sitosterol (2), chlorophyll a (3) and phytyl fatty acid esters (4), while the leaves of Brassica rapa var. parachinensis (Baily) Hanelt yielded 4, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (5) and lutein (6).  The structures of 1-6 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Hoya pubicalyx Merr. yielded taraxerol (1), β-sitosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3). The structures of 1–3 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.