Martin Stendel

The project ROPEWALK, funded by the AP Møller Mærsk Fund, is a joint initiative of the Danish National Archive and the Danish Meteorological Institute over the period 2023-2026. The aim of the project is to digitize and transcribe all weather observations in ship journals and logbooks stored in the Danish National Archive.The collection in the archive is remarkable for several reasons. A huge amount of data (more than 750 shelf metres) is stored, beginning as early as the 1680s. With the exception of the Napoleonic wars and the Danish state bankruptcy in 1814, the data is complete. In particular, there were no losses during the Second World War.In the archive, logbooks from Danish ships over large parts of Northern Hemisphere are found. Of particular interest are observations from two regions, the Øresund and Greenland.In connection with the Sound duties which every ship passing the sound or belts had to pay between 1426 and 1857, weather observations were made on board of war ships placed at strategic locations near Copenhagen, Helsingør and Nyborg. These ships had to ensure that no one passed without paying the duties. Probably for practical reasons, weather observations were tabulated as early as the first half of the 18th century. In several cases, observations were conducted every time the ship bell was struck, resulting in 48 observations in the course of one day. The early part of the logbook collection is from the Little Ice Age, and numerous ice observations in the Danish waters have been preserved.The other group of logbooks which are of particular interest are from voyages to the colonies, in particular to (western) Greenland. The Greenlandic Trade Company had a monopoly for commerce with Greenland for nearly 200 years, and foreign ships would not be allowed to call a port. These "Greenland Voyages" were conducted several times per year. In many cases, detailed sea ice observations have been made.The original logbooks are being scanned by the National Archive in highest possible resolution. The scans will then be transcribed by means of machine learning. This is possible, since the political system in Denmark was absolutistic between 1660 and 1848, and logbooks from different periods resemble each other much more than is the case for the nautical heritage in other seafaring nations. Where this is not possible, the data will be transcribed with the help of volunteers. For the oldest logbooks, which are in free text rather than in tabular form, we could locate older transcriptions which are much easier to read tahn the original data, either by machine or manually.All transcribed data will be made publicly available. They can be used for future research or as input for reanalysis projects. We will present first results of our analysis.

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We present the largest catalogue compiled to date of TGFs and associated lightning activity, geostationary satellite cloud images and ERA5 reanalysis data. The TGFs are observed from AGILE, ASIM, FERMI and RHESSI, and the lightning activity by the WWLLN and GLD360 networks. The 1582 TGF events identified are analysed and contextualized relative to lightning flashes. In our analysis, we consider the proportion of TGFs and lightning coming from overshooting tops, and the dependencies on Cloud Top Temperature (CTT) and the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE). We find that TGFs come from primarily higher cloud tops than lightning flashes, consistent with previous studies. We also find that CAPE is similar for TGF and lightning-producing cells, and that the proportion of TGF and lightning-producing cells in the overshooting phase are similar. We analyse the regional and seasonal differences between TGFs and lightning and see that regional meteorological effects dominate.

Aastrup, Peter ; Ackrén, Maria ; Allard, Michel ; Archambault, Philippe ; Arendt, Kristine ; Barrette, Carl ; Bélanger, Simon ; Bell, Trevor ; Berteaux, Dominique ; Bjella, Kevin ; Bjorst, Lill Rastad ; Boertmann, David ; Boolsen, Merete Watt ; Brooks, Heather ; Brown, Ross ; Brown, Tanya ; Carbonneau, AndréeSylvie ; Chaumont, Diane ; Christensen, Tom ; Cuyler, Christine ; Dawson, Jackie ; Derksen, Chris; Devred, Émmanuel ; Doré, Guy ; Edmunds-Potvin, Sharon ; Falk, Knud ; Ferguson, Steve ; Finner, Kaitlyn ; Foged, Niels ; Ford, James ; Franke, Alastair ; Gauthier, Gilles ; Grenier, Patrick ; Guy, Emmanuel ; Hamilton, James ; Merrild Hansen, Anne ; Healey, Gwen ; Hedeholm, Rasmus B. ; Hotson, Chris ; Howell, Stephen ; Hung, Hayley ; Ingebrigtson, Linnea ; Ingeman-Nielsen, Thomas; Kanatami, Inuit Tapiriit ; Jacobsen, Rikke Becker ; James, Thomas ; Johnston, Margaret ; Kaae, Berit ; Lading, Tove ; Lafrenière, Melissa ; Lamoureux, Scott F. ; Langen, Peter Lang ; Lasserre, Frederic ; La...

General information State: Published Organisations: Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnics and Geology, WWF Global Arctic Program, Nunavut Tunngavik, Government of Nunavut, Arctic Net, Aarhus University, Universite Laval Contributors: Tesar, C., Falk, K., Ford, J., Ackrén, M., Watt Boolsen, M., Edmunds-potvin, S., Hansen, A., Ingebrigtson, L. , Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Lemay, M., Merkel, F. R., Rodon, T., Southcott, C., Tremblay, J., Wegeberg, S. Number of pages: 24 Pages: 329-352 Publication date: 2018

Climate change threatens many well‐preserved archaeological sites in the Arctic. The paper presents the first Arctic multi‐threat assessment focusing on the Nuuk region of Greenland. The results suggest that the majority of the 336 known archaeological sites are already exposed to impacts from microbial degradation, permafrost thaw and vegetation, and that these impacts will increase over the next 80 years. Additional impacts from coastal erosion are only noted at a limited number of sites due to a predominant consolidated and uplifting coast. The applied methods represent an important first step to identify threatened sites and emphasize important data limitations.

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

<p>The equivalent potential temperature <em>Θ<sub>e</sub></em> is a useful measure of the total heat content in the atmosphere, as it is conserved during both dry adiabatic and wet adiabatic processes. It is defined as letting an air parcel expand pseudo-adiabatically until all the water vapour has condensed, release and precipitate all its latent heat and compress it dry-adiabatically to the standard pressure of 1000 hPa.</p><p>Changes in surface or air temperature can thus be related to changes in humidity. For example, the relative contributions of temperature and humidity changes in tropical cyclones can be addressed, Arctic amplification due to the fact that saturation mixing ratio follows an exponential curve with temperature can be investigated, and by considering <em>Θ<sub>e</sub></em> in different vertical levels, an assessment of changes in convective stability can be made.</p><p>We have conducted a very long climate simulation with a global model interactively coupled to a Greenland ice sheet component. An extended RCP8.5 scenario is applied, where emissions of greenhouse gases continue to increase and then eventually level out around 2250. The model is then run for another 1000 years. With such an extreme forcing, all Arctic sea ice has completely disappeared, and a large part of the Greenland Ice Sheet has melted at the end of the simulation.</p><p>We examine changes in the total heat content based on observations and model data for past and present as well as for future climate. Daily data, allowing the identification of individual weather systems will be discussed for time slices with a seasonally and later a totally ice-free Arctic.</p>

Since 1995 low orbiting research satellites have, occasionally, tracked and received ra- dio signals from GPS satellites that set or rise behind the Earth. During limb sounding one measures the atmospheric altitude in which the signal is bend and Doppler shifted. Such information is invertible to refractivity profiles, which conforms to pressure, temperature and water vapour. Vapour contributes little above

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...

Project: IPCC Third Assessment Report ECHAM4/OPYC data sets The project embrases the simulations with the coupled climate model ECHAM4/OPYC, relevant for the third assessment report (TAR, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The IPCC has been established by WMO and UNEP to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information, relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaption and mitigation. A more detailed description about the work of the IPCC can be found at the IPCC homepage ( http://www.ipcc.ch ) and at ( www.grida.no/climate/ipcc ). As a further development the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES, http://www.grida.no/Climate/ipcc/emission/) have been constructed, to describe (potential) future developments in the global enviroment with special reference to the production of greenhouse gases and aerosol precursor emissions. A set of four scenari...