Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
research-article

Olfactory Adaptation in Virtual Environments

Published: 01 June 2014 Publication History

Abstract

Visual perception is becoming increasingly important in computer graphics. Research on human visual perception has led to the development of perception-driven computer graphics techniques, where knowledge of the human visual system (HVS) and, in particular, its weaknesses are exploited when rendering and displaying 3D graphics. Findings on limitations of the HVS have been used to maintain high perceived quality but reduce the computed quality of some of the image without this quality difference being perceived. This article investigates the amount of time for which (if at all) such limitations could be exploited in the presence of smell. The results show that for our experiment, adaptation to smell does indeed affect participants’ ability to determine quality difference in the animations. Having been exposed to a smell before undertaking the experiment, participants were able to determine the quality in a similar fashion to the “no smell” condition, whereas without adaptation, participants were not able to distinguish the quality difference.

References

[1]
J. P. Aggleton and L. Waskett. 1999. The ability of odors to serve as state-dependent cues for real-world memories: Can Viking smells aid the recall of Viking experiences? Journal of Psychology 90, 1--7.
[2]
P. L. Anderson, B. O. Rothbaum, and L. Hodges. 2001. Virtual reality: Using the virtual world to improve quality of life in the real world. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 65, 78--91.
[3]
S. Ayabe-Kanamura, I. Schicker, M. Laska, R. Hudson, H. Distel, T. Kobayakawa, and S. Saito. 1998. Differences in perception of everyday odors: A Japanese-German cross cultural study. Chemical Senses 23, 31--38.
[4]
BBC. 2006. Sense of Smell ‘Underestimated.” Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6183379.stm
[5]
P. F. Bone and S. Jantrania. 1992. Olfaction as a cue for product quality. Marketing Letters 3, 289--296.
[6]
B. R. Brkic, A. Chalmers, A. Sadzak, K. Debattista, and S. Sultanic. 2013. Exploring multiple modalities for selective rendering of virtual environments. In Proceedings of the Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG’13). ACM, New York, NY, 91--98.
[7]
B. R. Brkic and A. Chalmers. 2010. Virtual smell: Authentic smell diffusion in virtual environments. In AFRIGRAPH’10: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation and Interaction in Africa (AFRIGRAPH’10). ACM, New York, NY, 45--52.
[8]
B. R. Brkic, A. Chalmers, K. Boulanger, S. Pattanaik, and J. Covington. 2009. Cross-modal affects of smell on the real-time rendering of grass. In Proceedings of the Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG’09). ACM, New York, NY, 161--166.
[9]
G. C. Burdea and P. Coiffet. 2003. Virtual Reality Technology (2nd ed.). Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
[10]
S. R. Cajal. 1909. Histologie du systeme nerveux de l’homme et des vertebres (Histology of the Nervous System of Man and Vertebrates, L. Azoulay (Trans.). Paris, France, Maloine.
[11]
A. Cann and D. Ross. 1989. Olfactory stimuli as context cues in human memory. American Journal of Psychology 102, 91--102.
[12]
J. M. Cernoch and R. H. Porter. 1985. Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants. Child Development 56, 6 (December 1985), 1593--1598.
[13]
A. Chalmers, K. Debattista, and B. Ramic-Brkic. 2009a. Towards high-fidelity multi-sensory virtual environments. Visual Computer 25, 12, 1101--1108.
[14]
A. G. Chalmers, D. Howard, and C. Moir. 2009b. Real virtuality: A step change from virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG’09). ACM, New York, NY, 9--16.
[15]
P. ChangHoon, K. Heedong, K. Ig-Jae, A. Sang Chul, K. Yong-Moo, and K. Hyoung-Gon. 2002. The making of Kyongju VR theatre. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2002 (VRC’02). 269--273.
[16]
Y. Chen. 2006. Olfactory display: Development and application in virtual reality therapy, In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence—Workshops 2006 (ICAT’06). IEEE, Washington, DC, 580--584.
[17]
S. Chu and J. J. Downes. 2000. Odour-evoked autobiographical memories: Psychological investigations of Proustian phenomena. Chemical Senses 25, 1 (February 2000), 111--116.
[18]
F. Davide, M. Holmberg, and I. Lundström. 2001. Virtual olfactory interfaces: Electronic noses and olfactory displays. In Communications Through Virtual Technologies, G. Riva and F. Davide (Eds.). IOS Press, Amsterdam, 194--220.
[19]
K. Debattista, A. G. Chalmers, R. Gillibrand, P. Longhurst, G. Mastoropoulou, and V. Sundstedt. 2007. Parallel selective rendering of high-fidelity virtual environments. Parallel Computing 33, 361--376.
[20]
Digital Scent Technology Blog. 2009. Digital Scent Technology. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://digiscents.com/blog/
[21]
Y. Dorri, M. Sabeghi, and B. T. Kurien. 2007. Awaken olfactory receptors of humans and experimental animals by coffee odourants to induce appetite. Medical Hypotheses 69, 508--509.
[22]
S. Dowdey. 2000. How Does the Sense of Smell Work? What Causes a Smell? Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://health.howstuffworks.com/question139.htm.
[23]
G. Ellis and A. Chalmers. 2006. The effect of translational ego-motion on the perception of high fidelity animations. In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. ACM, New York, NY, 160. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Publications/Papers/2000529.pdf.
[24]
N. Guéguen. 2012. The sweet smell of … implicit helping: Effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on spontaneous help in shopping malls. Journal of Social Psychology 152, 397--400.
[25]
M. Gutiérrez, R. Ott, D. Thalmann, and F. Vexo. 2004. Mediators: Virtual haptic interfaces for tele-operated robots. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN’04). 515--520.
[26]
D. Harel, L. Carmel, and D. Lancet. 2003. Towards an odor communication system. Computational Biology and Chemistry 27, 121--133.
[27]
M. L. Heilig. 1962. Sensorama Simulator. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.mortonheilig.com/InventorVR.html.
[28]
R. Herz. 2008. Buying by the Nose. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/buying-nose-94779.
[29]
B. Hessney. 2009. The Smell of Success. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://austinama.org/2009/02/the-smell-of-success/.
[30]
A. R. Hirsch. 1990. Preliminary Results of Olfaction Nike Study. Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation, Chicago, IL.
[31]
H. G. Hoffman, A. Hollander, K. Schroder, S. Rousseau, and T. Furness. 1998. Physically touching and tasting virtual objects enhances the realism of virtual experiences. Virtual Reality 3, 226--234.
[32]
T. Jacob. 2007. Olfaction. Technical Report. Cardiff University, UK.
[33]
J. Kaye. 2001. Symbolic Olfactory Display. Master’s Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
[34]
J. Kaye. 2004. Making scents: Aromatic output for HCI. Interactions 11, 1, 48--61. 964333
[35]
M. Kim. 2010. What’s That Smell in the Magic Kingdom. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://thedisneydrivenlife.com/2010/07/27/whats-that-smell-in-the-magic-kingdom.
[36]
Human Interface Technology Lab. 1997. Olfactory Interfaces. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.hitl.washington.edu/.
[37]
J. C. Leffingwell. 2002. Olfaction—A Review. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.leffingwell.com/olfaction.htm.
[38]
P. Lemoine, M. Gutiérrez, F. Vexo, and D. Thalmann. 2004. Mediators: Virtual interfaces with haptic feedback. In Proceedings of EuroHaptics. 6873.
[39]
G. Mastoropoulou. 2006. The Effect of Audio on the Visual Perception of High-Fidelity Animated 3D Computer Graphics. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
[40]
G. Mastoropoulou, K. Debattista, A. Chalmers, and T. Troscianko. 2005a. Auditory bias of visual attention for perceptually-guided selective rendering of animations. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia (GRAPHITE’05). ACM, New York, NY, 363--369.
[41]
G. Mastoropoulou, K. Debattista, A. Chalmers, and T. Troscianko. 2005b. The influence of sound effects on the perceived smoothness of rendered animations. In Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV’05). ACM, New York, NY, 9--15.
[42]
C. Miller. 1991. Research reveals how marketers can win by a nose. Marketing News 25, 1--2.
[43]
R. W. Moncrieff. 1956. Olfactory adaptation and odour likeness. Journal of Physiology 133, 301--316.
[44]
F. W. Moore. 1970. Food habits in non-industrial societies. In Dimensions of Nutrition. Associated University Press, Denver, CO, 181--221.
[45]
V. Moore-Gillon. 1987. Testing the sense of smell. British Medical Journal 294 (March 1987), 793--794.
[46]
T. Nakamoto, S. Otaguro, M. Kinoshita, M. Nagahama, K. Ohinishi, and T. Ishida. 2008. Cooking up an interactive olfactory game display. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 28, 1, 75--78.
[47]
A. M. Okamura, R. J. Webster III, J. T. Nolin, K. W. Johnson, and H. Jafry. 2003. The haptic scissors: Cutting in virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation. 828--833.
[48]
G. V. Popescu, G. C. Burdea, and H. Trefftz. 2002. Multi-modal interaction modeling. In Handbook of Virtual Environments. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
[49]
R. H. Porter. 1999. Olfaction and human kin recognition. Genetica 104, 501--502.
[50]
W. Powers. 2004. The Science of Smell Part 1: Odor Perception and Physiological Response. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1963A.pdf.
[51]
B. Ramic, A. Chalmers, J. Hasic, and S. Rizvic. 2007. Selective rendering in a multimodal environment: Scent and graphics. In Proceedings of the Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG’07).
[52]
A. Rizzo, K. Graap, R. N. Mclay, K. Perlman, B. O. Rothbaum, G. Reger, T. Parsons, J. Difede, and J. Pair. 2007. Virtual Iraq: Initial case reports from a VR exposure therapy application for combat-related post traumatic stress disorder. In Proceedings of Virtual Rehabilitation. 124--130.
[53]
A. A. Rizzo, M. Schultheis, K. A. Kerns, and C. Mateer. 2004. Analysis of assets for virtual reality applications in neuropsychology. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 14, 207--239.
[54]
E. T. Rolls, M. L. Kringelbach, and I. E. de Araujo. 2003. Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the human brain. European Journal of Neuroscience 26, 695--703.
[55]
S. S. Schiffman and T. C. Pearce. 2003. Introduction to olfaction: Perception, anatomy, physiology, and molecular biology. In Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology. Wiley-VCH.
[56]
E. R. Spangenberg, A. E. Crowley, and P. W. Henderson. 1996. Improving the store environment: Do olfactory cues affect evaluations and behaviors? Journal of Marketing 60, 2, 67--80.
[57]
B. S. Spencer. 2006. Incorporating the sense of smell into patient and haptic surgical simulators. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 10, 1, 168--173.
[58]
R. J. Stevenson and R. A. Boakes. 2003. A mnemonic theory of odor perception. Psychological Review 110, 340--364.
[59]
J. C. Stewart, S. C. Yeh, Y. Jung, H. Yoon, M. Whitford, S. Y. Chen, L. Li, M. McLaughlin, A. Rizzo, and C. J. Winstein. 2007. Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 4 (June 2007), 21+.
[60]
R. L. Storms. 1998. Auditory-Visual Cross-Modal Perception Phenomena. Ph.D. Dissertation. Naval Postgraduate School.
[61]
A. Tijou, E. Richard, and P. Richard. 2006. Using olfactive virtual environments for learning organic molecules. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment (Edutainment’06). 1223--1233.
[62]
K. Tominaga, S. Honda, T. Ohsawa, H. Shigeno, K. Okada, and Y. Matsushita. 2001. “Friend Park”-expression of the wind and the scent on virtual space. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia. 507--515.
[63]
R. Tortell, D. P. Luigi, A. Dozois, S. Bouchard, J. F. Morie, and D. Ilan. 2007. The effects of scent and game play experience on memory of a virtual environment. Virtual Reality 11, 1 (March 2007), 61--68. 10.1007/s10055-006-0056-0
[64]
G. Ward. 1994. The RADIANCE lighting simulation and rendering system. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH’94). 459--472.
[65]
D. A. Washburn, L. M. Jones, R. V. Satya, C. A. Bowers, and A. Cortes. 2004. Olfactory use in virtual environment training. Modeling and Simulation Magazine 2, 3, 19--25.
[66]
D. A. Wilson and R. J. Stevenson. 2003. Olfactory perceptual learning: The critical role of memory in odor discrimination. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27, 4 (September 2003), 307--328.
[67]
S. Winkler and C. Faller. 2005. Audiovisual quality evaluation of low-bitrate video. SPIE/IS&T Human Vision and Electronic Imaging 5666, 139--148.
[68]
C. J. Wysocki, J. D. Pierce Jr., and A. N. Gilbert. 1991. Smell and Taste in Health and Disease. Raven, New York, NY, 287--314.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Towards Trustworthy MetaShopping: Studying Manipulative Audiovisual Designs in Virtual-Physical Commercial PlatformsProceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia10.1145/3664647.3681679(68-77)Online publication date: 28-Oct-2024
  • (2023)Welcome to SensoryX 2023Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences Workshops10.1145/3604321.3604348(43-45)Online publication date: 12-Jun-2023
  • (2023)OmniScent: An Omnidirectional Olfaction-Enhanced Virtual Reality 360° Video Delivery Solution for Increasing Viewer Quality of ExperienceIEEE Transactions on Broadcasting10.1109/TBC.2023.327721569:4(941-950)Online publication date: Dec-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Applied Perception
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception  Volume 11, Issue 2
July 2014
126 pages
ISSN:1544-3558
EISSN:1544-3965
DOI:10.1145/2633908
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 01 June 2014
Accepted: 01 March 2014
Revised: 01 March 2014
Received: 01 May 2013
Published in TAP Volume 11, Issue 2

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Adaptation to smell
  2. high-fidelity graphics

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)30
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 07 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Towards Trustworthy MetaShopping: Studying Manipulative Audiovisual Designs in Virtual-Physical Commercial PlatformsProceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia10.1145/3664647.3681679(68-77)Online publication date: 28-Oct-2024
  • (2023)Welcome to SensoryX 2023Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences Workshops10.1145/3604321.3604348(43-45)Online publication date: 12-Jun-2023
  • (2023)OmniScent: An Omnidirectional Olfaction-Enhanced Virtual Reality 360° Video Delivery Solution for Increasing Viewer Quality of ExperienceIEEE Transactions on Broadcasting10.1109/TBC.2023.327721569:4(941-950)Online publication date: Dec-2023
  • (2023)That Scent Evokes an Image—On the Impact of Olfactory Cues on User Image Recall in Digital Multisensory EnvironmentsInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction10.1080/10447318.2023.225461840:20(6359-6373)Online publication date: 19-Sep-2023
  • (2022)Examining Potential of Scents for Enhancement of User Performance with Mobile AppsMobile Information Systems10.1155/2022/87769942022Online publication date: 16-Mar-2022
  • (2022)Do Multisensory Stimuli Benefit the Virtual Reality Experience? A Systematic ReviewIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2020.301008828:2(1428-1442)Online publication date: 1-Feb-2022
  • (2022)Integration of Multisensorial Effects in Synchronised Immersive Hybrid TV ScenariosIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2022.319417010(79071-79089)Online publication date: 2022
  • (2020)A novel indoor smell regulation methodAIP Advances10.1063/1.514462710:10Online publication date: 21-Oct-2020
  • (2019)Evaluation of 3DOHA enhanced Virtual Edutainment Application for Visually Impaired Users: A Pilot Study2019 IEEE International Symposium on Haptic, Audio and Visual Environments and Games (HAVE)10.1109/HAVE.2019.8920889(1-6)Online publication date: Oct-2019
  • (2018)The Art of Digital Scent - People, Space and TimeJournal of Science and Technology of the Arts10.7559/citarj.v10i1.50110:1(2)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media