research-article

Public Access

Acquisition of survey knowledge using walking in place and resetting methods in immersive virtual environments

Authors:

Gayathri Narasimham,

Timothy P. McNamara,

Bobby BodenheimerAuthors Info & Claims

SAP '17: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception

Article No.: 7, Pages 1 - 8

https://doi.org/10.1145/3119881.3119889

Published: 16 September 2017 Publication History

Abstract

Locomotion in large virtual environments is currently unsupported in smartphone-powered virtual reality headsets, particularly within the confines of limited physical space. While motion controllers are a workaround for this issue, they exhibit known problems: they occupy the subject's hands, and they cause poor navigation performance. In this paper, we investigate three hands-free methods for navigating large virtual environments. The first method is resetting, a reorientation technique that allows for both translation and rotation body-based cues. The other two methods are walking in place techniques that use only rotation-based cues. In the first walking in place technique, we make use of the inertial measurement unit of the smartphone embedded in a Samsung Gear VR to detect when subjects are stepping. The second technique uses the Kinect's skeletal tracking for step detection. In this paper, we measure the survey component of spatial knowledge to assess three navigation conditions. Our metrics examine how well subjects gather and retain information from their environment, as well as how well they integrate it into a single model. We find that resetting leads to the strongest acquisition of survey knowledge, which we believe is due to the vestibular cues provided by this method.

References

[1]

Antilatency. 2017. Antilatency: Positional Tracking for Mobile VR. http://antilatency.com/. (2017). Accessed: 2017-5-18.

[2]

Mahdi Azmandian, Timofey Grechkin, and Evan Suma Rosenberg. 2017. An evaluation of strategies for two-user redirected walking in shared physical spaces. In Virtual Reality (VR), 2017 IEEE. IEEE, 91--98.

[3]

Sarah S Chance, Florence Gaunet, Andrew C Beall, and Jack M Loomis. 1998. Locomotion mode affects updating of objects encountered during travel: The contribution of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs to path integration. Presence 7, 2 (1998), 168--178.

Digital Library

[4]

Elizabeth R Chrastil. 2013. Neural evidence supports a novel framework for spatial navigation. Psychonomic bulletin & review 20, 2 (2013), 208--227.

[5]

Elizabeth R Chrastil and William H Warren. 2013. Active and passive spatial learning in human navigation: Acquisition of survey knowledge. Journal of experimental psychology: learning, memory, and cognition 39, 5 (2013), 1520.

[6]

Elizabeth R Chrastil and William H Warren. 2015. Active and passive spatial learning in human navigation: acquisition of graph knowledge. Journal of experimental psychology: learning, memory, and cognition 41, 4 (2015), 1162.

[7]

Sarah H. Creem-Regehr, Jeanine K. Stefanucci, William B. Thompson, Nathan Nash, and Michael McCardell. 2015. Egocentric Distance Perception in the Oculus Rift (DK2). In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Applied Perception (SAP '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 47--50.

Digital Library

[8]

David Engel, Cristóbal Curio, Lili Tcheang, Betty Mohler, and Heinrich H. Bülthoff. 2008. A psychophysically calibrated controller for navigating through large environments in a limited free-walking space. In VRST '08: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 157--164.

Digital Library

[9]

Jeff Feasel, Mary C Whitton, and Jeremy D Wendt. 2008. LLCM-WIP: Low-latency, continuous-motion walking-in-place. In 3D User Interfaces, 2008. 3DUI 2008. IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 97--104.

Digital Library

[10]

S. Freitag, D. Rausch, and T. Kuhlen. 2014. Reorientation in virtual environments using interactive portals. In 2014 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). 119--122.

[11]

Google. 2017. Google Cardboard: Official VR Headsets. https://store.google.com/product/google_cardboard. (2017). Accessed: 2017-5-25.

[12]

Timofey Grechkin, Jerald Thomas, Mahdi Azmandian, Mark Bolas, and Evan Suma. 2016. Revisiting Detection Thresholds for Redirected Walking: Combining Translation and Curvature Gains. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception (SAP '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 113--120.

Digital Library

[13]

Victoria Interrante, Brian Ries, and Lee Anderson. 2007. Seven League Boots: A New Metaphor for Augmented Locomotion through Moderately Large Scale Immersive Virtual Environments. In IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces. 167--170.

[14]

Toru Ishikawa and Daniel R Montello. 2006. Spatial knowledge acquisition from direct experience in the environment: Individual differences in the development of metric knowledge and the integration of separately learned places. Cognitive psychology 52, 2 (2006), 93--129.

[15]

KinectVR. 2017. Kinect VR: Room scale tracking for mobile VR. http://kinectvr.com. (2017). Accessed: 2017-5-18.

[16]

Eike Langbehn, Paul Lubos, Gerd Bruder, and Frank Steinicke. 2017. Application of redirected walking in room-scale VR. In Virtual Reality (VR), 2017 IEEE. IEEE, 449--450.

[17]

Robert Leeb, Claudia Keinrath, Doron Friedman, Christoph Guger, Reinhold Scherer, Christa Neuper, Maia Garau, Angus Antley, Anthony Steed, Mel Slater, and Gert Pfurtscheller. 2006. Walking by Thinking: The Brainwaves Are Crucial, Not the Muscles! Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 5 (2006), 500--514.

Digital Library

[18]

Jack M Loomis, Roberta L Klatzky, Reginald G Golledge, and John W Philbeck. 1999. Human navigation by path integration. Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes (1999), 125--151.

[19]

Daniel R Montello. 2009. A conceptual model of the cognitive processing of environmental distance information. In International Conference on Spatial Information Theory. Springer, 1--17.

Digital Library

[20]

Daniel R Montello, David Waller, Mary Hegarty, and Anthony E Richardson. 2004. Spatial memory of real environments, virtual environments, and maps. Human spatial memory: Remembering where (2004), 251--285.

[21]

W Mou, M Zhao, and T P McNamara. 2007. Layout geometry in the selection of intrinsic frames of reference from multiple viewpoints. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33, 1 (2007), 145--154.

[22]

C.T. Neth, J.L. Souman, D. Engel, U. Kloos, H.H. Bu? andlthoff, and B.J. Mohler. 2011. Velocity-dependent dynamic curv ature gain for redirected walking. In Virtual Reality Conference (VR), 2011 IEEE. 151 --158.

Digital Library

[23]

Tabitha C. Peck, Henry Fuchs, and Mary C. Whitton. 2009. Evaluation of Reorientation Techniques and Distractors for Walking in Large Virtual Environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 15 (2009), 383--394.

Digital Library

[24]

Sharif Razzaque, Zachariah Kohn, and Mary C Whitton. 2001. Redirected Walking. Eurographics Short Presentation (2001).

Digital Library

[25]

Bernhard E. Riecke, Bobby Bodenheimer, Timothy P. McNamara, Besty Williams, Peng Peng, and Daniel Feuereissen. 2010. Do we need to walk for effective virtual reality navigation? physical rotations alone may suffice. Spatial Cognition VII (2010), 234--247.

Digital Library

[26]

John J. Rieser. 1989. Access to Knowledge of Spatial Structure at Novel Points of Observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology 15, 6 (1989), 1157--1165.

[27]

B Roskos-Ewoldsen, T P McNamara, A L Shelton, and W Carr. 1998. Mental representations of large and small spatial layouts are orientation dependent. J. Exp. Psych: Learn., Mem., Cog. 24, 1 (1998), 215--226.

[28]

Jeffrey N. Rouder, Paul L. Speckman, Dongchu Sun, Richard D. Morey, and Geoffrey Iverson. 2009. Bayesian t-Tests for Accepting and Rejecting the Null Hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16 (2009), 225--237.

[29]

Roy A Ruddle. 2013. The effect of translational and rotational body-based information on navigation. In Human walking in virtual environments. Springer, 99--112.

[30]

Roy A Ruddle and Simon Lessels. 2006. For efficient navigation search, humans require full physical movement but not a rich visual scene. Psychological Science 6 (2006), 460--465.

[31]

Roy A Ruddle, Ekaterina Volkova, and Heinrich H Bülthoff. 2011. Walking improves your cognitive map in environments that are large-scale and large in extent. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 18, 2 (2011), 10.

Digital Library

[32]

Roy A Ruddle, Ekaterina Volkova, and Heinrich H Bülthoff. 2013. Learning to walk in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) 10, 2 (2013), 11.

Digital Library

[33]

Daniela Schiller, Howard Eichenbaum, Elizabeth A Buffalo, Lila Davachi, David J Foster, Stefan Leutgeb, and Charan Ranganath. 2015. Memory and space: towards an understanding of the cognitive map. Journal of Neuroscience 35, 41 (2015), 13904--13911.

[34]

Amy L. Shelton and Timothy P. McNamara. 2001. Systems of Spatial Reference in Human Memory. Cognitive Psychology 43, 4 (2001), 274 -- 310. https://doi.org/

[35]

Alexander W Siegel and Sheldon H White. 1975. The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments. Advances in child development and behavior 10 (1975), 9--55.

[36]

Mel Slater, Martin Usoh, and Anthony Steed. 1995. Taking Steps: The influence of a Walking Technique on Presence in Virtual Reality. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 2, 3 (Sept. 1995), 201--219.

Digital Library

[37]

Frank Steinicke, Gerd Bruder, Jason Jerald, Harald Frenz, and Markus Lappe. 2008. Analyses of human sensitivity to redirected walking. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 149--156.

Digital Library

[38]

Frank Steinicke, Gerd Bruder, Jason Jerald, Harald Frenz, and Markus Lappe. 2010. Estimation of Detection Thresholds for Redirected Walking Techniques. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 16 (2010), 17--27.

Digital Library

[39]

Evan A Suma, Gerd Bruder, Frank Steinicke, David M Krum, and Mark Bolas. 2012. A taxonomy for deploying redirection techniques in immersive virtual environments. In Virtual Reality Short Papers and Posters (VRW), 2012 IEEE. IEEE, 43--46.

Digital Library

[40]

David Swapp, Julian Williams, and Anthony Steed. 2010. The implementation of a novel walking interface within an immersive display. In 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), 2010 IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 71--74.

Digital Library

[41]

Sam Tregillus and Eelke Folmer. 2016. Vr-step: Walking-in-place using inertial sensing for hands free navigation in mobile vr environments. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1250--1255.

Digital Library

[42]

Martin Usoh, Kevin Arthur, Mary C. Whitton, Rui Bastos, Anthony Steed, Mel Slater, and Frederick P. Brooks. 1999. Walking > Walking-in-Place > Flying, in Virtual Environments. In SIGGRAPH 99. 359--364.

Digital Library

[43]

Mary C. Whitton, Joseph V. Cohn, Jeff Feasel, Paul Zimmons, Sharif Razzaque, Sarah J. Poulton, Brandi McLeod, and Jr. Frederick P. Brooks. 2005. Comparing VE Locomotion Interfaces. Virtual Reality Conference, IEEE 0 (2005), 123--130.

Digital Library

[44]

Betsy Williams, Stephen Bailey, Gayathri Narasimham, Muqun Li, and Bobby Bodenheimer. 2011. Evaluation of walking in place on a Wii balance board to explore a virtual environment. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 8, 3, Article 19 (Aug. 2011), 14 pages.

Digital Library

[45]

Betsy Williams, Gayathri Narasimham, Bjoern Rump, Timothy P. McNamara, Thomas H. Carr, John J. Rieser, and Bobby Bodenheimer. 2007. Exploring Large Virtual Environments with an HMD when Physical Space is Limited. In Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. Tübingen, Germany, 41--48.

Digital Library

[46]

Preston Tunnell Wilson, William Kalescky, Ansel MacLaughlin, and Betsy Williams. 2016. VR locomotion: walking> walking in place> arm swinging. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry-Volume 1. ACM, 243--249.

Digital Library

[47]

Preston Tunnell Wilson, Kevin Nguyen, Alyssa Harris, and Betsy Williams. 2014. Walking in place using the Microsoft Kinect to explore a large VE. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry. ACM, 27--33.

Digital Library

[48]

Chengli Xiao, Weimin Mou, and Timothy P McNamara. 2009. Use of self-to-object and object-to-object spatial relations in locomotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 35, 5 (2009), 1137.

[49]

Xianshi Xie, Qiufeng Lin, Haojie Wu, Gayathri Narasimham, Timothy P. McNamara, John Rieser, and Bobby Bodenheimer. 2010. A system for exploring large virtual environments that combines scaled translational gain and interventions. In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 65--72.

Digital Library

[50]

Ye Zheng, Matthew McCaleb, Courtney Strachan, and Betsy Williams. 2012. Exploring a virtual environment by walking in place using the Microsoft Kinect. In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on applied perception. ACM, 131--131.

Digital Library

Cited By

Ganapathi PSorathia K(2023)User elicited gesture-based locomotion techniques for immersive VEs in a seated position: a comparative evaluationFrontiers in Virtual Reality10.3389/frvir.2023.11696544Online publication date: 30-Aug-2023
https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2023.1169654
Yao QZhao YCreem-Regehr SStefanucci JBodenheimer B(2023)Does Teleporting Length Affect Spatial Awareness?2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct)10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00034(126-130)Online publication date: 16-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00034
Chakraborty S(2022)[DC] Effects of Asymmetric Locomotion Methods on Collaborative Navigation and Wayfinding in Shared Virtual Environments2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00327(952-953)Online publication date: Mar-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00327
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Acquisition of survey knowledge using walking in place and resetting methods in immersive virtual environments
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Interaction paradigms
      1. Virtual reality

Recommendations

Evaluation of Locomotion Techniques for Room-Scale VR: Joystick, Teleportation, and Redirected Walking
VRIC '18: Proceedings of the Virtual Reality International Conference - Laval Virtual

Due to its multimodal nature virtual reality technology imposes new challenges, for example, when it comes to navigating through a virtual environment. Joystick-based controls and teleportation techniques support only limited self-motion experiences, ...
Analysis of VR Sickness and Gait Parameters During Non-Isometric Virtual Walking with Large Translational Gain
VRCAI '19: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry

The combination of room-scale virtual reality and non-isometric virtual walking techniques is promising-the former provides a comfortable and natural VR experience, while the latter relaxes the constraint of the physical space surrounding the user. In ...
Towards virtual reality infinite walking: dynamic saccadic redirection

Redirected walking techniques can enhance the immersion and visual-vestibular comfort of virtual reality (VR) navigation, but are often limited by the size, shape, and content of the physical environments.

We propose a redirected walking technique that ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

SAP '17: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception

September 2017

101 pages

ISBN:9781450351485

DOI:10.1145/3119881

Conference Chairs:
Douglas W. Cunningham
Brandenburg University of Technology
,
Michael Breuß
Brandenburg University of Technology
,
Editor:
Stephen N. Spencer
University of Washington
,
Program Chairs:
Sophie Joerg
Clemson University
,
Victoria Interrante
University of Minnesota

Copyright © 2017 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGGRAPH: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 16 September 2017

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

National Science Foundation

Conference

SAP '17

Sponsor:

SIGGRAPH

SAP '17: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2017

September 16 - 17, 2017

Cottbus, Germany

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 43 of 94 submissions, 46%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

17
Total Citations
View Citations
563
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)78
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)12

Reflects downloads up to 09 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Ganapathi PSorathia K(2023)User elicited gesture-based locomotion techniques for immersive VEs in a seated position: a comparative evaluationFrontiers in Virtual Reality10.3389/frvir.2023.11696544Online publication date: 30-Aug-2023
https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2023.1169654
Yao QZhao YCreem-Regehr SStefanucci JBodenheimer B(2023)Does Teleporting Length Affect Spatial Awareness?2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct)10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00034(126-130)Online publication date: 16-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00034
Chakraborty S(2022)[DC] Effects of Asymmetric Locomotion Methods on Collaborative Navigation and Wayfinding in Shared Virtual Environments2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00327(952-953)Online publication date: Mar-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00327
Paris RBuck LMcNamara TBodenheimer B(2022)Evaluating the Impact of Limited Physical Space on the Navigation Performance of Two Locomotion Methods in Immersive Virtual Environments2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)10.1109/VR51125.2022.00104(821-831)Online publication date: Mar-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/VR51125.2022.00104
Martinez EWu AMcMahan R(2022)Research Trends in Virtual Reality Locomotion Techniques2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)10.1109/VR51125.2022.00046(270-280)Online publication date: Mar-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/VR51125.2022.00046
Kuri MKarre SReddy Y(2021)Understanding Software Quality Metrics for Virtual Reality Products - A Mapping StudyProceedings of the 14th Innovations in Software Engineering Conference (formerly known as India Software Engineering Conference)10.1145/3452383.3452391(1-11)Online publication date: 25-Feb-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3452383.3452391
Cannavo ACalandra DPrattico FGatteschi VLamberti F(2021)An Evaluation Testbed for Locomotion in Virtual RealityIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2020.303244027:3(1871-1889)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2020.3032440
Zhao LLu XZhao MWang M(2021)Classifying In-Place Gestures with End-to-End Point Cloud Learning2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)10.1109/ISMAR52148.2021.00038(229-238)Online publication date: Oct-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR52148.2021.00038
Atta MRomli AMajid M(2021)The Impact of AR/VR on Spatial Memory Performance of Learners: A review2021 International Conference on Software Engineering & Computer Systems and 4th International Conference on Computational Science and Information Management (ICSECS-ICOCSIM)10.1109/ICSECS52883.2021.00021(75-79)Online publication date: Aug-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSECS52883.2021.00021
Arévalo Arboleda SDierks TRücker FGerken J(2021)Exploring the Visual Space to Improve Depth Perception in Robot Teleoperation Using Augmented Reality: The Role of Distance and Target’s Pose in Time, Success, and CertaintyHuman-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 202110.1007/978-3-030-85623-6_31(522-543)Online publication date: 26-Aug-2021
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85623-6_31
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents