research-article

Open access

A Survey of State-of-the-Art on Blockchains: Theories, Modelings, and Tools

Authors:

Song GuoAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), Volume 54, Issue 2

Article No.: 44, Pages 1 - 42

https://doi.org/10.1145/3441692

Published: 12 March 2021 Publication History

All formats PDF

Abstract

To draw a roadmap of current research activities of the blockchain community, we first conduct a brief overview of state-of-the-art blockchain surveys published in the past 5 years. We found that those surveys are basically studying the blockchain-based applications, such as blockchain-assisted Internet of Things (IoT), business applications, security-enabled solutions, and many other applications in diverse fields. However, we think that a comprehensive survey toward the essentials of blockchains by exploiting the state-of-the-art theoretical modelings, analytic models, and useful experiment tools is still missing. To fill this gap, we perform a thorough survey by identifying and classifying the most recent high-quality research outputs that are closely related to the theoretical findings and essential mechanisms of blockchain systems and networks. Several promising open issues are also summarized for future research directions. We hope this survey can serve as a useful guideline for researchers, engineers, and educators about the cutting-edge development of blockchains in the perspectives of theories, modelings, and tools.

Supplementary Material

a44-huang-suppl.pdf (huang.zip)

Supplemental movie, appendix, image and software files for, A Survey of State-of-the-Art on Blockchains: Theories, Modelings, and Tools

Download
793.40 KB

References

[1]

Lakshmi Siva Sankar, M. Sindhu, and M. Sethumadhavan. 2017. Survey of consensus protocols on blockchain applications. In Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). IEEE, 1--5.

[2]

Y. Yuan, X. Ni, S. Zeng, and F. Wang. 2018. Blockchain consensus algorithms: The state of the art and future trends. Acta Automatica Sinica 44, 11 (2018), 2011--2022.

[3]

Wenbo Wang, Dinh Thai Hoang, Zehui Xiong, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, Peizhao Hu, and Yonggang Wen. 2018. A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining management in blockchain networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.02707 (2018), 1--33.

[4]

Juan A. Garay and Aggelos Kiayias. 2018. SoK: A consensus taxonomy in the blockchain era. IACR Cryptology Eprint Archive 2018 (2018), 754.

[5]

Giang-Truong Nguyen and Kyungbaek Kim. 2018. A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain.Journal of Information Processing Systems 14, 1 (2018).

[6]

Wenbo Wang, Dinh Thai Hoang, Peizhao Hu, Zehui Xiong, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, Yonggang Wen, and Dong In Kim. 2019. A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in blockchain networks. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 22328--22370.

[7]

Shehar Bano, Alberto Sonnino, Mustafa Al-Bassam, Sarah Azouvi, Patrick McCorry, Sarah Meiklejohn, and George Danezis. 2019. SoK: Consensus in the age of blockchains. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT’19). 183--198.

Digital Library

[8]

Yang Xiao, Ning Zhang, Wenjing Lou, and Y. Thomas Hou. 2020. A survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 22, 2 (2020), 1432--1465.

[9]

Nicola Atzei, Massimo Bartoletti, and Tiziana Cimoli. 2016. A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts. IACR Cryptology Eprint Archive 2016 (2016), 1007--1030.

[10]

Vimal Dwivedi, Vipin Deval, Abhishek Dixit, and Alex Norta. 2019. Blockchain-based smart-contract languages: A systematic literature review. Preprint arXiv:1710.06372, 2017.

[11]

Zibin Zheng, Shaoan Xie, Hong-Ning Dai, Weili Chen, Xiangping Chen, Jian Weng, and Muhammad Imran. 2020. An overview on smart contracts: Challenges, advances and platforms. Future Generation Computer Systems 105 (2020), 475--491.

Digital Library

[12]

Gang Wang, Zhijie Jerry Shi, Mark Nixon, and Song Han. 2019. Sok: Sharding on blockchain. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT’19). 41--61.

Digital Library

[13]

G. Yu, X. Wang, K. Yu, W. Ni, J. A. Zhang, and R. P. Liu. 2020. Survey: Sharding in blockchains. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 14155--14181.

[14]

Chen Pan, Zhiqiang Liu, Zhen Liu, and Yu Long. 2018. Research on scalability of blockchain technology: Problems and methods. Journal of Computer Research and Development 55, 10 (2018), 2099--2110.

[15]

Qiheng Zhou, Huawei Huang, Zibin Zheng, and Jing Bian. 2020. Solutions to scalability of blockchain: A survey. IEEE ACCESS 8, 1 (December 2020), 16440--16455.

[16]

Alexei Zamyatin, Mustafa Al-Bassam, Dionysis Zindros, Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Pedro Moreno-Sanchez, Aggelos Kiayias, and William J. Knottenbelt. 2019. Sok: Communication Across Distributed Ledgers. Technical Report. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2019: 1128.

[17]

Rafael Belchior, André Vasconcelos, Sérgio Guerreiro, and Miguel Correia. 2020. A survey on blockchain interoperability: Past, present, and future trends. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14282.

[18]

Paul J. Taylor, Tooska Dargahi, Ali Dehghantanha, Reza M. Parizi, and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. 2019. A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security. Digital Communications and Networks (2019).

[19]

Dipankar Dasgupta, John M. Shrein, and Kishor Datta Gupta. 2019. A survey of blockchain from security perspective. Journal of Banking and Financial Technology 3, 1 (2019), 1--17.

[20]

Ying Ma, Yu Sun, Yunjie Lei, Nan Qin, and Junwen Lu. 2019. A survey of blockchain technology on security, privacy, and trust in crowdsourcing services. World Wide Web (2019), 1--27.

[21]

Noshina Tariq, Muhammad Asim, Feras Al-Obeidat, Muhammad Zubair Farooqi, Thar Baker, Mohammad Hammoudeh, and Ibrahim Ghafir. 2019. The security of big data in fog-enabled IoT applications including blockchain: A survey. Sensors 19, 8 (2019), 1788.

[22]

Qi Feng, Debiao He, Sherali Zeadally, Muhammad Khurram Khan, and Neeraj Kumar. 2019. A survey on privacy protection in blockchain system. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 126 (2019), 45--58.

[23]

Sumit Soni and Bharat Bhushan. 2019. A comprehensive survey on blockchain: Working, security analysis, privacy threats and potential applications. In Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), Vol. 1. IEEE, 922--926.

[24]

Shaoan Xie, Zibin Zheng, Weili Chen, Jiajing Wu, Hong-Ning Dai, and Muhammad Imran. 2020. Blockchain for cloud exchange: A survey. Computers & Electrical Engineering 81 (2020), 106526.

Digital Library

[25]

Weili Chen and Zibin Zheng. 2018. Blockchain data analysis: A review of status, trends and challenges. Journal of Computer Research and Development 55, 9 (2018), 1853--1870.

[26]

Massimo Bartoletti, Salvatore Carta, Tiziana Cimoli, and Roberto Saia. 2020. Dissecting Ponzi schemes on Ethereum: Identification, analysis, and impact. Future Generation Computer Systems 102 (2020), 259--277.

Digital Library

[27]

Khaled Salah, M. Habib Ur Rehman, Nishara Nizamuddin, and Ala Al-Fuqaha. 2019. Blockchain for AI: Review and open research challenges. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 10127--10149.

[28]

Zibin Zheng and Hong-Ning Dai. 2020. Blockchain intelligence: When blockchain meets artificial intelligence. Preprint arXiv:1912.06485, 2019.

[29]

Xuhui Chen, Jinlong Ji, Changqing Luo, Weixian Liao, and Pan Li. 2018. When machine learning meets blockchain: A decentralized, privacy-preserving and secure design. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 1178--1187.

[30]

Yiming Liu, F Richard Yu, Xi Li, Hong Ji, and Victor CM Leung. 2020. Blockchain and machine learning for communications and networking systems. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (2020).

[31]

Ziyao Liu, Nguyen Cong Luong, Wenbo Wang, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, Ying-Chang Liang, and Dong In Kim. 2019. A survey on blockchain: A game theoretical perspective. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 47615--47643.

[32]

Jin Ho Park and Jong Hyuk Park. 2017. Blockchain security in cloud computing: Use cases, challenges, and solutions. Symmetry 9, 8 (2017), 164.

[33]

Zehui Xiong, Yang Zhang, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, and Zhu Han. 2018. When mobile blockchain meets edge computing. IEEE Communications Magazine 56, 8 (2018), 33--39.

Digital Library

[34]

Ruizhe Yang, F Richard Yu, Pengbo Si, Zhaoxin Yang, and Yanhua Zhang. 2019. Integrated blockchain and edge computing systems: A survey, some research issues, and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 21, 2 (2019), 1508--1532.

[35]

Dinh C. Nguyen, Pubudu N. Pathirana, Ming Ding, and Aruna Seneviratne. 2019. Blockchain for 5G and beyond networks: A state of the art survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.05062.

[36]

Konstantinos Christidis and Michael Devetsikiotis. 2016. Blockchains and smart contracts for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 4 (2016), 2292--2303.

[37]

Muhammad Salek Ali, Massimo Vecchio, Miguel Pincheira, Koustabh Dolui, Fabio Antonelli, and Mubashir Husain Rehmani. 2018. Applications of blockchains in the internet of things: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 21, 2 (2018), 1676--1717.

[38]

Tiago M Fernández-Caramés and Paula Fraga-Lamas. 2018. A review on the use of blockchain for the internet of things. IEEE Access 6 (2018), 32979--33001.

[39]

Djamel Eddine Kouicem, Abdelmadjid Bouabdallah, and Hicham Lakhlef. 2018. Internet of Things security: A top-down survey. Computer Networks 141 (2018), 199--221.

[40]

Alfonso Panarello, Nachiket Tapas, Giovanni Merlino, Francesco Longo, and Antonio Puliafito. 2018. Blockchain and IoT integration: A systematic survey. Sensors 18, 8 (2018), 2575.

[41]

Hong-Ning Dai, Zibin Zheng, and Yan Zhang. 2019. Blockchain for internet of things: A survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, 5 (2019), 8076--8094.

[42]

Xu Wang, Xuan Zha, Wei Ni, Ren Ping Liu, Y. Jay Guo, Xinxin Niu, and Kangfeng Zheng. 2019. Survey on blockchain for internet of things. Computer Communications 136 (2019), 10--29.

Digital Library

[43]

Dinh C. Nguyen, Pubudu N. Pathirana, Ming Ding, and Aruna Seneviratne. 2019. Integration of blockchain and cloud of things: Architecture, applications and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.09058.

[44]

Francesco Restuccia, Salvatore D. Kanhere, Tommaso Melodia, and Sajal K. Das. 2019. Blockchain for the internet of things: Present and future. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.07448.

[45]

Bin Cao, Yixin Li, Lei Zhang, Long Zhang, Shahid Mumtaz, Zhenyu Zhou, and Mugen Peng. 2019. When Internet of Things meets blockchain: Challenges in distributed consensus. IEEE Network 33, 6 (2019), 133--139.

Digital Library

[46]

Jong Hyouk Park, Neeraj Kumar, and Pradip Sharma. 2020. Blockchain technology toward green IoT: Opportunities and challenges. IEEE Network, 34, 4 (2020), 263--269.

[47]

Laphou Lao, Zecheng Li, Songlin Hou, Bin Xiao, Songtao Guo, and Yuanyuan Yang. 2020. A survey of IoT applications in blockchain systems: Architecture, consensus, and traffic modeling. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 53, 1 (2020), 1--32.

Digital Library

[48]

Tejasvi Alladi, Vinay Chamola, Reza M. Parizi, and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. 2019. Blockchain applications for Industry 4.0 and industrial IoT: A review. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 176935--176951.

[49]

Ke Zhang, Yongxu Zhu, Sabita Maharjan, and Yan Zhang. 2019. Edge intelligence and blockchain empowered 5G beyond for the industrial internet of things. IEEE Network 33, 5 (2019), 12--19.

Digital Library

[50]

Tejasvi Alladi, Vinay Chamola, Nishad Sahu, and Mohsen Guizani. 2020. Applications of blockchain in unmanned aerial vehicles: A review. Vehicular Communications (February 2020).

[51]

Yang Lu. 2018. Blockchain: A survey on functions, applications and open issues. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management 3, 04 (2018), 1850015.

[52]

Fran Casino, Thomas K. Dasaklis, and Constantinos Patsakis. 2019. A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues. Telematics and Informatics 36 (2019), 55--81.

[53]

Oscar Bermeo-Almeida, Mario Cardenas-Rodriguez, Teresa Samaniego-Cobo, Enrique Ferruzola-Gómez, Roberto Cabezas-Cabezas, and William Bazán-Vera. 2018. Blockchain in agriculture: A systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Technologies and Innovation. Springer, 44--56.

[54]

Mohamed Amine Ferrag, Lei Shu, Xing Yang, Abdelouahid Derhab, and Leandros Maglaras. 2020. Security and privacy for green IoT based agriculture review blockchain solutions and challenges. IEEE Access 8, 1 (2020), 1--x.

[55]

Talal Alharbi. 2020. Deployment of blockchain technology in software defined networks: A survey. IEEE Access 8, 1 (2020), 9146--9156.

[56]

Ioannis Konstantinidis, Georgios Siaminos, Christos Timplalexis, Panagiotis Zervas, Vassilios Peristeras, and Stefan Decker. 2018. Blockchain for business applications: A systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Information Systems. Springer, 384--399.

[57]

Junfeng Xie, Helen Tang, Tao Huang, F. Richard Yu, Renchao Xie, Jiang Liu, and Yunjie Liu. 2019. A survey of blockchain technology applied to smart cities: Research issues and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 21, 3 (2019), 2794--2830.

[58]

Tejasvi Alladi, Vinay Chamola, Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues, and Sergei A. Kozlov. 2019. Blockchain in smart grids: A review on different use cases. Sensors 19, 22 (2019), 4862--4886.

[59]

Adedayo Aderibole, Aamna Aljarwan, Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman, Hatem H. Zeineldin, Toufic Mezher, Khaled Salah, Ernesto Damiani, and Davor Svetinovic. 2020. Blockchain technology for smart grids: Decentralized NIST conceptual model. IEEE Access (2020).

[60]

Huawei Huang, Jianru Lin, Baichuan Zheng, Zibin Zheng, and Jing Bian. 2020. When blockchain meets distributed file systems: An overview, challenges, and open issues. IEEE ACCESS 8 (March 2020), 50574--50586.

[61]

Mohamed Torky, Tarek Gaber, and Aboul Ella Hassanien. 2020. Blockchain in space industry: Challenges and solutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.12878 (2020).

[62]

Dinh Nguyen, Ming Ding, Pubudu N. Pathirana, and Aruna Seneviratne. 2020. Blockchain and AI-based solutions to combat Coronavirus (COVID-19)-like epidemics: A survey. Techrxiv, No. 12121962 (4 2020).

[63]

Yong Yuan and Fei-Yue Wang. 2016. Blockchain: The state of the art and future trends. Acta Automatica Sinica 42, 4 (2016), 481--494.

[64]

Zibin Zheng, Shaoan Xie, Hongning Dai, Xiangping Chen, and Huaimin Wang. 2017. An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress). 557--564.

[65]

Zibin Zheng, Shaoan Xie, Hong-Ning Dai, Xiangping Chen, and Huaimin Wang. 2018. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. International Journal of Web and Grid Services 14, 4 (2018), 352--375.

[66]

Yong Yuan and Fei-Yue Wang. 2018. Blockchain and cryptocurrencies: Model, techniques, and applications. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 48, 9 (2018), 1421--1428.

[67]

John Kolb, Moustafa AbdelBaky, Randy H. Katz, and David E. Culler. 2020. Core concepts, challenges, and future directions in blockchain: A centralized tutorial. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 53, 1 (2020), 1--39.

Digital Library

[68]

Loi Luu, Viswesh Narayanan, Chaodong Zheng, Kunal Baweja, Seth Gilbert, and Prateek Saxena. 2016. A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 17--30.

Digital Library

[69]

Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Philipp Jovanovic, Linus Gasser, Nicolas Gailly, Ewa Syta, and Bryan Ford. 2018. Omniledger: A secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 583--598.

[70]

Daniel J. Moroz, Daniel J. Aronoff, Neha Narula, and David C. Parkes. 2020. Double-Spend Counterattacks: Threat of Retaliation in Proof-of-Work Systems. arxiv:cs.CR/2002.10736

[71]

Gavin Wood et al. 2014. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper 151 (2014), 1--32.

[72]

Ethereum Sharding. Retrieved from https://eth.wiki/sharding/Sharding-FAQs.

[73]

Hyperledger Fabric Website. Retrieved from https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.4/write_first_app.html.

[74]

2020. EOSIO. Website. Retrieved November 2020 from https://eos.io/.

[75]

Adiseshu Hari, Murali Kodialam, and TV Lakshman. 2019. ACCEL: Accelerating the Bitcoin blockchain for high-throughput, low-latency applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM’19). IEEE, 2368--2376.

[76]

Jiaping Wang and Hao Wang. 2019. Monoxide: Scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones. In Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI). 95--112.

[77]

Lei Yang, Vivek Bagaria, Gerui Wang, Mohammad Alizadeh, David Tse, Giulia Fanti, and Pramod Viswanath. 2019. Prism: Scaling Bitcoin by 10,000 x. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11261.

[78]

Sangyeon Woo, Jeho Song, Sanghyeok Kim, Youngjae Kim, and Sungyong Park. 2020. GARET: Improving throughput using gas consumption-aware relocation in Ethereum sharding environments. Cluster Computing (2020), 1--13.

[79]

Doriane Perard, Jérôme Lacan, Yann Bachy, and Jonathan Detchart. 2018. Erasure code-based low storage blockchain node. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData). IEEE, 1622--1627.

[80]

Xiaohai Dai, Jiang Xiao, Wenhui Yang, Chaofan Wang, and Hai Jin. 2019. Jidar: A jigsaw-like data reduction approach without trust assumptions for Bitcoin system. In Proceedings of the IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 1317--1326.

[81]

Yibin Xu and Yangyu Huang. 2020. Segment blockchain: A size reduced storage mechanism for blockchain. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 17434--17441.

[82]

Ingo Weber, Vincent Gramoli, Alex Ponomarev, Mark Staples, Ralph Holz, An Binh Tran, and Paul Rimba. 2017. On availability for blockchain-based systems. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 36th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS). IEEE, 64--73.

[83]

Peilin Zheng, Zibin Zheng, and Liang Chen. 2019. Selecting reliable blockchain peers via hybrid blockchain reliability prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.14614.

[84]

Mahdi Zamani, Mahnush Movahedi, and Mariana Raykova. 2018. Rapidchain: Scaling blockchain via full sharding. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 931--948.

Digital Library

[85]

Mohammad Javad Amiri, Divyakant Agrawal, and Amr El Abbadi. 2019. SharPer: Sharding permissioned blockchains over network clusters. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.00765.

[86]

Sanghyeok Kim, Jeho Song, Sangyeon Woo, Youngjae Kim, and Sungyong Park. 2019. Gas consumption-aware dynamic load balancing in Ethereum sharding environments. In Proceedings of the IEEE 4th International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self* Systems (FAS*W). IEEE, 188--193.

[87]

Jianrong Wang, Yangyifan Zhou, Xuewei Li, Tianyi Xu, and Tie Qiu. 2019. A node rating based sharding scheme for blockchain. In Proceedings of the IEEE 25th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS). IEEE, 302--309.

[88]

Lan N. Nguyen, Truc DT Nguyen, Thang N. Dinh, and My T. Thai. 2019. OptChain: Optimal transactions placement for scalable blockchain sharding. In Proceedings of IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). 525--535.

[89]

Hung Dang, Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Dumitrel Loghin, Ee-Chien Chang, Qian Lin, and Beng Chin Ooi. 2019. Towards scaling blockchain systems via sharding. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management of Data. 123--140.

Digital Library

[90]

Huan Chen and Yijie Wang. 2019. Sschain: A full sharding protocol for public blockchain without data migration overhead. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 59 (2019), 101055.

Digital Library

[91]

Jianyu Niu. 2019. Eunomia: A permissionless parallel chain protocol based on logical clock. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.07567.

[92]

Tayebeh Rajab, Mohammad Hossein Manshaei, Mohammad Dakhilalian, Murtuza Jadliwala, and Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman. 2020. On the feasibility of sybil attacks in shard-based permissionless blockchains. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.06531.

[93]

Yibin Xu and Yangyu Huang. 2020. An n/2 byzantine node tolerate blockchain sharding approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.05240.

[94]

Mengqian Zhang, Jichen Li, Zhaohua Chen, Hongyin Chen, and Xiaotie Deng. 2020. Cycledger: A scalable and secure parallel protocol for distributed ledger via sharding. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.06778.

[95]

Hai Jin, Xiaohai Dai, and Jiang Xiao. 2018. Towards a novel architecture for enabling interoperability amongst multiple blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 1203--1211.

[96]

Zhuotao Liu, Yangxi Xiang, Jian Shi, Peng Gao, Haoyu Wang, Xusheng Xiao, Bihan Wen, and Yih-Chun Hu. 2019. Hyperservice: Interoperability and programmability across heterogeneous blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 549--566.

Digital Library

[97]

Enrique Fynn, Alysson Bessani, and Fernando Pedone. 2020. Smart contracts on the move. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.05933.

[98]

Hangyu Tian, Kaiping Xue, Shaohua Li, Jie Xu, Jianqing Liu, and Jun Zhao. 2020. Enabling cross-chain transactions: A decentralized cryptocurrency exchange protocol. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.03199.

[99]

Yuefei Gao, Shin Kawai, and Hajime Nobuhara. 2019. Scalable blockchain protocol based on proof of stake and sharding. Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 23, 5 (2019), 856--863.

[100]

Bernardo David, Peter Gaži, Aggelos Kiayias, and Alexander Russell. 2018. Ouroboros praos: An adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain. In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. Springer, 66--98.

[101]

Ethan Buchman, Jae Kwon, and Zarko Milosevic. 2018. The latest gossip on BFT consensus. arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.04938.

[102]

Jun Zou, Bin Ye, Lie Qu, Yan Wang, Mehmet A. Orgun, and Lei Li. 2018. A proof-of-trust consensus protocol for enhancing accountability in crowdsourcing services. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 12, 3 (2018), 429--445.

[103]

Zsolt István, Alessandro Sorniotti, and Marko Vukolić. 2018. Streamchain: Do blockchains need blocks? In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Scalable and Resilient Infrastructures for Distributed Ledgers. 1--6.

Digital Library

[104]

Mohammad Javad Amiri, Divyakant Agrawal, and Amr El Abbadi. 2019. CAPER: A cross-application permissioned blockchain. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 12, 11 (2019), 1385--1398.

Digital Library

[105]

Z. Chang, W. Guo, X. Guo, Z. Zhou, and T. Ristaniemi. 2020. Incentive mechanism for edge computing-based blockchain. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 16, 11 (2020), 7105--7114.

[106]

Weilin Zheng, Xu Chen, Zibin Zheng, Xiapu Luo, and Jiahui Cui. 2020. AxeChain: A secure and decentralized blockchain for solving easily-verifiable problems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.13999.

[107]

Lin Chen, Lei Xu, Zhimin Gao, Keshav Kasichainula, and Weidong Shi. 2020. Nonlinear blockchain scalability: A game-theoretic perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08231.

[108]

Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. 2015. Secure high-rate transaction processing in bitcoin. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer, 507--527.

[109]

Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. 2018. PHANTOM: A scalable BlockDAG protocol. IACR Cryptology Eprint Archive 2018 (2018), 104.

[110]

Chenxing Li, Peilun Li, Dong Zhou, Wei Xu, Fan Long, and Andrew Yao. 2018. Scaling nakamoto consensus to thousands of transactions per second. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.03870.

[111]

Ting Chen, Yuxiao Zhu, Zihao Li, Jiachi Chen, Xiaoqi Li, Xiapu Luo, Xiaodong Lin, and Xiaosong Zhange. 2018. Understanding Ethereum via graph analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). IEEE, 1484--1492.

[112]

Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora, Matthew F. Dixon, Yulia R. Gel, and Murat Kantarcioglu. 2018. Bitcoin risk modeling with blockchain graphs. Economics Letters 173 (2018), 138--142.

[113]

Matthew F. Dixon, Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora, Yulia R. Gel, and Murat Kantarcioglu. 2019. Blockchain analytics for intraday financial risk modeling. Digital Finance 1, 1--4 (2019), 67--89.

[114]

Cuneyt G. Akcora, Asim Kumer Dey, Yulia R. Gel, and Murat Kantarcioglu. 2018. Forecasting bitcoin price with graph chainlets. In Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer, 765--776.

Digital Library

[115]

Nazmiye Ceren Abay, Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora, Yulia R. Gel, Murat Kantarcioglu, Umar D. Islambekov, Yahui Tian, and Bhavani Thuraisingham. 2019. Chainnet: Learning on blockchain graphs with topological features. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). 946--951.

[116]

Weili Chen, Jun Wu, Zibin Zheng, Chuan Chen, and Yuren Zhou. 2019. Market manipulation of bitcoin: Evidence from mining the mt. gox transaction network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). 964--972.

[117]

Friedhelm Victor and Bianca Katharina Lüders. 2019. Measuring Ethereum-based erc20 token networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer, 113--129.

[118]

Shahar Somin, Goren Gordon, and Yaniv Altshuler. 2018. Network analysis of erc20 tokens trading on Ethereum blockchain. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Complex Systems. Springer, 439--450.

[119]

Yijing Zhao, Jieli Liu, Qing Han, Weilin Zheng, and Jiajing Wu. 2020. Exploring EOSIO via graph characterization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10017.

[120]

Nikolaos Papadis, Sem Borst, Anwar Walid, Mohamed Grissa, and Leandros Tassiulas. 2018. Stochastic models and wide-area network measurements for blockchain design and analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). IEEE, 2546--2554.

[121]

Aditya Gopalan, Abishek Sankararaman, Anwar Walid, and Sriram Vishwanath. 2020. Stability and scalability of blockchain systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.02567.

[122]

Abdelatif Hafid, Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid, and Mustapha Samih. 2019. A probabilistic security analysis of sharding-based blockchain protocols. In Proceedings of the International Congress on Blockchain and Applications (Blockchain). 55--60.

[123]

Abdelatif Hafid, Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid, and Mustapha Samih. 2019. A methodology for a probabilistic security analysis of sharding-based blockchain protocols. In Proceedings of the International Congress on Blockchain and Applications. Springer, 101--109.

[124]

Abdelatif Hafid, Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid, and Mustapha Samih. 2019. New mathematical model to analyze security of sharding-based blockchain protocols. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 185447--185457.

[125]

Quan-Lin Li, Jing-Yu Ma, and Yan-Xia Chang. 2018. Blockchain queue theory. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Social Networks. Springer, 25--40.

[126]

Quan-Lin Li, Jing-Yu Ma, Yan-Xia Chang, Fan-Qi Ma, and Hai-Bo Yu. 2019. Markov processes in blockchain systems. Computational Social Networks 6, 1 (2019), 1--28.

[127]

Saulo Ricci, Eduardo Ferreira, Daniel Sadoc Menasche, Artur Ziviani, Jose Eduardo Souza, and Alex Borges Vieira. 2019. Learning blockchain delays: A queueing theory approach. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, 3 (2019), 122--125.

Digital Library

[128]

Maria Frolkova and Michel Mandjes. 2019. A Bitcoin-inspired infinite-server model with a random fluid limit. Stochastic Models 35, 1 (2019), 1--32.

[129]

Minghong Fang and Jia Liu. 2020. Toward low-cost and stable blockchain networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08027 (2020).

[130]

Raheel Ahmed Memon, Jian Ping Li, and Junaid Ahmed. 2019. Simulation model for blockchain systems using queuing theory. Electronics 8, 2 (2019), 234.

[131]

Karl Wüst and Arthur Gervais. 2018. Do you need a blockchain? In Proceedings of the 2018 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT). IEEE, 45--54.

[132]

Xuyun Zhang, Chang Liu, Surya Nepal, Suraj Pandey, and Jinjun Chen. 2013. A privacy leakage upper bound constraint-based approach for cost-effective privacy preserving of intermediate data sets in cloud. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 24, 6 (2013), 1192--1202.

Digital Library

[133]

Dan Lin, Jiajing Wu, Qi Yuan, and Zibin Zheng. 2020. Modeling and understanding Ethereum transaction records via a complex network approach. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 67, 11 (2020), 2737--2741.

[134]

José Eduardo de A. Sousa, Vinıcius Oliveira, Júlia Valadares, Alex B. Vieira, Heder S. Bernardino, and Glauber Dias. 2019. An analysis of the fees and pending time correlation in Ethereum. In Proceedings of the LANOMS. IFIP, 1--7.

[135]

Eitan Altman, Daniel Menasché, Alexandre Reiffers, Mandar Datar, Swapnil Dhamal, Corinne Touati, and Rachid El-Azouzi. 2019. Blockchain competition between miners: A game theoretic perspective. Frontiers in Blockchain 2 (2019), 26.

[136]

Jun Zhao, Jing Tang, Zengxiang Li, Huaxiong Wang, Kwok-Yan Lam, and kaiping Xue. 2020. An analysis of blockchain consistency in asynchronous networks: Deriving a neat bound. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). 1--10.

[137]

Yang Xiao, Ning Zhang, Wenjing Lou, and Y. Thomas Hou. 2020. Modeling the impact of network connectivity on consensus security of proof-of-work blockchain. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM’20). 1--9.

[138]

Enrique Fynn and Fernando Pedone. 2018. Challenges and pitfalls of partitioning blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2018 48th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W). IEEE, 128--133.

[139]

Zeta Avarikioti, Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, and Roger Wattenhofer. 2019. Divide and scale: Formalization of distributed ledger sharding protocols. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.10434.

[140]

Shengling Wang, Chenyu Wang, and Qin Hu. 2019. Corking by forking: Vulnerability analysis of blockchain. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). IEEE, 829--837.

[141]

Alysson Bessani, Eduardo Alchieri, João Sousa, André Oliveira, and Fernando Pedone. 2020. From byzantine replication to blockchain: Consensus is only the beginning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.14527.

[142]

Guangsheng Yu, Xuan Zha, Xu Wang, Wei Ni, Kan Yu, J. Andrew Zhang, and Ren Ping Liu. 2020. A unified analytical model for proof-of-x schemes. Computers & Security (2020), 101934.

[143]

Shuangke Wu, Yanjiao Chen, Minghui Li, Xiangyang Luo, Zhe Liu, and Lan Liu. 2020. Survive and thrive: A stochastic game for DDoS attacks in bitcoin mining pools. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 28, 2 (2020), 874--887.

Digital Library

[144]

Eric Budish. 2018. The Economic Limits of Bitcoin and the Blockchain. Technical Report. National Bureau of Economic Research.

[145]

Rashid Tahir, Sultan Durrani, Faizan Ahmed, Hammas Saeed, Fareed Zaffar, and Saqib Ilyas. 2019. The browsers strike back: Countering cryptojacking and parasitic miners on the web. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). IEEE, 703--711.

[146]

Rui Ning, Cong Wang, ChunSheng Xin, Jiang Li, Liuwan Zhu, and Hongyi Wu. 2019. CapJack: Capture in-browser crypto-jacking by deep capsule network through behavioral analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM). IEEE, 1873--1881.

[147]

Yining Hu, Suranga Seneviratne, Kanchana Thilakarathna, Kensuke Fukuda, and Aruna Seneviratne. 2019. Characterizing and detecting money laundering activities on the Bitcoin network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.12060.

[148]

Marie Vasek and Tyler Moore. 2018. Analyzing the Bitcoin Ponzi scheme ecosystem. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer, 101--112.

[149]

Weili Chen, Zibin Zheng, Jiahui Cui, Edith Ngai, Peilin Zheng, and Yuren Zhou. 2018. Detecting Ponzi schemes on Ethereum: Towards healthier blockchain technology. In Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (WWW). 1409--1418.

Digital Library

[150]

Weili Chen, Zibin Zheng, Edith C.-H. Ngai, Peilin Zheng, and Yuren Zhou. 2019. Exploiting blockchain data to detect smart Ponzi schemes on Ethereum. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 37575--37586.

[151]

Marek Laskowski, Michael Zargham, Hjalmar Turesson, Henry M. Kim, Matt Barlin, Danil Kabanov, and Eden Dhaliwal. 2020. Evidence based decision making in blockchain economic systems: From theory to practice. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.03020.

[152]

Aviv Yaish and Aviv Zohar. 2020. Pricing ASICs for cryptocurrency mining. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11064.

[153]

Shayan Eskandari, Andreas Leoutsarakos, Troy Mursch, and Jeremy Clark. 2018. A first look at browser-based cryptojacking. In Proceedings of the IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW). IEEE, 58--66.

[154]

Sara Sabour, Nicholas Frosst, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2017. Dynamic routing between capsules. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 3856--3866.

Digital Library

[155]

Massimo Bartoletti, Barbara Pes, and Sergio Serusi. 2018. Data mining for detecting Bitcoin Ponzi schemes. In Proceedings of the 2018 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT). IEEE, 75--84.

[156]

Junwoo Seo, Mookyu Park, Haengrok Oh, and Kyungho Lee. 2018. Money laundering in the Bitcoin network: Perspective of mixing services. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC). 1403--1405.

[157]

Arthur Gervais, Ghassan O. Karame, Karl Wüst, Vasileios Glykantzis, Hubert Ritzdorf, and Srdjan Capkun. 2016. On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 3--16.

Digital Library

[158]

Qassim Nasir, Ilham A. Qasse, Manar Abu Talib, and Ali Bou Nassif. 2018. Performance analysis of hyperledger fabric platforms. Security and Communication Networks 2018 (2018).

[159]

Peilin Zheng, Zibin Zheng, Xiapu Luo, Xiangping Chen, and Xuanzhe Liu. 2018. A detailed and real-time performance monitoring framework for blockchain systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice Track (ICSE-SEIP). 134--143.

Digital Library

[160]

Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Ji Wang, Gang Chen, Rui Liu, Beng Chin Ooi, and Kian-Lee Tan. 2017. Blockbench: A framework for analyzing private blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data. 1085--1100.

Digital Library

[161]

Seoung Kyun Kim, Zane Ma, Siddharth Murali, Joshua Mason, Andrew Miller, and Michael Bailey. 2018. Measuring Ethereum network peers. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (IMC’18). 91--104.

Digital Library

[162]

Lina Alsahan, Noureddine Lasla, and Mohamed M. Abdallah. 2020. Local Bitcoin network simulator for performance evaluation using lightweight virtualization. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Informatics, IoT, and Enabling Technologies. 1--6.

[163]

Parity documentation. Retrieved from https://paritytech.github.io/wiki.

[164]

CITA Technical Whitepaper. Retrieved from https://github.com/cryptape/cita.

[165]

Elli Androulaki, Artem Barger, Vita Bortnikov, Christian Cachin, Konstantinos Christidis, Angelo De Caro, David Enyeart, Christopher Ferris, Gennady Laventman, Yacov Manevich, et al. 2018. Hyperledger fabric: A distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In Proceedings of the 13th EuroSys Conference. 1--15.

Digital Library

[166]

Xblock. 2020. Performance Monitoring. Retrieved February 2020 from http://xblock.pro/performance/.

[167]

Peilin Zheng, Zibin Zheng, and Hong-ning Dai. 2019. XBlock-ETH: Extracting and exploring blockchain data from etherem. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.00169.

[168]

Weilin Zheng, Zibin Zheng, Hong-Ning Dai, Xu Chen, and Peilin Zheng. 2020. XBlock-EOS: Extracting and exploring blockchain data from EOSIO. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.11967.

[169]

Harry Kalodner, Steven Goldfeder, Alishah Chator, Malte Möser, and Arvind Narayanan. 2017. BlockSci: Design and applications of a blockchain analysis platform. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.02489 (2017).

[170]

Andrew Miller, Yu Xia, Kyle Croman, Elaine Shi, and Dawn Song. 2016. The honey badger of BFT protocols. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). 31--42.

Digital Library

Cited By

Esmaili MChristensen K(2025)Performance Modeling of Public Permissionless Blockchains: A SurveyACM Computing Surveys10.1145/3715094Online publication date: 24-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1145/3715094
Kokila MReddy K S(2025)Authentication, access control and scalability models in Internet of Things Security–A reviewCyber Security and Applications10.1016/j.csa.2024.1000573(100057)Online publication date: Dec-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csa.2024.100057
Yun JLu YLiu XGuan J(2024)Bio-Rollup: a new privacy protection solution for biometrics based on two-layer scalability-focused blockchainPeerJ Computer Science10.7717/peerj-cs.226810(e2268)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2268
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

A Survey of State-of-the-Art on Blockchains: Theories, Modelings, and Tools

Recommendations

A survey of state-of-the-art sharding blockchains: Models, components, and attack surfaces
Abstract
Blockchain has been widely used in various fields, such as health management, finance, the Internet of Things (IoT), identity management, and supply chains. However, the performance of blockchain, including its throughput and ...
A survey on the security of blockchain systems
Abstract
Since its inception, the blockchain technology has shown promising application prospects. From the initial cryptocurrency to the current smart contract, blockchain has been applied to many fields. Although there are some studies on the ...
Highlights
- We conduct the first systematic examination on security risks to popular blockchain systems.
Reinforcing Immutability of Permissioned Blockchains with Keyless Signatures' Infrastructure
ICDCN '17: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking

With the emergence of Bitcoin, businesses are focusing on leveraging Bitcoin's blockchain technology to non-cryptocurrency based applications to improve efficiency of the operations. These business applications operate in environments where participants ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Computing Surveys

ACM Computing Surveys Volume 54, Issue 2

March 2022

800 pages

ISSN:0360-0300

EISSN:1557-7341

DOI:10.1145/3450359

Editor:
Albert Zomaya
University of Sydney, Australia

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2021 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 12 March 2021

Accepted: 01 December 2020

Revised: 01 December 2020

Received: 01 July 2020

Published in CSUR Volume 54, Issue 2

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed

Funding Sources

General Research Fund (GRF)
Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province
Collaborative Research Fund (CRF)
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
Hong Kong RGC Research Impact Fund (RIF)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

92
Total Citations
View Citations
8,396
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)1,458
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)156

Reflects downloads up to 27 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Esmaili MChristensen K(2025)Performance Modeling of Public Permissionless Blockchains: A SurveyACM Computing Surveys10.1145/3715094Online publication date: 24-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1145/3715094
Kokila MReddy K S(2025)Authentication, access control and scalability models in Internet of Things Security–A reviewCyber Security and Applications10.1016/j.csa.2024.1000573(100057)Online publication date: Dec-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csa.2024.100057
Yun JLu YLiu XGuan J(2024)Bio-Rollup: a new privacy protection solution for biometrics based on two-layer scalability-focused blockchainPeerJ Computer Science10.7717/peerj-cs.226810(e2268)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2268
Varun Tamminedi (2024)Blockchain Interoperability Frameworks: A Comparative Analysis of Cross-Chain Solutions for DLT InnovationInternational Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology10.32628/CSEIT24106118310:6(1410-1418)Online publication date: 7-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.32628/CSEIT241061183
Jyoti AYadav VPrakash AKumar Jha SRahul M(2024)Blockchain for Big Data: Approaches, Opportunities and Future DirectionsRecent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering)10.2174/235209651666623060710453717:3(229-243)Online publication date: Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.2174/2352096516666230607104537
Chitimira HTorerai EJana L(2024)Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Combat Money Laundering and Related Crimes in the South African Banking SectorPotchefstroom Electronic Law Journal10.17159/1727-3781/2024/v27i0a1802427Online publication date: 10-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2024/v27i0a18024
Qin JWang YLu S(2024)Bytecode Ponzi Contract Detection Based on Cross-modal Mutual LearningProceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Information and Big Data Applications10.1145/3671151.3671317(948-956)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3671151.3671317
Heo JRamachandran GDorri AJurdak R(2024)Blockchain Data Storage Optimisations: A Comprehensive SurveyACM Computing Surveys10.1145/364510456:7(1-27)Online publication date: 9-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3645104
Zhou KZhang XWang CCheng H(2024)Accelerating Cross-Shard Blockchain Consensus via Decentralized Coordinators Service With Verifiable Global StatesIEEE Transactions on Services Computing10.1109/TSC.2024.334953917:4(1340-1353)Online publication date: Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSC.2024.3349539
Qi YWu JXu HGuizani M(2024)Blockchain Data Mining With Graph Learning: A SurveyIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence10.1109/TPAMI.2023.332740446:2(729-748)Online publication date: 1-Feb-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TPAMI.2023.3327404
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

Figures

Tables

Media

View Issue’s Table of Contents