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Computing with time: microarchitectural weird machines

Authors:

Dmitry Evtyushkin,

Thomas Benjamin,

Jeffrey A. Eitel,

Angelo Sapello,

Abhrajit GhoshAuthors Info & Claims

ASPLOS '21: Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems

Pages 758 - 772

https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446729

Published: 17 April 2021 Publication History

Abstract

Side-channel attacks such as Spectre rely on properties of modern CPUs that permit discovery of microarchitectural state via timing of various operations. The Weird Machine concept is an increasingly popular model for characterization of emergent execution that arises from side-effects of conventional computing constructs. In this work we introduce Microarchitectural Weird Machines (µWM): code constructions that allow performing computation through the means of side effects and conflicts between microarchitectual entities such as branch predictors and caches. The results of such computations are observed as timing variations. We demonstrate how µWMs can be used as a powerful obfuscation engine where computation operates based on events unobservable to conventional anti-obfuscation tools based on emulation, debugging, static and dynamic analysis techniques. We demonstrate that µWMs can be used to reliably perform arbitrary computation by implementing a SHA-1 hash function. We then present a practical example in which we use a µWM to obfuscate malware code such that its passive operation is invisible to an observer with full power to view the architectural state of the system until the code receives a trigger. When the trigger is received the malware decrypts and executes its payload. To show the effectiveness of obfuscation we demonstrate its use in the concealment and subsequent execution of a payload that exfiltrates a shadow password file, and a payload that creates a reverse shell.

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Cited By

Ali SLocasto MSmith S(2024)Weird Machines in Package Managers: A Case Study of Input Language Complexity and Emergent Execution in Software Systems2024 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)10.1109/SPW63631.2024.00021(169-179)Online publication date: 23-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SPW63631.2024.00021
Katzman DKosasih WChuengsatiansup CRonen EYarom YCalandrino JTroncoso C(2023)The gates of timeProceedings of the 32nd USENIX Conference on Security Symposium10.5555/3620237.3620347(1955-1972)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3620237.3620347
Wang PBrown FWahby R(2023)The ghost is the machine: Weird machines in transient execution2023 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)10.1109/SPW59333.2023.00029(264-272)Online publication date: May-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/SPW59333.2023.00029
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Computing with time: microarchitectural weird machines
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Architectures
    1. Other architectures
2. Security and privacy

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cover image ACM Conferences

ASPLOS '21: Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems

April 2021

1090 pages

ISBN:9781450383172

DOI:10.1145/3445814

General Chair:
Tim Sherwood
University of California at Santa Barbara, USA
,
Program Chairs:
Emery Berger
University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA
,
Christos Kozyrakis
Stanford University, USA

Copyright © 2021 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

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Published: 17 April 2021

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Cited By

Ali SLocasto MSmith S(2024)Weird Machines in Package Managers: A Case Study of Input Language Complexity and Emergent Execution in Software Systems2024 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)10.1109/SPW63631.2024.00021(169-179)Online publication date: 23-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SPW63631.2024.00021
Katzman DKosasih WChuengsatiansup CRonen EYarom YCalandrino JTroncoso C(2023)The gates of timeProceedings of the 32nd USENIX Conference on Security Symposium10.5555/3620237.3620347(1955-1972)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3620237.3620347
Wang PBrown FWahby R(2023)The ghost is the machine: Weird machines in transient execution2023 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)10.1109/SPW59333.2023.00029(264-272)Online publication date: May-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/SPW59333.2023.00029
Zhang TLesch TKoltermann KEvtyushkin D(2022)STBPU: A Reasonably Secure Branch Prediction Unit2022 52nd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)10.1109/DSN53405.2022.00023(109-123)Online publication date: Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/DSN53405.2022.00023
Fonseca A FFerracci SPalmaro FIocchi LNardi DFranchina L(2021)Static Analysis of PE files Using Neural Network Techniques for a Pocket Tool2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME)10.1109/ICECCME52200.2021.9590958(01-06)Online publication date: 7-Oct-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCME52200.2021.9590958

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