Just Accepted
Beyond Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Autonomous Motivation in User Experience
Accepted on 19 July 2024
Abstract
Motivation and autonomy are fundamental concepts in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), yet in User Experience (UX) research they have remained surprisingly peripheral. We draw on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to analyse autonomous and non-autonomous patterns of motivation in 497 interaction experiences. Using latent profile analysis, we identify 5 distinct patterns of motivation in technology use — “motivational profiles” — associated with significant differences in need satisfaction, affect, and usability. Users’ descriptions of these experiences also reveal qualitative differences between profiles: from intentional, purposive engagement, to compulsive use which users themselves consider unhealthy. Our results complicate exclusively positive notions of intrinsic motivation, and clarify how extrinsic motivation can contribute to positive UX. Based on these findings we identify open questions for UX and SDT: addressing “hedonic amotivation” — negative experiences in activities which are intrinsically motivated but not otherwise valued — and “design for internalisation” — scaffolding healthy and sustainable patterns of engagement over time.
References
[1]
Andreas Alexiou and Michaéla C. Schippers. 2018. Digital game elements, user experience and learning: A conceptual framework. Education and Information Technologies 23, 6 (Nov. 2018), 2545–2567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9730-6
[2]
Zsuzsa Bakk and Jouni Kuha. 2021. Relating latent class membership to external variables: An overview. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 74, 2 (May 2021), 340–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12227
[3]
Nick Ballou and Sebastian Deterding. 2023. The Basic Needs in Games (BANG) Model of Video Game Play and Mental Health. preprint. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6vedg
[4]
Nick Ballou, Sebastian Deterding, April Tyack, Elisa D Mekler, Rafael A Calvo, Dorian Peters, Gabriela Villalobos-Zúñiga, and Selen Türkay. 2022. Self-Determination Theory in HCI: Shaping a Research Agenda. In Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI EA ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 113, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3503702
[5]
Johannes Bauer. 2021. A primer to latent profile and latent class analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/97uab
[6]
Jordan Beck and Erik Stolterman. 2016. Examining Practical, Everyday Theory Use in Design Research. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 2, 2 (June 2016), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2016.01.010
[7]
Dan Bennett, Alan Dix, Parisa Eslambolchilar, Feng Feng, Tom Froese, Vassilis Kostakos, Sebastien Lerique, and Niels Van Berkel. 2021. Emergent Interaction: Complexity, Dynamics, and Enaction in HCI. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Yokohama Japan, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3441321
[8]
Dan Bennett and Elisa D. Mekler. 2023. Jank Accounts: We Should Study ‘Broken’ Games. In Companion Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. ACM, Stratford ON Canada, 216–218. https://doi.org/10.1145/3573382.3616045
[9]
Dan Bennett, Oussama Metatla, Anne Roudaut, and Elisa Mekler. 2023. How does HCI Understand Human Autonomy and Agency? https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580651 arXiv:2301.12490 [cs].
[10]
Dan Bennett, Anne Roudaut, and Oussama Metatla. 2022. Multifractal Mice: Operationalising Dimensions of Readiness-to-hand via a Feature of Hand Movement. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517601
[11]
Niels van Berkel, Simon Dennis, Michael Zyphur, Jinjing Li, Andrew Heathcote, and Vassilis Kostakos. 2020. Modeling interaction as a complex system. Human–Computer Interaction 0, 0 (Jan. 2020), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2020.1715221
[12]
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 2 (Jan. 2006), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[13]
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2013. Successful qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners. SAGE, Los Angeles. OCLC: ocn811733656.
[14]
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2020. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology 18 (aug 2020), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
[15]
Florian Brühlmann, Philipp Baumgartner, Günter Wallner, Simone Kriglstein, and Elisa D. Mekler. 2020. Motivational Profiling of League of Legends Players. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020), 18. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01307
[16]
Florian Brühlmann, Beat Vollenwyder, Klaus Opwis, and Elisa D. Mekler. 2018. Measuring the “Why” of Interaction: Development and Validation of the User Motivation Inventory (UMI). In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173680
[17]
Isabel Buil, Sara Catalán, and Eva Martínez. 2019. Encouraging intrinsic motivation in management training: The use of business simulation games. The International Journal of Management Education 17, 2 (July 2019), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.02.002
[18]
Christian Burgers, Allison Eden, Mélisande D. van Engelenburg, and Sander Buningh. 2015. How feedback boosts motivation and play in a brain-training game. Computers in Human Behavior 48 (July 2015), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.038
[19]
Ryan Burnell, Dorian Peters, Richard M. Ryan, and Rafael A. Calvo. 2023. Technology evaluations are associated with psychological need satisfaction across different spheres of experience: an application of the METUX scales. Frontiers in Psychology 14 (2023), 12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1092288
[20]
Kimberly D. Burton, John E. Lydon, David U. D’Alessandro, and Richard Koestner. 2006. The differential effects of intrinsic and identified motivation on well-being and performance: Prospective, experimental, and implicit approaches to self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, 4 (2006), 750–762. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.750 Place: US Publisher: American Psychological Association.
[21]
Sarah Buss. 2022. Autonomy and the Metaphysics of Agency. In The Routledge Handbook of Autonomy (1 ed.). Routledge, London, 113–126. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429290411-13
[22]
Anna L. Cox, Sandy J.J. Gould, Marta E. Cecchinato, Ioanna Iacovides, and Ian Renfree. 2016. Design Frictions for Mindful Interactions: The Case for Microboundaries. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, San Jose California USA, 1389–1397. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892410
[23]
Edwin S. Dalmaijer. 2023. Tutorial: a priori estimation of sample size, effect size, and statistical power for cluster analysis, latent class analysis, and multivariate mixture models. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.00866 arXiv:2309.00866 [cs, q-bio, stat].
[24]
Edward L. Deci, Haleh Eghrari, Brian C. Patrick, and Dean R. Leone. 1994. Facilitating Internalization: The Self‐Determination Theory Perspective. Journal of Personality 62, 1 (1994), 119–142.
[25]
Sebastian Deterding. 2016. Contextual Autonomy Support in Video Game Play: A Grounded Theory. In CHI ’16: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, San Jose, California, USA, 3931–3943. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858395
[26]
Claude Fernet, Alexandre J. S. Morin, Stéphanie Austin, Marylène Gagné, David Litalien, Mélanie Lavoie-Tremblay, and Jacques Forest. 2020. Self-Determination Trajectories at Work: A Growth Mixture Analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior 121 (2020), 19.
[27]
Kraig Finstad. 2010. The Usability Metric for User Experience. Interacting with Computers 22, 5 (Sept. 2010), 323–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2010.04.004
[28]
Luke K. Fryer, Anja Van den Broeck, Paul Ginns, and Kaori Nakao. 2016. Understanding Students’ Instrumental Goals, Motivation Deficits and Achievement: Through the Lens of a Latent Profile Analysis. Psychologica Belgica 56, 3 (2016), 226. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.265 Publisher: Ubiquity Press.
[29]
Rebecca Gerstenberg, Ruben Albers, and Marc Hassenzahl. 2023. Designing for Integration: Promoting Self-Congruence to Sustain Behavior Change. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. ACM, Pittsburgh PA USA, 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596050
[30]
Rebecca Gerstenberg, Marc Hassenzahl, and Matthias Laschke. 2024. Designing for Autonomy: A Process-Oriented Approach Based on Organismic Integration Theory. Interacting with Computers (June 2024), iwae022. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwae022
[31]
David González-Cutre, María Romero-Elías, Alejandro Jiménez-Loaisa, Vicente J. Beltrán-Carrillo, and Martin S. Hagger. 2020. Testing the need for novelty as a candidate need in basic psychological needs theory. Motivation and Emotion 44, 2 (April 2020), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09812-7
[32]
Wendy S. Grolnick and Richard M. Ryan. 1989. Parent Styles Associated With Children’s Self-Regulation and Competence in School. Journal of Educational Psychology 81, 2 (1989), 143–154.
[33]
Henrik Gustafsson, Maicon Carlin, Leslie Podlog, Andreas Stenling, and Magnus Lindwall. 2018. Motivational profiles and burnout in elite athletes: A person-centered approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 35 (March 2018), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.009
[34]
Florian Güldenpfennig, Peter Mayer, Paul Panek, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2019. An Autonomy-Perspective on the Design of Assistive Technology Experiences of People with Multiple Sclerosis. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300357
[35]
F. Hammer, S. Egger-Lampl, and S. Möller. 2017. Position paper: Quality-of-experience of cyber-physical system applications. In 2017 Ninth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX). IEEE, Erfurt, Germany, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/QoMEX.2017.7965666
[36]
Florian Hammer, Sebastian Egger-Lampl, and Sebastian Möller. 2018. Quality-of-user-experience: a position paper. Quality and User Experience 3, 1 (July 2018), 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41233-018-0022-0
[37]
Marc Hassenzahl, Sarah Diefenbach, and Anja Göritz. 2010. Needs, affect, and interactive products – Facets of user experience. Interacting with Computers 22, 5 (Sept. 2010), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2010.04.002
[38]
Marc Hassenzahl, Annika Wiklund-Engblom, Anette Bengs, Susanne Hägglund, and Sarah Diefenbach. 2015. Experience-Oriented and Product-Oriented Evaluation: Psychological Need Fulfillment, Positive Affect, and Product Perception. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 31, 8 (Aug. 2015), 530–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1064664
[39]
John Hattie, Flaviu A. Hodis, and Sean H. K. Kang. 2020. Theories of motivation: Integration and ways forward. Contemporary Educational Psychology 61 (April 2020), 101865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101865
[40]
Matti T. J. Heino, Keegan Knittle, Chris Noone, Fred Hasselman, and Nelli Hankonen. 2021. Studying Behaviour Change Mechanisms under Complexity. Behavioral Sciences 11, 5 (May 2021), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11050077 Number: 5 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
[41]
Andrew Hodrien and Terrence Fernando. 2021. A Review of Post-Study and Post- Task Subjective Questionnaires to Guide Assessment of System Usability. Journal of Usability Studies 16, 3 (2021), 203–232.
[42]
Kasper Hornbæk and Morten Hertzum. 2017. Technology Acceptance and User Experience: A Review of the Experiential Component in HCI. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 24, 5 (Oct. 2017), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3127358
[43]
Joshua Howard, Marylène Gagné, Alexandre JS Morin, and Anja Van den Broeck. 2016. Motivation profiles at work: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior 95 (2016), 74–89.
[44]
Joshua L. Howard, Marylène Gagné, Alexandre J. S. Morin, and Jacques Forest. 2018. Using Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling to Test for a Continuum Structure of Motivation. Journal of Management 44, 7 (2018), 2638–2664.
[45]
Joshua L. Howard, Marylène Gagné, Anja Van den Broeck, Frédéric Guay, Nikos Chatzisarantis, Nikos Ntoumanis, and Luc G. Pelletier. 2020. A Review and Empirical Comparison of Motivation Scoring Methods: An Application to Self‑Determination Theory. Motivation and Emotion 44 (2020), 534–548.
[46]
Joshua L. Howard, Alexandre J. S. Morin, and Marylene Gagné. 2021. A Longitudinal Analysis of Motivation Profiles at Work. Motivation and Emotion 45, 1 (2021), 39–59.
[47]
Sarah Inman and David Ribes. 2019. ”Beautiful Seams”: Strategic Revelations and Concealments. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300508
[48]
Dominic Kao, Nick Ballou, Kathrin Gerling, Heiko Breitsohl, and Sebastian Deterding. 2024. How does Juicy Game Feedback Motivate? Testing Curiosity, Competence, and Effectance. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Honolulu HI USA, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642656
[49]
Dominic Kao and D. Fox Harrell. 2018. The Effects of Badges and Avatar Identification on Play and Making in Educational Games. ACM Press, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174174
[50]
Suzy Killmister. 2018. Taking the measure of autonomy: a four-dimensional theory of self-governance (1 [edition] ed.). Number 96 in Routledge studies in contemporary philosophy. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
[51]
Paul R. Kleinginna and Anne M. Kleinginna. 1981. A categorized list of motivation definitions, with a suggestion for a consensual definition. Motivation and Emotion 5, 3 (Sept. 1981), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993889
[52]
Richard Koestner, Gaetan F. Losier, Robert J. Vallerand, and Donald Carducci. 1996. Identified and introjected forms of political internalization: extending self-determination theory. Journal of personality and social psychology 70, 5 (1996), 1025. Publisher: American Psychological Association.
[53]
Lindenberg Siegwart. 2001. Intrinsic Motivation in a New Light. Kyklos 54 (2001), 317–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6435.00156
[54]
Todd D. Little, David W. Slegers, and Noel A. Card. 2006. A Non-arbitrary Method of Identifying and Scaling Latent Variables in SEM and MACS Models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 13, 1 (Jan. 2006), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1301_3 Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1301_3.
[55]
Meng Liu and W. L. Quint Oga-Baldwin. 2022. Motivational profiles of learners of multiple foreign languages: A self-determination theory perspective. System 106 (June 2022), 102762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102762
[56]
Kai Lukoff, Ulrik Lyngs, and Lize Alberts. 2022. Designing to Support Autonomy and Reduce Psychological Reactance in Digital Self-Control Tools. In Workshop on Self-Determination Theory in HCI, CHI 2022. ACM, New Orleans LA USA. https://www.positivecomputing.org/blog/chi-2022-workshop
[57]
Alina Lushnikova, Christopher Morse, Sophie Doublet, Vincent Koenig, and Kerstin Bongard-Blanchy. 2023. Self-Determination Theory Applied To Museum Website Experiences: Fulfill Visitor Needs, Increase Motivation, and Promote Engagement. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics 2023 (ECCE ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3605655.3605658
[58]
Aditi Mankad and Murni Greenhill. 2014. Motivational indictors predicting the engagement, frequency and adequacy of rainwater tank maintenance. Water Resources Research 50, 1 (2014), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014338_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2013WR014338.
[59]
Elaine Massung, David Coyle, Kirsten F. Cater, Marc Jay, and Chris Preist. 2013. Using crowdsourcing to support pro-environmental community activism. In CHI ’13: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York NY USA, 371. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470708
[60]
Thomas Mejtoft, Sarah Hale, and Ulrik Söderström. 2019. Design Friction. In Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics (ECCE ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335106
[61]
Elisa D. Mekler and Kasper Hornbæk. 2016. Momentary Pleasure or Lasting Meaning?: Distinguishing Eudaimonic and Hedonic User Experiences. In CHI ’16: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, San Jose, California, USA, 4509–4520. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858225
[62]
Devin J. Mills and Johnie J. Allen. 2020. Self-determination theory, internet gaming disorder, and the mediating role of self-control. Computers in Human Behavior 105 (April 2020), 106209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106209
[63]
Devin J. Mills, Marina Milyavskaya, Jessica Mettler, and Nancy L. Heath. 2018. Exploring the pull and push underlying problem video game use: A Self-Determination Theory approach. Personality and Individual Differences 135 (Dec. 2018), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.007
[64]
Jennifer M. Murray, David P. French, Frank Kee, Aisling Gough, Jianjun Tang, and Ruth F. Hunter. 2020. Mechanisms of physical activity behavior change in an incentive-based intervention: Mediation analysis. Health Psychology 39, 4 (2020), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000849 Place: US Publisher: American Psychological Association.
[65]
Karen L. Nylund, Tihomir Asparouhov, and Bengt O. Muthén. 2007. Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 14, 4 (Oct. 2007), 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396 Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396.
[66]
Daniel Oberski. 2016. Mixture Models: Latent Profile and Latent Class Analysis. In Modern Statistical Methods for HCI, Judy Robertson and Maurits Kaptein (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26633-6_12 Series Title: Human–Computer Interaction Series.
[67]
Marina Oshana. 2016. Personal Autonomy in Society. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315247076
[68]
Timo Partala and Aleksi Kallinen. 2012. Understanding the most satisfying and unsatisfying user experiences: Emotions, psychological needs, and context. Interacting with Computers 24, 1 (Jan. 2012), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.10.001
[69]
Timo Partala and Timo Saari. 2015. Understanding the most influential user experiences in successful and unsuccessful technology adoptions. Computers in Human Behavior 53 (Dec. 2015), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.012
[70]
Dorian Peters, Rafael A. Calvo, and Richard M. Ryan. 2018. Designing for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing in Digital Experience. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018), 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00797 Publisher: Frontiers.
[71]
James Peugh and Xitao Fan. 2013. Modeling Unobserved Heterogeneity Using Latent Profile Analysis: A Monte Carlo Simulation. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 20, 4 (Oct. 2013), 616–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2013.824780 Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2013.824780.
[72]
Carina Prunkl. 2022. Human autonomy in the age of artificial intelligence. Nature Machine Intelligence 4, 2 (Feb. 2022), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-022-00449-9 Number: 2 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group.
[73]
Falko Rheinberg and Stefan Engeser. 2018. Intrinsic Motivation and Flow. In Motivation and Action, Jutta Heckhausen and Heinz Heckhausen (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 579–622. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_14
[74]
Scott Rigby and Richard M. Ryan. 2011. Glued to games: how video games draw us in and hold us spellbound. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, Calif.
[75]
Yves Rosseel. 2012. lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software 48, 2 (2012), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
[76]
Peter C. Rouse, Philip J. F. Turner, Andrew G. Siddall, Julia Schmid, Martyn Standage, and James L. J. Bilzon. 2020. The interplay between psychological need satisfaction and psychological need frustration within a work context: A variable and person-oriented approach. Motivation and Emotion 44, 2 (April 2020), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09816-3
[77]
Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci. 2000. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 1 (2000), 54–67.
[78]
Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci. 2017. Motivation and Need Satisfaction in Video Games and Virtual Environments. In Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Press, New York, USA, 508–531.
[79]
Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci. 2017. Organismic Integration Theory: Internalisation and the Differentiation of Extrinsic Motivation. In Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford, New York, USA, 179–215.
[80]
Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci. 2017. Self-determination theory: basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press, New York.
[81]
Richard M. Ryan, Jasper J. Duineveld, Stefano I. Di Domenico, William S. Ryan, Ben A. Steward, and Emma L. Bradshaw. 2022. We know this much is (meta-analytically) true: A meta-review of meta-analytic findings evaluating self-determination theory. Psychological Bulletin 148, 11-12 (2022), 813. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-55252-003?doi=1 Publisher: American Psychological Association.
[82]
Richard M. Ryan, Nicole Legate, Christopher P. Niemiec, and Edward L. Deci. 2012. Beyond illusions and defense: Exploring the possibilities and limits of human autonomy and responsibility through self-determination theory. In Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns., Phillip R. Shaver and Mario Mikulincer (Eds.). American Psychological Association, Washington, 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/13748-012
[83]
Zhanna Sarsenbayeva, Gabriele Marini, Niels van Berkel, Chu Luo, Weiwei Jiang, Kangning Yang, Greg Wadley, Tilman Dingler, Vassilis Kostakos, and Jorge Goncalves. 2020. Does Smartphone Use Drive our Emotions or vice versa? A Causal Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Honolulu HI USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376163
[84]
Anne M. Scheel, Leonid Tiokhin, Peder M. Isager, and Daniël Lakens. 2021. Why Hypothesis Testers Should Spend Less Time Testing Hypotheses. Perspectives on Psychological Science 16, 4 (July 2021), 744–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966795 Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
[85]
Sedat Sen and Laine Bradshaw. 2017. Comparison of Relative Fit Indices for Diagnostic Model Selection. Applied Psychological Measurement 41, 6 (Sept. 2017), 422–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621617695521
[86]
Rachel B. Sheehan, Matthew P. Herring, and Mark J. Campbell. 2018. Associations Between Motivation and Mental Health in Sport: A Test of the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (May 2018), 707. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00707
[87]
Kennon M. Sheldon. 2014. Becoming Oneself: The Central Role of Self-Concordant Goal Selection. Personality and Social Psychology Review 18, 4 (Nov. 2014), 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314538549 Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.
[88]
Kennon M Sheldon, Andrew J Elliot, Youngmee Kim, and Tim Kasser. 2001. What Is Satisfying About Satisfying Events? Testing 10 Candidate Psychological Needs. Journal of personality and social psychology 80, 2 (2001), 15.
[89]
Kennon M. Sheldon and Linda Houser-Marko. 2001. Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral? Journal of personality and social psychology 80, 1 (2001), 152. Publisher: American Psychological Association.
[90]
Kennon M. Sheldon, Richard Ryan, and Harry T. Reis. 1996. What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and social psychology bulletin 22, 12 (1996), 1270–1279. Publisher: Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA.
[91]
Kennon M. Sheldon and Julia Schüler. 2011. Wanting, having, and needing: Integrating motive disposition theory and self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101, 5 (2011), 1106–1123. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024952
[92]
Kennon M. Sheldon, Geoffrey Williams, and Thomas Joiner. 2008. Self-Determination Theory in the Clinic: Motivating Physical and Mental Health. Yale University Press.
[93]
Ben Shneiderman, Catherine Plaisant, Maxine Cohen, Steven Jacobs, Niklas Elmqvist, and Nicholoas Diakopoulos. 2016. Grand challenges for HCI researchers. interactions 23, 5 (2016), 24–25. Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA.
[94]
Hayeon Song, Jihyun Kim, Kelly E. Tenzek, and Kwan Min Lee. 2013. The effects of competition and competitiveness upon intrinsic motivation in exergames. Computers in Human Behavior 29, 4 (July 2013), 1702–1708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.042
[95]
Daniel Spurk, Andreas Hirschi, Mo Wang, Domingo Valero, and Simone Kauffeld. 2020. Latent profile analysis: A review and “how to” guide of its application within vocational behavior research. Journal of Vocational Behavior 120 (Aug. 2020), 103445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103445
[96]
Constantine Stephanidis, Gavriel Salvendy, Margherita Antona, Jessie Y. C. Chen, Jianming Dong, Vincent G. Duffy, Xiaowen Fang, Cali Fidopiastis, Gino Fragomeni, Limin Paul Fu, Yinni Guo, Don Harris, Andri Ioannou, Kyeong-ah (Kate) Jeong, Shin’ichi Konomi, Heidi Krömker, Masaaki Kurosu, James R. Lewis, Aaron Marcus, Gabriele Meiselwitz, Abbas Moallem, Hirohiko Mori, Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, Stavroula Ntoa, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, Dylan Schmorrow, Keng Siau, Norbert Streitz, Wentao Wang, Sakae Yamamoto, Panayiotis Zaphiris, and Jia Zhou. 2019. Seven HCI Grand Challenges. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 35, 14 (Aug. 2019), 1229–1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1619259 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1619259.
[97]
Dina Stiegemeier, Sabrina Bringeland, Johannes Kraus, and Martin Baumann. 2022. User Experience of In-Vehicle Gesture Interaction: Exploring the Effect of Autonomy and Competence in a Mock-Up Experiment. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. ACM, Seoul Republic of Korea, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546847
[98]
Dina Stiegemeier, Johannes Kraus, Sabrina Bringeland, and Martin Baumann. 2022. Motivated to Use: Beliefs and Motivation Influencing the Acceptance and Use of Assistance and Navigation Systems. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 0, 0 (July 2022), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2088658 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2088658.
[99]
Tamborini Ron, Bowman Nicholas David, Eden Allison, Grizzard Matthew, and Organ Ashley. 2010. Defining Media Enjoyment as the Satisfaction of Intrinsic Needs. Journal of Communication 60, 4 (Nov. 2010), 758–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01513.x
[100]
Tamborini Ron, Grizzard Matthew, David Bowman Nicholas, Reinecke Leonard, Lewis Robert J., and Eden Allison. 2011. Media Enjoyment as Need Satisfaction: The Contribution of Hedonic and Nonhedonic Needs. Journal of Communication 61, 6 (Dec. 2011), 1025–1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01593.x
[101]
Edmund R. Thompson. 2007. Development and Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 38, 2 (March 2007), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297301
[102]
Alexandre N. Tuch, Paul Van Schaik, and Kasper Hornbæk. 2016. Leisure and Work, Good and Bad: The Role of Activity Domain and Valence in Modeling User Experience. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 23, 6 (Dec. 2016), 35:1–35:32. https://doi.org/10.1145/2994147
[103]
Alexandre N. Tuch, Rune Trusell, and Kasper Hornbæk. 2013. Analyzing users’ narratives to understand experience with interactive products. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2079–2088. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481285
[104]
April Tyack and Elisa D. Mekler. 2024. Self-Determination Theory and HCI Games Research: Unfulfilled Promises and Unquestioned Paradigms. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (jun 2024). https://doi.org/10.1145/3673230 Just Accepted.
[105]
Selen Türkay, Allan Lin, Daniel Johnson, and Jessica Formosa. 2023. Self-determination theory approach to understanding the impact of videogames on wellbeing during COVID-19 restrictions. Behaviour & Information Technology 42, 11 (Aug. 2023), 1720–1739. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2094832 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2094832.
[106]
Robert J. Vallerand, Luc G. Pelletier, Marc R. Blais, Nathalie M. Briere, Caroline Senecal, and Evelyne F. Vallieres. 1992. The Academic Motivation Scale: A Measure of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Amotivation in Education. Educational and Psychological Measurement 52, 4 (Dec. 1992), 1003–1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025
[107]
Caspar J. Van Lissa. 2022. Developmental data science: How machine learning can advance theory formation in Developmental Psychology. Infant and Child Development n/a, n/a (2022), e2370. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2370_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/icd.2370.
[108]
C. J. Van Lissa, M. Garnier-Villarreal, and D. Anadria. 2023. Recommended Practices in Latent Class Analysis Using the Open-Source R-Package tidySEM. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 0, 0 (2023), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2250920 Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2250920.
[109]
Maarten Vansteenkiste, Nathalie Aelterman, Gert-Jan De Muynck, Leen Haerens, Erika Patall, and Johnmarshall Reeve. 2018. Fostering Personal Meaning and Self-relevance: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Internalization. The Journal of Experimental Education 86, 1 (Jan. 2018), 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2017.1381067
[110]
Maarten Vansteenkiste and Richard M. Ryan. 2013. On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 23, 3 (Sept. 2013), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359
[111]
Jan B. Vornhagen, Dan Bennett, Dooley Murphy, and Elisa D. Mekler. 2023. “I’m the leader and I’m going to save the world”: Characterizing Empowering and Disempowering Game Experiences. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7, CHI PLAY (Sept. 2023), 1330–1360. https://doi.org/10.1145/3611071
[112]
Chin-Sheng Wan and Wen-Bin Chiou. 2007. The motivations of adolescents who are addicted to online games: a cognitive perspective. Adolescence 42, 165 (March 2007), 179–198. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00018449&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA163940428&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs Publisher: Libra Publishers, Inc.
[113]
Chee Keng John Wang, Woon Chia Liu, Youyan Nie, Yen Leng Stefanie Chye, Boon San Coral Lim, Gregory Arief Liem, Eng Guan Tay, Ying-Yi Hong, and Chi-Yue Chiu. 2017. Latent profile analysis of students’ motivation and outcomes in mathematics: an organismic integration theory perspective. Heliyon 3, 5 (May 2017), e00308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00308
[114]
Isaac Wang, Pradyumna Narayana, Dhruva Patil, Gururaj Mulay, Rahul Bangar, Bruce Draper, Ross Beveridge, and Jaime Ruiz. 2017. Exploring the Use of Gesture in Collaborative Tasks. In CHI EA ’17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, Denver Colorado USA, 2990–2997. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3053239
[115]
Anna Wasserkampf and Jens Kleinert. 2016. Organismic integration as a dynamic process: a systematic review of empirical studies on change in behavioral regulations in exercise in adults. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 9, 1 (Jan. 2016), 65–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1119873
[116]
Netta Weinstein and Richard M. Ryan. 2010. When helping helps: autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of personality and social psychology 98, 2 (2010), 222. Publisher: American Psychological Association.
[117]
RD Yentes and F Wilhelm. 2018. careless: Procedures for computing indices of careless responding. https://github.com/ryentes/careless
[118]
Haiyi Zhu, Sauvik Das, Yiqun Cao, Shuang Yu, Aniket Kittur, and Robert Kraut. 2016. A Market in Your Social Network: The Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Friendsourcing and Relationships. In CHI’16: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, San Jose, California, USA, 598–609. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858396
Index Terms
- Beyond Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Autonomous Motivation in User Experience
Recommendations
Self-Determination Theory Applied To Museum Website Experiences: Fulfill Visitor Needs, Increase Motivation, and Promote Engagement
ECCE '23: Proceedings of the European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics 2023The rise of online experiences in the domain of cultural heritage offers new forms of interaction that are no longer limited by the physical presence of museums. However, sustaining online visitors’ engagement is challenging, and museum professionals ...
Motivation and Autonomy in Global Software Development: An Empirical Study
EASE '17: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software EngineeringDistributed development involving globally distributed teams in different countries and timezones adds additional complexity into an already complex undertaking. This paper focuses on the effect of global software development on motivation. Specifically,...
Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance
Research on the effectiveness of gamification has proliferated over the last few years, but the underlying motivational mechanisms have only recently become object of empirical research. It has been suggested that when perceived as informational, ...
Comments
Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
Copyright © 2024 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Online AM: 16 August 2024
Accepted: 19 July 2024
Revised: 10 June 2024
Received: 15 December 2023
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Research-article
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 43Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)43
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)43
Reflects downloads up to 18 Aug 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
Get Access
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in