Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
research-article

Toward Video-Conferencing Tools for Hands-On Activities in Online Teaching

Published: 14 January 2022 Publication History
  • Get Citation Alerts
  • Abstract

    Many instructors in computing and HCI disciplines use hands-on activities for teaching and training new skills. Beyond simply teaching hands-on skills like sketching and programming, instructors also use these activities so students can acquire tacit skills. Yet, current video-conferencing technologies may not effectively support hands-on activities in online teaching contexts. To develop an understanding of the inadequacies of current video-conferencing technologies for hands-on activities, we conducted 15 interviews with university-level instructors who had quickly pivoted their use of hands-on activities to an online context during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our analysis, we uncovered four pedagogical goals that instructors have when using hands-on activities online and how instructors were unable to adequately address them due to the technological limitations of current video-conferencing tools. Our work provides empirical data about the challenges that many instructors experienced, and in so doing, the pedagogical goals we identify provide new requirements for video-conferencing systems to better support hands-on activities.

    References

    [1]
    Hamed S. Alavi and Pierre Dillenbourg. 2012. An Ambient Awareness Tool for Supporting Supervised Collaborative Problem Solving., Vol. 5, 3 (2012), 264--274. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2012.7
    [2]
    Terry Anderson. 2004. Teaching in an online learning context. Theory and practice of online learning, Vol. 273 (2004).
    [3]
    Mark Apperley, Laurie McLeod, Masood Masoodian, Lance Paine, Malcolm Phillips, Bill Rogers, and Kirsten Thomson. 2003. Use of Video Shadow for Small Group Interaction Awareness on a Large Interactive Display Surface. In Proceedings of the Fourth Australasian user interface conference on User interfaces 2003 (Adelaide, Australia) (AUIC '03, Vol. 18). Australian Computer Society, Inc., 81--90. https://doi.org/10.5555/820086.820107
    [4]
    Chulakorn Aritajati and N. Hari Narayanan. 2013. Facilitating Students' Collaboration and Learning in a Question and Answer System. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion (San Antonio, Texas, USA) (CSCW '13). ACM Press, 101--106. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441955.2441983
    [5]
    MS Balaji and Diganta Chakrabarti. 2010. Student interactions in online discussion forum: Empirical research from'media richness theory'perspective. Journal of interactive online learning, Vol. 9, 1 (2010).
    [6]
    Gabrielle Benabdallah, Sam Bourgault, Nadya Peek, and Jennifer Jacobs. 2021. Remote Learners, Home Makers: How Digital Fabrication Was Taught Online During a Pandemic. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 350, bibinfonumpages14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445450
    [7]
    Mark Billinghurst and Hirokazu Kato. 2002. Collaborative Augmented Reality., Vol. 45, 7 (2002), 64--70. https://doi.org/10.1145/514236.514265
    [8]
    Baiyun Chen, Kathleen Bastedo, and Wendy Howard. 2018. Exploring Design Elements for Online STEM Courses: Active Learning, Engagement & Assessment Design., Vol. 22, 2 (2018), 59--76. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v22i2.1369
    [9]
    Zhilong Chen, Hancheng Cao, Yuting Deng, Xuan Gao, Jinghua Piao, Fengli Xu, Yu Zhang, and Yong Li. 2021. Learning from Home: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Live Streaming Based Remote Education Experience in Chinese Colleges during the COVID-19 Pandemic. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 348, bibinfonumpages16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445428
    [10]
    Richard L Daft and Robert H Lengel. 1983. Information richness. A new approach to managerial behavior and organization design . Technical Report. Texas A and M Univ College Station Coll of Business Administration.
    [11]
    Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Gregory Abowd, and Russel Beale. 1997. Human-Computer Interaction .Prentice-Hall, Inc.
    [12]
    Paul Dourish and Victoria Bellotti. 1992. Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces. In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work. 107--114.
    [13]
    Paul Dourish and Sara Bly. 1992. Portholes: Supporting Awareness in a Distributed Work Group. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '92 (Monterey, California, United States) (CHI '92). ACM Press, 541--547. https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142982
    [14]
    Barrett Ens, Joel Lanir, Anthony Tang, Scott Bateman, Gun Lee, Thammathip Piumsomboon, and Mark Billinghurst. 2019. Revisiting collaboration through mixed reality: The evolution of groupware., Vol. 131 (2019), 81--98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.011
    [15]
    Katherine M Everitt, Scott R Klemmer, Robert Lee, and James A Landay. 2003. Two Worlds Apart: Bridging the Gap Between Physical and Virtual Media for Distributed Design Collaboration. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA) (CHI '03). ACM Press, 553--560. https://doi.org/10.1145/642611.642707
    [16]
    Omid Fakourfar, Kevin Ta, Richard Tang, Scott Bateman, and Anthony Tang. 2016. Stabilized Annotations for Mobile Remote Assistance. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose California USA) (CHI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, 1548--1560. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858171
    [17]
    Deborah A Fields, Gayithri Jayathirtha, and Yasmin B Kafai. 2019. Bugs as a Nexus for Emergent Peer Collaborations: Contextual and Classroom Supports for Solving Problems in Electronic Textiles. In 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2019 (Lyon, France) (CSCL '19, Vol. 1). International Society of the Learning Sciences, 472--479. https://doi.org/10.22318/cscl2019.472
    [18]
    Susan R Fussell, Leslie D Setlock, and Robert E Kraut. 2003. Effects of Head-Mounted and Scene-Oriented Video Systems on Remote Collaboration on Physical Tasks. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA) (CHI '03). Association for Computing Machinery, 513--520. https://doi.org/10.1145/642611.642701
    [19]
    Bijan B Gillani and Anju Relan. 1997. Incorporating interactivity and multimedia into web-based instruction. Web-based instruction (1997), 231--237.
    [20]
    Saul Greenberg and Michael Rounding. 2001. The Notification Collage: Posting Information to Public and Personal Displays. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seattle, Washington, United States) (CHI '01). Association for Computing Machinery, 514--521. https://doi.org/10.1145/365024.365339
    [21]
    Raja Gumienny, Lutz Gericke, Matthias Wenzel, and Christoph Meinel. 2013. Supporting creative collaboration in globally distributed companies. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work . 995--1007.
    [22]
    Philip J. Guo, Jeffery White, and Renan Zanelatto. 2015--10. Codechella: Multi-user program visualizations for real-time tutoring and collaborative learning. In 2015 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) (Atlanta, GA). IEEE, 79--87. https://doi.org/10.1109/VLHCC.2015.7357201
    [23]
    Carl Gutwin and Saul Greenberg. 2000. The Mechanics of Collaboration: Developing Low Cost Usability Evaluation Methods for Shared Workspaces. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (Gaithersburg, MD, USA) (WETICE '00). IEEE Computer Society, 98--103. https://doi.org/10.5555/647068.715651
    [24]
    Carl Gutwin and Saul Greenberg. 2002. A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for Real-Time Groupware. Comput. Supported Coop. Work, Vol. 11, 3 (Nov. 2002), 411--446. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021271517844
    [25]
    Carl Gutwin and Saul Saul Greenberg. 1998. Design for individuals, design for groups: tradeoffs between power and workspace awareness. In Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (New York, NY, USA) (CSCW '98). Association for Computing Machinery, 207--216.
    [26]
    Carl Gutwin and Saul Saul Greenberg. 2002. Design for individuals, design for groups: tradeoffs between power and workspace awareness. In Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (New York, NY, USA) (CSCW '02). Association for Computing Machinery, 411--446.
    [27]
    Mark Guzdial. 2017. Balancing Teaching CS Efficiently with Motivating Students. Commun. ACM, Vol. 60, 6 (May 2017), 10--11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3077227
    [28]
    Oliver L Haimson and John C Tang. 2017. What makes live events engaging on Facebook Live, Periscope, and Snapchat. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems . 48--60.
    [29]
    Wissam Halimi, Christophe Salzmann, and Denis Gillet. 2017. Access to Massive Open Online Labs through a MOOC. In Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) (L@S '17). Association for Computing Machinery, 331--334. https://doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3054017
    [30]
    Erica Halverson, Breanne Litts, and Brian Gravel. 2018. Forms of Emergent Collaboration in Maker-based learning. In Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences. 921--924.
    [31]
    Edwin Hutchins. 1995. Cognition in the wild .The MIT Press.
    [32]
    Hiroshi Ishii and Minoru Kobayashi. 1992. ClearBoard: A Seamless Medium for Shared Drawing and Conversation with Eye Contact. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Monterey, California, United States) (CHI '92). Association for Computing Machinery, 525--532. https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142977
    [33]
    Gayithri Jayathirtha, Deborah Fields, Yasmin B. Kafai, and Joseph Chipps. 2020. Supporting making online: the role of artifact, teacher and peer interactions in crafting electronic textiles., Vol. 121, 5 (2020), 381--390. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-04--2020-0111
    [34]
    David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson. 1999. Making cooperative learning work. Theory Into Practice, Vol. 38, 2 (1999), 67--73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849909543834 //doi.org/10.1145/3243213
    [35]
    Alannah Oleson, Meron Solomon, and Amy J. Ko. 2020. Computing Students' Learning Difficulties in HCI Education .Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376149
    [36]
    Alannah Oleson, Brett Wortzman, and Amy J. Ko. 2021. On the Role of Design in K-12 Computing Education. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ., Vol. 21, 1, Article 2 (Dec. 2021), bibinfonumpages34 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3427594
    [37]
    Edeh Michael Onyema, Edeh Chinecherem Deborah, Alhuseen Omar Alsayed, Quadri Noorulhasan, and Sumaya Sanober Naveed. 2019. Online discussion forum as a tool for interactive learning and communication. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, Vol. 8, 4 (2019), 4852--4859.
    [38]
    Jiazhi Ou, Xilin Chen, Susan R Fussell, and Jie Yang. 2003. DOVE: Drawing over Video Environment. In Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Multimedia (Berkeley, CA, USA) (MULTIMEDIA '03). Association for Computing Machinery, 100--101. https://doi.org/10.1145/957013.957034
    [39]
    Thammathip Piumsomboon, Gun A. Lee, Jonathon D. Hart, Barrett Ens, Robert W. Lindeman, Bruce H. Thomas, and Mark Billinghurst. 2018. Mini-Me: An Adaptive Avatar for Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI '18). ACM Press, 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173620
    [40]
    Ronald E Rice. 1992. Task analyzability, use of new media, and effectiveness: A multi-site exploration of media richness. Organization science, Vol. 3, 4 (1992), 475--500.
    [41]
    Sandra Schulz and Andreas Lingnau. 2020. An Evidence-Based Learner Model for Supporting Activities in Robotics. In Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (Virtual Event, USA) (L@S '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 397--400. https://doi.org/10.1145/3386527.3406760
    [42]
    Abigail Sellen, Bill Buxton, and John Arnott. 1992. Using spatial cues to improve videoconferencing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Monterey, California, United States) (CHI '92). ACM Press, 651--652. https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.143070
    [43]
    Morgan M Shepherd and Wm Benjamin Martz Jr. 2006. Media richness theory and the distance education environment. Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 47, 1 (2006), 114--122.
    [44]
    Joshua Shi, Armaan Shah, Garrett Hedman, and Eleanor O'Rourke. 2019. Pyrus: Designing A Collaborative Programming Game to Promote Problem Solving Behaviors .Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300886
    [45]
    Kil Soo Suh. 1999. Impact of communication medium on task performance and satisfaction: an examination of media-richness theory. Information & Management, Vol. 35, 5 (1999), 295--312.
    [46]
    Hongling Sun, Zhenliang Zhang, Yue Liu, and Henry B. L. Duh. 2016. OptoBridge: assisting skill acquisition in the remote experimental collaboration. In Proceedings of the 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (Launceston, Tasmania, Australia) (OzCHI '16). ACM Press, 195--199. https://doi.org/10.1145/3010915.3010975
    [47]
    Pei-Chen Sun and Hsing Kenny Cheng. 2007. The design of instructional multimedia in e-Learning: A Media Richness Theory-based approach. Computers & education, Vol. 49, 3 (2007), 662--676.
    [48]
    Anthony Tang, Carman Neustaedter, and Saul Greenberg. 2007. VideoArms: Embodiments for Mixed Presence Groupware. In People and Computers XX - Engage, Nick Bryan-Kinns, Ann Blanford, Paul Curzon, and Laurence Nigay (Eds.). Springer London, 85--102. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--1--84628--664--3_8
    [49]
    Anthony Tang, Michel Pahud, Kori Inkpen, Hrvoje Benko, John C. Tang, and Bill Buxton. 2010. Three's company: understanding communication channels in three-way distributed collaboration. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (Savannah, Georgia, USA) (CSCW '10). ACM Press, 271--280. https://doi.org/10.1145/1718918.1718969
    [50]
    John C. Tang and Scott Minneman. 1991. VideoWhiteboard: video shadows to support remote collaboration. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Reaching through technology - CHI '91 (New Orleans, Louisiana, United States). ACM Press, 315--322. https://doi.org/10.1145/108844.108932
    [51]
    John C. Tang and Scott L. Minneman. 1990. VideoDraw: A Video Interface for Collaborative Drawing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seattle, Washington, USA) (CHI '90). Association for Computing Machinery, 313--320. https://doi.org/10.1145/97243.97302
    [52]
    Richard Tang, Xing-Dong Yang, Scott Bateman, Joaquim Jorge, and Anthony Tang. 2015. Physio@Home: Exploring Visual Guidance and Feedback Techniques for Physiotherapy Exercises. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI '15). ACM Press, 4123--4132. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702401
    [53]
    Josh Tenenberg. 2016. Learning through observing peers in practice. Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 41, 4 (2016), 756--773. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.950954
    [54]
    Linda Klebe Trevino, Robert H Lengel, and Richard L Daft. 1987. Media symbolism, media richness, and media choice in organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Communication research, Vol. 14, 5 (1987), 553--574.
    [55]
    Despina Tsompanoudi, Maya Satratzemi, and Stelios Xinogalos. 2016. Evaluating the Effects of Scripted Distributed Pair Programming on Student Performance and Participation. IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 59, 1 (2016), 24--31. https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2015.2419192
    [56]
    Gina Venolia, John Tang, Ruy Cervantes, Sara Bly, George Robertson, Bongshin Lee, and Kori Inkpen. 2010. Embodied social proxy: mediating interpersonal connection in hub-and-satellite teams. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) (CHI '10). Association for Computing Machinery, 1049--1058. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753482
    [57]
    L.S. Vygotsky, M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, and E. Souberman. 1978. Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes .Harvard University Press. lc77026023 https://books.google.ca/books?id=RxjjUefze_oC
    [58]
    Shuo-Ping Wang, Mei-Ling hen, Hao-Chuan Wang, Chien-Tung Lai, and Ai-Ju Huang. 2017. De-Identified Feature-Based Visualization of Facial Expression for Enhanced Text Chat. In Proceedings of the 43rd Graphics Interface Conference (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) (GI '17). Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society, Waterloo, CAN, 199--207.
    [59]
    Laurie A. Williams and Robert R. Kessler. 2000. All I Really Need to Know about Pair Programming I Learned in Kindergarten. Commun. ACM, Vol. 43, 5 (May 2000), 108--114. https://doi.org/10.1145/332833.332848
    [60]
    Marcelo Worsley and Paulo Blikstein. 2014. The impact of principle-based reasoning on hands-on, project-based learning. In 11th International Conference of the Learning Sciences: Learning and Becoming in Practice, ICLS 2014 (Boulder, United States), Vol. 2. International Society of the Learning Sciences (ISLS), 1147--1151.
    [61]
    Masanori Yamada. 2009. The role of social presence in learner-centered communicative language learning using synchronous computer-mediated communication: Experimental study. Computers & Education, Vol. 52, 4 (2009), 820--833.
    [62]
    Matin Yarmand, Jaemarie Solyst, Scott Klemmer, and Nadir Weibel. 2021. "It Feels Like I Am Talking into a Void": Understanding Interaction Gaps in Synchronous Online Classrooms. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 351, bibinfonumpages9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445240
    [63]
    Svetlana Yarosh, Anthony Tang, Sanika Mokashi, and Gregory D. Abowd. 2013. "almost touching": parent-child remote communication using the sharetable system. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (San Antonio, Texas, USA) (CSCW '13). ACM Press, 181--192. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441798

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)Research on Online Education Teaching Mode of Colleges and Universities Based on Internet TechnologyApplied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences10.2478/amns-2024-09959:1Online publication date: 3-May-2024
    • (2024)Adaptive, Sociable and Ready for Anything: Undergraduate Students Are Resilient When Faced with Technological ChangeProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36536898:CSCW1(1-32)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
    • (2023)Detecting Social Contexts from Mobile Sensing Indicators in Virtual Interactions with Socially Anxious IndividualsProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36109167:3(1-26)Online publication date: 27-Sep-2023
    • Show More Cited By

    Index Terms

    1. Toward Video-Conferencing Tools for Hands-On Activities in Online Teaching

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
        Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  Volume 6, Issue GROUP
        GROUP
        January 2022
        992 pages
        EISSN:2573-0142
        DOI:10.1145/3511803
        Issue’s Table of Contents
        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        Published: 14 January 2022
        Published in PACMHCI Volume 6, Issue GROUP

        Permissions

        Request permissions for this article.

        Check for updates

        Author Tags

        1. hands-on activities
        2. online teaching
        3. remote instruction

        Qualifiers

        • Research-article

        Funding Sources

        • NSERC Discovery Grant

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)108
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)10
        Reflects downloads up to 11 Aug 2024

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2024)Research on Online Education Teaching Mode of Colleges and Universities Based on Internet TechnologyApplied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences10.2478/amns-2024-09959:1Online publication date: 3-May-2024
        • (2024)Adaptive, Sociable and Ready for Anything: Undergraduate Students Are Resilient When Faced with Technological ChangeProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36536898:CSCW1(1-32)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
        • (2023)Detecting Social Contexts from Mobile Sensing Indicators in Virtual Interactions with Socially Anxious IndividualsProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36109167:3(1-26)Online publication date: 27-Sep-2023
        • (2023)Understanding and Supporting Autistic Adults in LivestreamingCompanion Publication of the 2023 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing10.1145/3584931.3608918(429-431)Online publication date: 14-Oct-2023
        • (2023)A Mobile WebRTC-Based Platform to Support Young and Upcoming Researchers2023 2nd Zimbabwe Conference of Information and Communication Technologies (ZCICT)10.1109/ZCICT59466.2023.10528406(1-10)Online publication date: 2-Nov-2023
        • (2023)AHO-Guide: Automatically Guiding the Head Orientation of a Local User in Augmented Reality to Realign the Field of View with Remote UsersHuman-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 202310.1007/978-3-031-42280-5_1(3-19)Online publication date: 28-Aug-2023
        • (2022)Exploring Capturing Approaches in Shared Fabrication Workshops: Current Practice and OpportunitiesProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/35551166:CSCW2(1-33)Online publication date: 11-Nov-2022

        View Options

        Get Access

        Login options

        Full Access

        View options

        PDF

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        Media

        Figures

        Other

        Tables

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media