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Sensing with Earables: A Systematic Literature Review and Taxonomy of Phenomena

Authors:

Tobias Röddiger,

Christopher Clarke,

Paula Breitling,

Tim Schneegans,

Hans Gellersen,

Michael BeiglAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, Volume 6, Issue 3

Article No.: 135, Pages 1 - 57

https://doi.org/10.1145/3550314

Published: 07 September 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Earables have emerged as a unique platform for ubiquitous computing by augmenting ear-worn devices with state-of-the-art sensing. This new platform has spurred a wealth of new research exploring what can be detected on a wearable, small form factor. As a sensing platform, the ears are less susceptible to motion artifacts and are located in close proximity to a number of important anatomical structures including the brain, blood vessels, and facial muscles which reveal a wealth of information. They can be easily reached by the hands and the ear canal itself is affected by mouth, face, and head movements. We have conducted a systematic literature review of 271 earable publications from the ACM and IEEE libraries. These were synthesized into an open-ended taxonomy of 47 different phenomena that can be sensed in, on, or around the ear. Through analysis, we identify 13 fundamental phenomena from which all other phenomena can be derived, and discuss the different sensors and sensing principles used to detect them. We comprehensively review the phenomena in four main areas of (i) physiological monitoring and health, (ii) movement and activity, (iii) interaction, and (iv) authentication and identification. This breadth highlights the potential that earables have to offer as a ubiquitous, general-purpose platform.

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Sensing with Earables: A Systematic Literature Review and Taxonomy of Phenomena
1. General and reference
  1. Document types
    1. Surveys and overviews

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cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies Volume 6, Issue 3

September 2022

1612 pages

EISSN:2474-9567

DOI:10.1145/3563014

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Raggi MMoore LMesin L(2025)Inducing and Assessing Acute Mental Stress in Controlled Conditions: Topical Review and Guidelines for Effective Experimental ProtocolsIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2025.352851813(10022-10042)Online publication date: 2025
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3528518
Moumane HPazuelo JNassar MJuez JValderrama MLe Van Quyen M(2024)Signal quality evaluation of an in-ear EEG device in comparison to a conventional cap systemFrontiers in Neuroscience10.3389/fnins.2024.144189718Online publication date: 10-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1441897
Joyner MHsu SMartin SDwyer JChen DSameni RWaters SBorodin KClifford GLevey AHixson JWinkel DBerent J(2024)Using a standalone ear-EEG device for focal-onset seizure detectionBioelectronic Medicine10.1186/s42234-023-00135-010:1Online publication date: 7-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-023-00135-0
Hoyle AStevenson RLeonhardt MGillett TMartinez-Hernandez UGompertz NClarke CCazzola DMetcalfe B(2024)Exploring the ’EarSwitch’ concept: a novel ear based control method for assistive technologyJournal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation10.1186/s12984-024-01500-z21:1Online publication date: 2-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-024-01500-z
Le HLakshminarayanan RLi JMishra VIntille S(2024)Collecting Self-reported Physical Activity and Posture Data Using Audio-based Ecological Momentary AssessmentProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36785848:3(1-35)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3678584
Sato YAmesaka TYamamoto TWatanabe HSugiura Y(2024)Exploring User-Defined Gestures as Input for Hearables and Recognizing Ear-Level Gestures with IMUsProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36765038:MHCI(1-23)Online publication date: 24-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3676503
Christofferson KBhalla SCafazzo JMariakakis AKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)On the Production and Measurement of Cardiac Sounds in the Ear CanalCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3680526(685-690)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3680526
Zhao HRöddiger TFeng YBeigl MKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)Fit2Ear: Generating Personalized Earplugs from Smartphone Depth Camera ImagesCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3680525(679-684)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3680525
Sepanosian TDurmaz Incel OKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)Boxing Gesture Recognition in Real-Time using Earable IMUsCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3680524(673-678)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3680524
Yang QLiu YStuchbury-Wass JButkow KMa DMascolo CKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)BrushBuds: Toothbrushing Tracking Using Earphone IMUsCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3680521(655-660)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3680521
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