research-article

Vector Extensions in COTS Processors to Increase Guaranteed Performance in Real-Time Systems

Authors:

Leonidas Kosmidis,

Enrico Mezzetti,

Francisco CazorlaAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, Volume 22, Issue 2

Article No.: 21, Pages 1 - 26

https://doi.org/10.1145/3561054

Published: 24 January 2023 Publication History

Abstract

The need for increased application performance in high-integrity systems such as those in avionics is on the rise as software continues to implement more complex functionalities. The prevalent computing solution for future high-integrity embedded products is multi-processor systems-on-chip (MPSoC) processors. MPSoCs include central processing unit (CPU) multicores that enable improving performance via thread-level parallelism. MPSoCs also include generic accelerators (graphics processing units [GPUs]) and application-specific accelerators. However, the data processing approach (DPA) required to exploit each of these underlying parallel hardware blocks carries several open challenges to enable the safe deployment in high-integrity domains. The main challenges include the qualification of its associated runtime system and the difficulties in analyzing programs deploying the DPA with out-of-the-box timing analysis and code coverage tools. In this work, we perform a thorough analysis of vector extensions (VExts) in current commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors for high-integrity systems. We show that VExts prevent many of the challenges arising with parallel programming models and GPUs. Unlike other DPAs, VExts require no runtime support, prevent design race conditions that might arise with parallel programming models, and have minimum impact on the software ecosystem, enabling the use of existing code coverage and timing analysis tools. We develop vectorized versions of neural network kernels and show that the NVIDIA Xavier VExts provide a reasonable increase in guaranteed application performance of up to 2.7x. Our analysis contends that VExts are the DPA approach with arguably the fastest path for adoption in high-integrity systems.

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Index Terms

Vector Extensions in COTS Processors to Increase Guaranteed Performance in Real-Time Systems
1. Computer systems organization
2. Computing methodologies
  1. Parallel computing methodologies

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cover image ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems Volume 22, Issue 2

March 2023

560 pages

ISSN:1539-9087

EISSN:1558-3465

DOI:10.1145/3572826

Editor:
Tulika Mitra
National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Published: 24 January 2023

Online AM: 31 August 2022

Accepted: 16 August 2022

Revised: 06 July 2022

Received: 01 March 2022

Published in TECS Volume 22, Issue 2

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https://doi.org/10.1109/RTAS61025.2024.00013
Sharma GHarron SSingh A(2024)Analyzing Real-Time Applied Applications in Silicon on Chip2024 International Conference on Optimization Computing and Wireless Communication (ICOCWC)10.1109/ICOCWC60930.2024.10470715(1-6)Online publication date: 29-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOCWC60930.2024.10470715
Solé MWolf JRodriguez IJover ATrompouki MKosmidis LSteenari D(2023)Evaluation of the Multicore Performance Capabilities of the Next Generation Flight Computers2023 IEEE/AIAA 42nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)10.1109/DASC58513.2023.10311151(1-10)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2023
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De Albuquerque Silva ICarle TGauffriau APagetti C(2023)Extending a predictable machine learning framework with efficient gemm-based convolution routinesReal-Time Systems10.1007/s11241-023-09407-z59:3(408-437)Online publication date: 28-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11241-023-09407-z
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