Innovative Foraging Behavior of Urban Birds: Use of Insect Food Provided by Cars
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Worldwide Scale
2.2. National Scale
2.3. Local Scale (City of Rovaniemi, Finland)
2.4. Data Handling and Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Data Structure
3.2. Distribution of the Observations and Species Reported
3.3. Who Started First~
3.4. Birds Using Insects in Parking Areas of Rovaniemi City
3.5. Factors Affecting the Existence of Behavior
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Worldwide (Country) | Finland | Rovaniemi |
---|---|---|---|
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) (154) | 1928 (UK) | 1971 | 1996 |
White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) (28) | 1975 (Finland) | 1975 | 2022 |
Boat-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus major) (8) | 1977 (USA) | ||
European Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) (1) | 1987 (New Zealand) | ||
Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia) (3) | 1990 (Canada) | ||
Eurasian Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) (22) | 1995 (Sweden) | 2006 | 2023 |
Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) (12) | 1997 (Finland) | 1997 | 2023 |
Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus merula) (2) | 1998 (UK) | ||
Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) (2) | 1995 (UK) | ||
Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa) (1) | 1998 (UK) | ||
Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) (2) | 1999 (UK) | ||
Carib Grackle (Quiscalus lugubris) (1) | 2002 (Barbados) | ||
Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) (1) | before 2005 (USA) | ||
Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) (1) | 2009 (USA) | ||
Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) (1) | 2010 (Philippines) | ||
Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica) (9) | 2010 (Russia) | 2019 | 2019 |
Great Tit (Parus major) (9) | 2010 (Russia) | 2022 | 2023 |
Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) (14) | 2011 (Finland) | 2011 | |
Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) (4) | 2012 (Slovakia) | ||
African Blue Tit (Cyanistes teneriffae) (1) | 2014–2018 (Algeria) | ||
European Robin (Erithacus rubecula) (1) | 2014–2018 (Algeria) | ||
Red-winged Starling (Onychognathus morio) (2) | (2014) (South Africa) | ||
Cape Wagtail (Motacilla capensis) (1) | (2015) (Botswana) | ||
Rock Dove (Columba livia) (1) | 2014–2018 (Algeria) | ||
Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus) (1) | 2014–2018 (Algeria) | ||
Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) (2) | 2016 (Russia) | ||
Common Raven (Corvus corax) (2) | 2017 (USA) | ||
Greater Antillean Grackle (Quiscalus niger) (1) | 2018 (Puerto Rico) | ||
Italian Sparrow (Passer italiae) (1) | (2018) (Italy) | ||
Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) (5) | 2019 (Scotland) | ||
Coal Tit (Periparus ater ledouci) (1) | 2019 (Algeria) | ||
Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) (3) | 2020 (India) | ||
House Crow (Corvus splendens) (1) | 2020 (India) | ||
Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) (1) | 2022 (Iceland) | ||
Large-billed Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) (1) | 2023 (Japan) | ||
Oriental Magpie-Robin (Copsychus saularis) (1) | 2023 (China) | ||
Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) (1) | 2023 (China) | ||
Light-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis) (1) | 2023 (China) | ||
Patagonian Mockingbird (Mimus patagonicus) (1) | 2023 (Argentina) |
Species (Traits) | Latin Name | Number of Individuals Present in Parking Sites | Number of Individuals Using Insects on Cars in Parking Sites |
---|---|---|---|
House Sparrow (R, F, O) | Passer domesticus | 131 | 46 |
White Wagtail (M, I) | Motacilla alba | 100 | 6 |
Eurasian Jackdaw (R, F, O) | Corvus monedula | 51 | 1 |
Great Tit (R, F, O) | Parus major | 39 | 4 |
Black-headed Gull (M, O) | Larus ridibundus | 32 | 0 |
Eurasian Magpie (R, F, O) | Pica pica | 23 | 3 |
Barn Swallow (M, I) | Hirundo rustica | 22 | 0 |
Hooded Crow (R, F, O) | Corvus cornix | 19 | 1 |
Blue Tit (R, F) | Cyanistes caeruleus | 18 | 0 |
Common Swift (M, I) | Apus apus | 9 | 0 |
Mew Gull (M, O) | Larus canus | 8 | 0 |
Eurasian Tree Sparrow (R, F, O) | Passer montanus | 7 | 0 |
Redwing (M) | Turdus iliacus | 7 | 0 |
Common Chaffinch (M) | Fringilla coelebs | 2 | 0 |
European Greenfinch (R, F) | Chloris chloris | 2 | 0 |
Fieldfare (M) | Turus pilaris | 2 | 0 |
Northern House Martin (M, I) | Delichon urbicum | 2 | 0 |
Common Raven (R, O) | Corvus corax | 1 | 0 |
Rock Dove (R, F, O) | Columba livia | 1 | 0 |
Yellow Wagtail (M, I) | Motacilla flava | 1 | 0 |
Variable | Species Using Insects on Cars in Cities (*) Mean (±SD) | n | Species Not Using Insects on Cars in Cities (**) Mean (±SD) | n | U | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flying initiation distance (1) | 8.83 (3.66) | 16 | 7.99 (3.13) | 20 | 134.0 | 0.408 |
Residual brain size (2) | 0.05 (1.01) | 19 | −0.39 (0.78) | 19 | 94.0 | 0.012 |
Number of innovations (2) | 16.45 (14.46) | 20 | 7.85 (8.04) | 20 | 127.5 | 0.049 |
Number of habitat types used (2) | 4.17 (1.25) | 18 | 3.63 (0.96) | 19 | 130.5 | 0.201 |
Diet generalism (2) | 3.00 (0.97) | 18 | 2.37 (0.66) | 19 | 111.0 | 0.049 |
Urbanization year of species (3) | 1942 (40.09) | 16 | 1974 (22.93) | 15 | 60.0 | 0.018 |
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Jokimäki, J.; Ramos-Chernenko, A. Innovative Foraging Behavior of Urban Birds: Use of Insect Food Provided by Cars. Birds 2024, 5, 469-486. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030032
Jokimäki J, Ramos-Chernenko A. Innovative Foraging Behavior of Urban Birds: Use of Insect Food Provided by Cars. Birds. 2024; 5(3):469-486. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030032
Chicago/Turabian StyleJokimäki, Jukka, and Anna Ramos-Chernenko. 2024. "Innovative Foraging Behavior of Urban Birds: Use of Insect Food Provided by Cars" Birds 5, no. 3: 469-486. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030032