Energy and Exergy (2E) Analysis of an Optimized Solar Field of Linear Fresnel Reflectors for a Conceptual Direct Steam Generation Power Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characterization of Thermodynamic Cycles
2.1. Operating Parameters of the Regenerative Rankine Cycle
2.2. Analyzed Cycles
2.2.1. Regenerative Cycle with two Steam Extractions
2.2.2. Regenerative Cycle with Three Steam Extractions
3. Solar Field: Linear Fresnel Reflector
4. Thermo-Hydraulic Model Description and Validation
4.1. Solar Absorption
4.2. Convective Heat Fluxes
4.3. Radiation Heat Fluxex
4.4. Conduction Heat Fluxes
4.5. Thermal Model Validation
- Group 1: four solar absorption equations (, , , ).
- Group 2: four conduction equations (, , , ).
- Group 3: six convection equations (, , , , , ).
- Group 4: five radiation equations (, , , , ).
- Group 5: three radiosity equations.
- Group 6: seven balances (one per node).
- Group 7: fluid balance to calculate the enthalpy increase of the fluid.
5. Thermo-Hydraulic Performance and Characterization of the System
5.1. Three Loops Solar Fields
5.2. Four Loops Solar Fields
5.3. Dimensions of the Solar Field Loops
5.4. Solar Field for a Two-Steam Extraction Regenerative Rankine Cycle Power Block
5.5. Solar Field for a Three-Steam Extraction Regenerative Rankine Cycle Power Block
5.6. Solar Field Layout and Length
5.7. Energy and Exergy Efficiency
5.8. Comparison of the Optimized Field and FRESDEMO
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Technology | Capacity (MW) | Storage/Back Up | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Greenway CSP Mersin (Turkey) | Power tower | 1 | Molten salt tank | Non-operational |
Puerto Errado 1 (Spain) | LFR | 1.4 | Single thermocline tank | Operational |
Sundrop (Australia) | Power tower | 1.5 | No storage | Operational |
Lake Cargelligo (Australia) | Power tower | 3 | Graphite thermal storage | Non-operational |
Liddell Power Station (Australia) | LFR | 3 | No storage | Non-operational |
Thai solar one (Thailand) | PTC | 5 | No storage | Operational |
Kimberlina (USA) | LFR | 5 | No storage | Non-operational |
Sierra SunTower (USA) | Power tower | 5 | No storage | Non-operational |
eLLO (France) | LFR | 9 | Steam drum | Operational |
PS10 (Spain) | Power tower | 11 | Heat storage | Operational |
Dadri ISCC Plant (India) | LFR | 14 | Not specified | Under construction |
PS20 (Spain) | Power tower | 20 | Heat storage | Operational |
Puerto Errado (Spain) | LFR | 30 | Single thermocline tank | Operational |
Khi Solar One (Spain) | Power Tower | 50 | Steam drum | Operational |
Shangyi Tower (China) | Power Tower | 50 | 2 molten salt tanks | Under development |
Zhangbei (China) | LFR | 50 | Solid-state formulated concrete | Non-operational |
Zhangjiakou (China) | LFR | 50 | Solid-state formulated concrete | Under development |
Huanghe Qinghai Delingha (China) | Power Tower | 135 | 2 molten salt tanks | Non-operational |
Ivanpah (USA) | Power Tower | 392 | No storage | Operational |
State | Ti(K) | Pi(bar) | hi(kJ/kg) | si(kJ/kg K) | bi(kJ/kg) | xi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 673.2 | 100 | 3097.4580 | 6.2141 | 1249.2832 | superheatedsteam |
2 | 474.5 | 16 | 2775.6092 | 6.3837 | 876.8784 | 0.9911 |
3 | 443.6 | 8 | 2672.1738 | 6.4449 | 755.1900 | 0.9530 |
4 | 314.7 | 0.08 | 2153.1660 | 6.8829 | 105.5952 | 0.8239 |
5 | 314.7 | 0.08 | 173.8396 | 0.5925 | 1.7490 | 0 |
6 | 314.7 | 8 | 174.9044 | 0.5933 | 2.5616 | liquid |
7 | 404.6 | 8 | 552.4712 | 1.6497 | 65.1769 | 0 |
8 | 406.3 | 100 | 566.3182 | 1.6582 | 76.4810 | liquid |
9 | 496.1 | 100 | 959.3855 | 2.5312 | 209.2742 | liquid |
10 | 474.5 | 16 | 858.4440 | 2.3435 | 164.3041 | 0 |
11 | 443.6 | 8 | 858.4440 | 2.3858 | 160.6143 | 0.0672 |
State | Ti(K) | Pi(bar) | hi(kJ/kg) | si(kJ/kg K) | bi(kJ/kg) | xi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 673.2 | 100 | 3097.4580 | 6.2141 | 1249.2832 | superheated steam |
2 | 489.1 | 20 | 2809.6092 | 6.3622 | 917.2702 | superheated steam |
3 | 416.8 | 4 | 2576.3714 | 6.5075 | 640.7096 | 0.9242 |
4 | 393.4 | 2 | 2486.6878 | 6.5688 | 532.7680 | 0.9003 |
5 | 314.7 | 0.08 | 2147.8559 | 6.8660 | 105.3166 | 0.8217 |
6 | 314.7 | 0.08 | 173.8396 | 0.5925 | 1.7490 | 0 |
7 | 314.7 | 2 | 174.0977 | 0.5927 | 1.9460 | liquid |
8 | 382.1 | 2 | 456.7724 | 1.4067 | 41.9233 | 0 |
9 | 383.6 | 100 | 470.5577 | 1.4157 | 53.0272 | liquid |
10 | 451 | 100 | 758.2368 | 2.1063 | 134.8163 | liquid |
11 | 518.4 | 100 | 1062.9448 | 2.7353 | 251.9609 | liquid |
12 | 485.5 | 20 | 908.4743 | 2.4467 | 183.5490 | 0 |
13 | 416.8 | 4 | 908.4743 | 2.5055 | 166.0308 | 0.1424 |
14 | 416.8 | 4 | 604.6573 | 1.7765 | 79.5653 | 0 |
15 | 393.4 | 2 | 604.6573 | 1.7843 | 77.2359 | 0.0454 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Number of primary mirrors | 25 |
Solar field width (m) | 21 |
Total length of the primary mirrors (m) | 100 |
Width of the primary mirrors (m) | 0.6 |
Filling factor | 0.7143 |
Receiver height (m) | 15 |
Receiver width (m) | 0.5 |
Absorber tube outer diameter (m) | 0.14 |
Absorber tube inner diameter (m) | 0.125 |
Semi-angle acceptance of the CPC (°) | 66.30 |
Intercept factor | 0.7231 |
Geometric concentration of the CPC | 1.1368 |
Geometric concentration of the entire field | 34.105 |
Number of supports per module | 17 |
Heat Flux (W/m) | Heat Transfer Mode | Heat Transfer Path | |
---|---|---|---|
from | to | ||
Convection | Inner absorber tube | Heat transfer fluid | |
Conduction | Outer absorber tube | Inner absorber tube | |
Conduction | Outer absorber tube | HCE supports | |
Absorption of solar radiation | Incident solar radiation | Outer absorber tube | |
Radiation | Outer absorber tube | Cavity | |
Convection | Outer absorber tube | Cavity | |
Radiation | CPC surface | Cavity | |
Convection | CPC surface | Cavity | |
Absorption of solar radiation | Incident solar radiation | CPC surface | |
Conduction | CPC surface | Insulation | |
Radiation | Insulation | Environment | |
Convection | Insulation | Environment | |
Radiation | Inner Pyrex surface | Cavity | |
Convection | Inner Pyrex surface | Cavity | |
Conduction | Inner Pyrex surface | Outer Pyrex surface | |
Absorption of solar radiation | Incident solar radiation | Outer Pyrex surface | |
Radiation | Outer Pyrex surface | Environment | |
Convection | Outer Pyrex surface | Environment |
Parameter | 21 June | 21 May | 21 September |
---|---|---|---|
Condition | Design day | Greatest insolation | Lowest insolation |
Day of the year | 172 | 141 | 264 |
Atmospheric pressure(bar) | 0.886 | 0.884 | 0.885 |
Ambient temperature (K) | 300.05 | 295.95 | 296.95 |
Effective sky temperature (K) | 271.95 | 265.75 | 277.75 |
DNI (W/m2) | 856.4815 | 889.6396 | 628.8580 |
Wind speed (m/d) | 4 | 4.1 | 3.2 |
Section | Two Steam Extractions | Three Steam Extractions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June | May | September | June | May | September | |
Pre-heating (m) | 88.6 | 86.6 | 161.4 | 91.5 | 89.4 | 156.1 |
Evaporation (m) | 423.9 | 408.1 | 479.8 | 456.6 | 425.7 | 533.4 |
Superheating (m) | 111 | 105.6 | 264.7 | 119.5 | 111 | 245.9 |
Length per loop (m) | 623.5 | 600.2 | 905.9 | 667.6 | 626.1 | 935.5 |
Total length 1 (km) | 1.87 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 2 | 1.9 | 2.8 |
Section | Two Steam Extractions | Three Steam Extractions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June | May | September | June | May | September | |
Pre-heating (m) | 68.4 | 66.8 | 119.3 | 70.5 | 68.9 | 123.3 |
Evaporation (m) | 274.8 | 239.6 | 476 | 247 | 233.8 | 353.1 |
Superheating (m) | 93.8 | 81.8 | 181.1 | 83.9 | 81.2 | 190.3 |
Length per loop (m) | 437 | 1.6 | 776.5 | 401.4 | 383.9 | 667.7 |
Total length 1 (km) | 1.7 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.7 |
Case | Two Steam Extractions | Three Steam Extractions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June | May | September | June | May | September | |
Three loops | 1.262 | 1.272 | 1 | 1.235 | 1.251 | 1 |
Four loops | 1.269 | 1.277 | 1 | 1.251 | 1.253 | 1 |
Parameter | FRESDEMO | Optimized Field |
---|---|---|
Energy efficiency | 67% | 64% |
Exergy efficiency | 63% | 60% |
Bejan number | 0.9901 1 | 0.9975 |
Maximum length (m) | 1000 | 935 |
Maximum SM | − | 1.27 |
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González-Mora, E.; Durán-García, M.D. Energy and Exergy (2E) Analysis of an Optimized Solar Field of Linear Fresnel Reflectors for a Conceptual Direct Steam Generation Power Plant. Energies 2021, 14, 4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144234
González-Mora E, Durán-García MD. Energy and Exergy (2E) Analysis of an Optimized Solar Field of Linear Fresnel Reflectors for a Conceptual Direct Steam Generation Power Plant. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144234
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Mora, Eduardo, and Ma. Dolores Durán-García. 2021. "Energy and Exergy (2E) Analysis of an Optimized Solar Field of Linear Fresnel Reflectors for a Conceptual Direct Steam Generation Power Plant" Energies 14, no. 14: 4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144234