Chikungunya and Mayaro Viruses Induce Chronic Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Triggered by Pro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. MAYV and CHIKV Replication Induce Skeletal Muscle Fiber Atrophy
2.2. Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Genomic RNA Persist in the Late Phase of Infection
2.3. Atrogens Activation Occurs in the Early Phase of Infection Associated with Inflammatory Mediators
2.4. Muscle Atrophy Can Be Reduced by Blocking TNF or Inducing Antioxidant Pathways
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Virus Propagation
4.2. Mice Infection and Treatment
4.3. Ethics Statement
4.4. Virus Quantification
4.5. Muscle Structural Analysis
4.6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI)
4.7. Gene Expression and Viral RNA Quantification
4.8. Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Fw (5′-3′) | Rv (5′-3′) |
---|---|---|
CHIKV | AAA GGG CAA ACT CAG CTT CAC | GCC TGG GCT CAT CGT TAT TC |
CHIKV–FAM | /56-FAM/ CGC TGT GAT ACA GTG GTT TCG TGT G/ 3BHQ_1 | |
MAYV | CCT TCA CAC AGA TCA GAC | GCC TGG AAG TAC AAA GAA |
MAYV–FAM | /56-FAM/ CAT AGA CAT CCT GAT AGA CTG CCA CC/ 3BHQ_1 | |
Atrogin-1 | AGA AAA GCG GCA CCT TCG | CTT GGC TGC AAC ATC GTA GTT |
MuRF1 | GAG AAC CTG GAG AAG CAG CTC AT | CCG CGG TTG GTC CAG TAG |
TNF-α | CCT CAC ACT CAG ATC ATC TTC TCA | TGC TTG TCT TTG AGA TCC ATG C |
IFN-γ | AGC AAC AGC AAG GCG AAA A | CTG GAC CTG TGG GTT GTT GA |
IL-6 | TCA TAT CTT CAA CCA AGA GGTA | CAG TGA GGA ATG TCC ACA AAC |
IL-1β | GTA ATG AAA GAC GGC ACA CC | ATT AGA AAC AGT CCA GCC CA |
KC | CAC CTC AAG AAC ATC CAG AGC | AGG TGC CAT GAG AGC AGT CT |
MCP-1 | GTC CCC AGC TCA AGG AGT AT | CCT ACT TCT TCT CTG GGT TG |
RANTES | GTG CCC ACG TCA AGG AGT AT | CCT ACT TCT TCT CTG GGT TG |
TGF-β | GAC CGC AAC AAC GCC ATC TA | AGC CCT GTA TTC CGT CTC CTT |
IL-10 | TAA GGG TTA CTT GGG TTG CCA AG | CAA ATG CTC CTT GAT TTC TGG GC |
Gapdh | AGG TCG GTC TGA ACG GAT TTG | TGT AGA CCA TGT AGT TGA GGT CA |
β-actin | GAC GTT GAC ATC CGT AAA | GTA CTT GCG CTC AGG AGG AG |
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da Silva, M.O.L.; Figueiredo, C.M.; Neris, R.L.S.; Guimarães-Andrade, I.P.; Gavino-Leopoldino, D.; Miler-da-Silva, L.L.; Valença, H.d.M.; Ladislau, L.; de Lima, C.V.F.; Coccarelli, F.M.; et al. Chikungunya and Mayaro Viruses Induce Chronic Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Triggered by Pro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168909
da Silva MOL, Figueiredo CM, Neris RLS, Guimarães-Andrade IP, Gavino-Leopoldino D, Miler-da-Silva LL, Valença HdM, Ladislau L, de Lima CVF, Coccarelli FM, et al. Chikungunya and Mayaro Viruses Induce Chronic Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Triggered by Pro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):8909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168909
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Silva, Mariana Oliveira Lopes, Camila Menezes Figueiredo, Rômulo Leão Silva Neris, Iris Paula Guimarães-Andrade, Daniel Gavino-Leopoldino, Leonardo Linhares Miler-da-Silva, Helber da Maia Valença, Leandro Ladislau, Caroline Victorino Felix de Lima, Fernanda Meireles Coccarelli, and et al. 2024. "Chikungunya and Mayaro Viruses Induce Chronic Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Triggered by Pro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Response" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 8909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168909