The Quest for the Holy Grail Of 3D Printing: A Critical Review of Recycling in Polymer Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Polymers
1.2. Additive Manufacturing Methods
1.3. Challenges and Opportunities for Powder Bed Fusion Sustainability
2. Sustainability and Circular Economy of Additive Manufacturing
3. Polymeric Material Recycling Methods for 3D Printing
Use of Filaments
4. Methods for Recycling to 3D Printing
Alternative Methods for Recycling
5. Recycling of Materials Used in Additive Manufacturing
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PA-12 Powder | Peak Melting Point (°C) | Melting Enthalpy (J/g) | Peak Crystallisation Point (°C) | Crystallisation Enthalpy (J/g) | Crystallinity Xc (%) | Sintering Window * (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New | 182.37 | 96.62 | 141.45 | −45.03 | 46.16% | 29.96 (147.15–177.11) |
1 time recycled | 182.53 | 95.19 | 141.94 | −44.52 | 45.48% | 29.92 (147.55–177.47) |
2 times recycled | 182.53 | 94.02 | 142.46 | −44.71 | 44.92% | 30.31 (147.54–177.85) |
3 times recycled | 182.87 | 84.07 | 142.78 | −42.88 | 40.17% | 31.00 (147.33–178.33) |
4 times recycled | 182.68 | 80.71 | 143.24 | −42.13 | 38.56% | 30.95 (146.72–177.67) |
Material Recycled | Method | References |
---|---|---|
PLA–Poly(lactic acid) | FDM | [24,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] |
PLA–Poly(lactic acid) PLA–hydroxyapatite (Hap)-chitosan (CS) composite | FDM | [53] |
PLLA L900 | FDM | [54,55,56] |
PLA 2002D | FDM | [57,58] |
PLA (ESUN A-1001) | FDM | [59] |
PLA/ABS | FDM | [60,61,62] |
PLA/ABS/HIPS/PCTPE/Nylon/PC | FDM | [63] |
PLA–Poly(lactic acid) + recycled Carbon Fibres (rCFs) | FDM | [64,65,66] |
PLA/CLRS-1 c–polylactide/lunar regolith simulant | FDM | [67] |
PLA–Poly(lactic acid) and PHB–Polyhydroxybutyrate | FDM | [68] |
PLA–Poly(lactic acid) biocomposites filled with CSH–calcined seashell particles | FDM | [69] |
ABS–Acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene/with recycled fiber | FDM | [70,71] |
PS–polystyrene, ABS–Acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene and PVC polyvinylchloride | FDM | [72] |
ABS–Acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene | FDM | [73,74,75,76] |
ABS–Graphene composite | FDM | [77] |
ABS–Acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene + FA fly ash (waste of coal power plants) | FDM | [78] |
HDPE–high-density polyethylene | FDM | [79] |
PETG–glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate | FDM | [80] |
PETG, PET–Polyethylene Terephthalate | FDM | [81] |
PET–Polyethylene Terephthalate, PP–Polypropylene, PS–polystyrene | FDM | [82] |
PETG, PET–Polyethylene Terephthalate | FDM | [83] |
PETG, PET–Polyethylene Terephthalate, SEBS–styrene ethylene-butadiene-styrene | FDM | [84] |
PETG, PET–Polyethylene Terephthalate | FDM | [85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] |
PET–Polyethylene Terephthalate + SPF sugar palm fibre | FDM | [94] |
PA–Polyamide 12 | FDM, SLS | [26,28,29,34,35,37,44,45,48,95,96] |
PA–Polyamide composite (Filaments made of carbon fibre with nylon and glass fibre with nylon) | FDM | [97] |
PP–Polypropylene | FDM | [83,98,99,100,101] |
PP–Polypropylene + glass powder | FDM | [102] |
PS–Polystyrene | FDM | [103] |
PS–Polystyrene, PVC–Polyvinyl chloride | FDM | [72] |
PC–Polycarbonate | FDM | [104,105] |
SAG–Styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate | FDM | [70] |
ASA–Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate composites | FDM | [106] |
TPU–Thermoplastic polyurethane | FDM | [107] |
CAP–Cellulose Acetate Propionate | FDM | [108] |
GNP–Graphene nanoparticles and Mn-doped ZnO powders + PVDF–recycled polyvinylidene fluoride pallets | FDM | [109] |
Silica + PP/PVA/PLA/PA Polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid, and nylon | FDM | [110] |
Silica + PLA Poly(lactic acid) | FDM | [111,112] |
(PLA composites) Food packages and car dashboards | Composites | [113] |
(PLA composites)recycled polylactic acid (PLA) and waste ceramic material from artisanal production | Composites | [114] |
(PLA composites) Bio-based composite material consisting of ground mussel shells and alginate | Composites | [115] |
Mortar with PET Polyethylene Terephthalate granules | Composites | [116] |
Composites–Wind turbine waste | Composites | [117,118] |
Mixture comprising 60% granulate tyre waste and 40% of polypropylene (PP) | Composites | [119] |
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de Sousa Alves, B.A.; Kontziampasis, D.; Soliman, A.-H. The Quest for the Holy Grail Of 3D Printing: A Critical Review of Recycling in Polymer Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing. Polymers 2024, 16, 2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162306
de Sousa Alves BA, Kontziampasis D, Soliman A-H. The Quest for the Holy Grail Of 3D Printing: A Critical Review of Recycling in Polymer Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing. Polymers. 2024; 16(16):2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162306
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Sousa Alves, Bruno Alexandre, Dimitrios Kontziampasis, and Abdel-Hamid Soliman. 2024. "The Quest for the Holy Grail Of 3D Printing: A Critical Review of Recycling in Polymer Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing" Polymers 16, no. 16: 2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162306