Ameer Hussain

Pakistan ranked 4th among cotton producing countries worldwide. Cotton cultivation along Indus river irrigation system across nearly three million/ha and recognized as the backbone of the economy for the country. Despite the fact that Pakistan is overwhelmingly an agricultural based economy. Cotton cultivation is mainly focused on its fiber but cotton seed oil is significantly used as a comestible vegetable oil and makes major contribute in the national oil industry. According to an estimate per capita usage of edible oil in the country is 15 kg, this is even higher than the consumption in countries with same economic status of economical evolution. Overall requirements for this purpose in 2028–30 is estimated at approximately 5.30 million/tons from which domestic share could be only 1.99 million/tons. Generally, the genetically modified cotton (Bacillus thuringiensis) was acquaint in Pakistan during the first decade of this century to moderate harmful effects of lepidopterous insects; which were causing major loss to the cotton production ultimately to the economy of the country. Currently the genetic modified cotton cultivation consumed for more than 95% area under cotton cultivation. There are certain pros and cons about the issues being faced by the cotton growing community of the country raising concerns for Bacillus thuringiensis cotton cultivation. Particularly in non-traditional cotton cultivation zones which is facing a limited insect-pest-pressure. Moreover, water scarcity is extremely high temperature in the core zones colligate, which is already under observations where the temperature is extremely high. In Pakistan, closely 1.7 million peoples they are engaged in growing cotton crop. The farmers of Pakistan surveying and evolution for high quality of fiber and high quality of lint yield sweetening, the Pakistan also fulfills its 18.8% of comestible oil demand from cotton seed oil. Information acquiring on seed cotton oil and its consumptions is while ever short and not available. There is impregnable need from industry to furthermore sanctify cottonseed oil to provide it suit for direct used as vegetable cooking oil alternatively of hydrogenating it is also known as ghee in (solid form), devising cotton production more vulnerable to abiotic and biotic menace.

Upland Cotton (Gossypium spp) is known as the largest natural fiber and vegetable oil source worldwide, to increase the superiority of agronomic traits withstand contrary abiotic and biotic stress in the field and fiber/yield qualities to fulfill all the necessity of advance spinning technology. Upland cotton increase through conventional plant breeding is a time consuming; present circumstance molecular markers established that effective tools to speed up the plant breeding programme for cotton improvement. Especially accentuate is given to application, obstacles, and perspectives of marker-assisted breeding since it appears to be more hopeful in falsify novel gene that are used in the cotton germplasm. The development of system quantitative breeding/genetics in molecular marker-helps for breeding programme would be necessary requirement to understand its role in cotton. While the same time, the function of genetic engineering and in vitromutagenesis cannot be used out in genetic melioration of cotton. In the demonstrate variety of molecular markers are useable, option of molecular marker depends on the users. The critique article gives a over view of versatile molecular markers used in cotton possess, Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP), Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), and Simple sequence repeats (SSR), Above all molecular markers act a vital role in for betterment of crop improvement programme such as (a) Construction of linkage Map (b) Investigation of genetic diversity in cotton, (c) Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) (d) QTL investigation for agronomic and fiber related traits in cotton.

Upland Cotton (Gossypium spp) is known as the largest natural fiber and vegetable oil source worldwide, to increase the superiority of agronomic traits withstand contrary abiotic and biotic stress in the field and fiber/yield qualities to fulfill all the necessity of advance spinning technology. Upland cotton increase through conventional plant breeding is a time consuming; present circumstance molecular markers established that effective tools to speed up the plant breeding programme for cotton improvement. Especially accentuate is given to application, obstacles, and perspectives of marker-assisted breeding since it appears to be more hopeful in falsify novel gene that are used in the cotton germplasm. The development of system quantitative breeding/genetics in molecular marker-helps for breeding programme would be necessary requirement to understand its role in cotton. While the same time, the function of genetic engineering and in vitromutagenesis cannot be used out in genetic melioration of cotton. In the demonstrate variety of molecular markers are useable, option of molecular marker depends on the users. The critique article gives a over view of versatile molecular markers used in cotton possess, Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP), Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), and Simple sequence repeats (SSR), Above all molecular markers act a vital role in for betterment of crop improvement programme such as (a) Construction of linkage Map (b) Investigation of genetic diversity in cotton, (c) Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) (d) QTL investigation for agronomic and fiber related traits in cotton.

Pakistan ranked 4th among cotton producing countries worldwide. Cotton cultivation along Indus river irrigation system across nearly three million/ha and recognized as the backbone of the economy for the country. Despite the fact that Pakistan is overwhelmingly an agricultural based economy. Cotton cultivation is mainly focused on its fiber but cotton seed oil is significantly used as a comestible vegetable oil and
makes major contribute in the national oil industry. According to an estimate per capita usage of edible oil in the country is 15 kg, this is even higher than the consumption in countries with same economic status of economical evolution. Overall requirements for this purpose in 2028–30 is estimated at approximately 5.30 million/tons from which domestic share could be only 1.99 million/tons. Generally, the genetically modified cotton (Bacillus thuringiensis) was acquaint in Pakistan during the first decade of this century to moderate harmful effects of lepidopterous insects; which were causing major loss to the cotton production ultimately to the economy of the country. Currently the genetic modified cotton cultivation consumed for more than 95% area under cotton cultivation. There are certain pros and cons about the issues being faced by the cotton growing community of the country raising concerns for Bacillus thuringiensis cotton cultivation. Particularly
in non-traditional cotton cultivation zones which is facing a limited insect-pest-pressure. Moreover, water scarcity is extremely high temperature in the core zones colligate, which is already under observations where the temperature is extremely high. In Pakistan, closely 1.7 million peoples they are engaged in growing cotton crop. The farmers of Pakistan surveying and evolution for high quality of fiber and high quality of lint yield sweetening, the Pakistan also fulfills its 18.8% of comestible oil demand from cotton seed oil. Information acquiring on seed cotton oil and its consumptions is while ever short and not available. There is impregnable need from industry to furthermore sanctify cottonseed oil to provide it suit for direct used as vegetable cooking oil alternatively of hydrogenating it is also known as ghee in (solid form), devising cotton production more vulnerable to abiotic and biotic menace.

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ　ＴｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗａｓｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｉｎＬｉｎｅＸｔｅｓｔｅｒａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｆｏｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｎｇｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｈｅｔｅｒｏｔｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ，ｒｅｓｔｏｒｅｒｓｍａｌｅ
ｓｔｅｒｉｌｅ（ＣＭＳ）ｃｒｏｓｓｅｄｗｉｔｈｓｅｖｅｎｔｅｓｔｅｒｌｉｎｅｓ３ｘ７２１Ｆ１ ｈｙｂｒｉｄｓｏｆｓｕｎｆｌｏｗｅｒｗｅｒｅｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｕｓｅｄｔｏｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｔｈｅｉｒｇｅｎｅｒａｌｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇａｂｉｌｉｔｙ
（ＧＣＳ），ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇａｂｉｌｉｔｙ（ＳＣＡ）ａｎｄｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｉｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｎｍａｉｎｔｒａｉｔｓｏｆｓｕｎｆｌｏｗｅｒｄｕｒｉｎｇ２００９．Ｆｏｒｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙ，ｓｅｖｅｎｌｉｎｅｓｏｆｓｕｎｆｌｏｗ
ｅｒｗｅｒｅｔｅｓｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｒｅｅｔｅｓｔｅｒｓ７ｘ３ｏｆｓｕｎｆｌｏｗｅｒｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎｔｗｅｎｔｙｏｎｅＦ１ｇｅｎｏｔｙｐｅｓｆｒｏｍＬｉｎｅＸｔｅｓｔｅｒｍａｔｉｎｇｄｅｓｉｇｎ．Ｉｔｗａｓｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｄｆｒｏｍ
ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｕｄｙｔｈａｔａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｌｉｎｅｓ，０５０５Ｃｍｓ６，Ｐｅｓｈａｗｅｒ９３Ｃｍｓ１１，Ｐｅｓｈａｗａｒ９３Ｃｍｓ１２ｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｇｅｎｅｒａｌｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｒｓｔｏｐｌａｙｔｈｅｖｉｔａｌ
ｒｏｌｅｉｎｆｌｏｗｅｒｉｎｇ，ｍａｔｕｒｉｔｙ，ｐｌａｎｔｈｅｉｇｈｔ，ｈｅａｄｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ，ｓｅｅｄｉｎｄｅｘ，ｇｒａｉｎｐｅｒｈｅａｄａｎｄ１００ｇｒａｉｎｙｉｅｌｄｐｅｒｐｌａｎｔ．ＷｈｉｌｅＲＨＰ５３，ＲＨＰ４２，
ＲＨＰ４６ｗｅｒｅａｌｓｏｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｒｓｆｏｒａｌｌｔｈｅｔｒａｉｔｓ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｈｙｂｒｉｄ５４ＣＭＳ１ｘＲＨＰ４２ｓｈｏｗｅｄｂｅｓｔｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｒｓ，ｗｈｉｌｅＰｅｓｈａｗｅｒ
９３ｅｘｈｉｂｉｔｅｄｇｏｏｄｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｒｓｆｏｒｇｒａｉｎｙｉｅｌｄｐｅｒｐｌａｎｔ，ｔｈｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｓ，ｐｌａｎｔｈｅｉｇｈｔ，ｈｅａｄｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ，ｓｅｅｄｉｎｄｅｘ，ｇｒａｉｎｐｅｒｈｅａｄａｎｄｇｒａｉｎ
ｙｉｅｌｄｐｅｒｐｌａｎｔ，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．Ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｔｅｓｔｅｄｓｕｎｆｌｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｏｔｙｐｅｓｗｉｔｈｒｅｇａｒｄｔｏｍｅａｎｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆａｌｌｔｈｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ
ｔｒａｉｔｓｗｅｒｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ．Ｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｖａｒｉａｎｃｅｏｆｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｖａｒｉａｎｃｅｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｅｄｔｈｅｎｏｎａｄｄｉ
ｔｉｖｅｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ．