Arguments may sometimes be advanced with a non-standard function. One such function, it is sugges... more Arguments may sometimes be advanced with a non-standard function. One such function, it is suggested, is the expression of identity, a practice which may play a significant role in political representation. This paper sets out to examine a number of short addresses given at the High-Level segment of the Cop26 conference, which are considered to contain instances of such argumentation. Their content is analysed and evaluated by means of the Comprehensive Assessment Procedure for Natural Argumentation (CAPNA), and an attempt is made to highlight the purposes of the delegates in addressing the conference. At a more fundamental level, the goal of this work is to assess the possibility of identifying arguments as being meant largely as statements of identity or representation, and the suitability of the CAPNA or other norm-based systems for evaluating such discourse. The speakers studied include representatives from OPEC, the Trade Unions, and the leaders of Vietnam and Liechtenstein. Ul...
In this paper, we use a pseudo-algorithmic procedure for assessing an AI-generated text. We apply... more In this paper, we use a pseudo-algorithmic procedure for assessing an AI-generated text. We apply the Comprehensive Assessment Procedure for Natural Argumentation (CAPNA) in evaluating the arguments produced by an Artificial Intelligence text generator, GPT-3, in an opinion piece written for the Guardian newspaper. The CAPNA examines instances of argumentation in three aspects: their Process, Reasoning and Expression. Initial Analysis is conducted using the Argument Type Identification Procedure (ATIP) to establish, firstly, that an argument is present and, secondly, its specific type in terms of the argument classification framework of the Periodic Table of Arguments (PTA). Procedural Questions are then used to test the acceptability of the argument in each of the three aspects. The analysis shows that while the arguments put forward by the AI text generator are varied in terms of their type and follow familiar patterns of human reasoning, they contain obvious weaknesses. From this...
Uwzględniając dotychczasową działalność Polskiej Szkoły Argumentacji, w szczególności jej działal... more Uwzględniając dotychczasową działalność Polskiej Szkoły Argumentacji, w szczególności jej działalność edukacyjną wyeksponowaną podczas XV konferencji ArgDiaP, sformułowaliśmy postulaty dotyczące dalszej działalności edukacyjnej Szkoły. Ich realizacja w ciągu najbliższych lat mogłaby stanowić grunt dla długoterminowych celów edukacyjnych, takich jak (1) opracowanie spójnego programu nauczania sztuki argumentowania i krytycznego myślenia w szkołach podstawowych i średnich oraz (2) zaprojektowanie ogólnopolskich standardów i ram nauczania przedmiotów powiązanych z argumentacją i krytycznym myśleniem na poziomie studiów uniwersyteckich
DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxii1.06 Przedstawiona propozycja badawcza dotyczy porównania s... more DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxii1.06 Przedstawiona propozycja badawcza dotyczy porównania sposobu komunikowania polityków polskich i polityków amerykańskich ze swoimi wyborcami. Materiałem badawczym są mowy końcowe wygłaszane przez liderów politycznych w czasie debat finałowych. Uwzględniono cykle amerykańskich debat finałowych z lat 1996–2016 i cykle debat polskich z lat 1995–2015. Mowy końcowe są tym elementem debaty, w którym następuje zmiana adresata interakcji argumentacyjnej i przekaz kierowany jest do wyborców jako głównego odbiorcy. Jest to element wieńczący starcie polityków i stanowi zarazem apel do wyborców o poparcie w głosowaniu. Poddano analizie zawartość perswazyjną 24 mów amerykańskich polityków i 26 mów polskich polityków. Zastosowano metody ilościowe i jakościowe do wykazania specyfiki perswazyjnej w różnych kulturach politycznych. Ustalono zestaw powtarzających się taktyk perswazyjnych z podziałem na etos, logos, patos. Określono częstotliwość ich występowan...
DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxiv2.02 The aims of this paper are to illustrate where previou... more DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxiv2.02 The aims of this paper are to illustrate where previous attempts at the characterisation of slippery slope arguments (SSAs) have gone wrong, to provide an analysis which better captures their true nature, and to show the importance of achieving a clear definition which distinguishes this argument structure from other forms with which it may be confused. The first part describes the arguments of Douglas Walton (2015) and others, which are found wanting due to their failure to capture the essence of the slippery slope and their inability to distinguish SSAs from other consequentialist forms of argument. The second part of the paper puts forward a clear analysis of what is special about SSAs: it is argued that all SSAs, properly so-named, claim that reaching a certain conclusion, A, involves the negation of a thitherto accepted principle, P, and that that principle is necessary to argue against further conclusions (B, C, …, Z) which are consid...
Herein, I consider arguments resting on an appeal to a non-existent authority as a species of arg... more Herein, I consider arguments resting on an appeal to a non-existent authority as a species of argument from authority, and ultimately show them to be reliant on arguments from analogy in their inferential force. Three sub-types of argument are discussed: from authorities as yet unborn, no longer living, or incapable of ever doing so. In each case it is shown that an element of arguing from analogy is required since there can be no direct evidence of any assertions of the source. In conclusion, it is suggested that such steps of analogy are employed frequently in traditional arguments from authority.
As more and more sophisticated software is created to allow the mining of arguments from natural ... more As more and more sophisticated software is created to allow the mining of arguments from natural language texts, this paper sets out to examine the suitability of the well-established and readily available methods of corpus linguistics to the study of argumentation. After brief introductions to corpus linguistics and the concept of meta-argument, I describe three pilot-studies into the use of the terms Straw man, Ad hominem, and Slippery slope, made using the open access News on the Web corpus. The presence of each of these phrases on internet news sites was investigated and assessed for correspondence to the norms of use by argumentation theorists. All three pilot-studies revealed interesting facts about the usage of the terms by non-specialists, and led to numerous examples of the types of arguments mentioned. This suggests such corpora may be of use in two different ways: firstly, the wider project of improving public debate and educating the populace in the skills of critical th...
The purpose of this paper is twofold: to give a good account of the argument from ignorance, with... more The purpose of this paper is twofold: to give a good account of the argument from ignorance, with a presumptive argumentation scheme, and to raise issues on the work of Walton, the nature of abduction and the concept of epistemic closure. First, I offer a brief disambiguation of how the terms 'argument from ignorance' and 'argumentum ad ignorantiam' are used. Second, I show how attempts to embellish this form of reasoning by Douglas Walton and A.J. Kreider have been unnecessary and unhelpful. Lastly, I offer a full and effective account of the argument from ignorance and discuss the lessons of the analysis.Le but de cet article est double: donner un bon compte rendu de l'argument par l'ignorance, avec un schème d'argumentation présomptif, et soulever des questions sur certains aspects de l’œuvre de Walton, la nature des raisonnements abductifs et le concept de fermeture épistémique. Premièrement, j'offre une brève désambiguïsation de la façon dont les...
In this paper I describe the apparent differences between the views of Mizrahi (2013) and Seidel ... more In this paper I describe the apparent differences between the views of Mizrahi (2013) and Seidel (2014) on the strength of arguments from expert opinion. I show that most of Seidel's objections rely on an understanding of the words 'expert' and 'opinion' different from those which Mizrahi employs. I also discuss certain inconsistencies found in both papers over the use of these key terms. The paper concludes by noting that Mizrahi is right to suggest that evidence shows expert predictions to be unreliable, but Seidel is correct to observe that this finding should not be used to claim that expert opinion in general is not to be trusted.
In recent studies into the factors affecting foreign or second language pronunciation, inborn cap... more In recent studies into the factors affecting foreign or second language pronunciation, inborn capabilities, such as the musical ear and the ability to mimic, have received relatively little attention compared to that which has been focused on age, length of study or residence, first language and gender. Since Purcell et al. (1980) included mimicry ability in their list of key factors affecting pronunciation, most research has been aimed at downplaying its importance. This paper has been written as part of a project to design a new style of aptitude test; one which would predict not only success in grammar tests, but also potential communicative proficiency. One step in this process is to attempt to establish a test for aptitude for pronunciation. To that end, the paper sets out to examine to what extent the ability to accurately mimic input after minimal exposure is decisive in determining the overall quality of pronunciation of foreign language learners, in part, because this ability is relatively easy to assess and therefore a good candidate for inclusion in a wider test of communicative aptitude. The paper begins with a critical examination of the research which has been done into the factors affecting pronunciation (Piske et al. 2001) and the role of mimicry and the so-called ‘musical ear’ (Slevc and Miyake 2006) in the pronunciation of language learners. This review will highlight the lack of an authoritative answer on the question of mimicry and the need for further investigation. There will follow a description of two experiments carried out by the author in which the ability of Polish college students of English to mimic was compared with the quality of their general English pronunciation, and a discussion of the results achieved.
This paper reports on a study into the inter-relationships amongst foreign language pronunciation... more This paper reports on a study into the inter-relationships amongst foreign language pronunciation, mimicry ability and a range of personality and attitudinal factors. It will begin with a brief review of studies into affective influences on pronunciation ability (Arnold 1999, Hu & Reiterer 2009) and research into the importance of mimicry talent (Jilka 2009; Piske, MacKay & Flege 2001). This will be followed by a short description of a pilot study carried out prior to the main experiment.In the main study, a group of Polish learners of English completed a number of mimicry tasks in three languages: Italian, Dutch and Chinese, as well as a narration task in English. Mimicry performance and English pronunciation were then assessed by native speakers and compared. Participants also completed a questionnaire concerning their feelings about the languages they were to mimic and a second questionnaire designed to detect affective factors such as language learning anxiety, as well as attitu...
This paper begins with a brief look at developments in individual differences research, in partic... more This paper begins with a brief look at developments in individual differences research, in particular Dornyei's (2010) discussion of the individual differences ‘myth’. It then moves on to discuss the confusion surrounding the word ‘aptitude’ and the different ways in which it is used in SLA literature. These sections make clear the necessity of considering both cognitive and affective factors in the assessment of a learner’s context-dependent situational aptitude. The main focus of the article, however, is to raise a number of suggestions as to how individual testing of learners’ situational aptitude might be used in the classroom in order to improve learner outcomes. It is suggested that analysis of learners could be used to set by aptitude, to reduce anxiety and raise motivation, and to introduce fairer and more motivational grading frameworks. There follows a discussion of the concept of individualization of teaching and learning programs and the advantages it might afford to...
In this paper, we formulate a procedure for assessing reasoning as it is expressed in natural arg... more In this paper, we formulate a procedure for assessing reasoning as it is expressed in natural arguments. The procedure is a specification of one of the three aspects of argumentation assessment distinguished in the Comprehensive Assessment Procedure for Natural Argumentation (CAPNA) (Hinton, 2021) that makes use of the argument categorisation framework of the Periodic Table of Arguments (PTA) (Wagemans, 2016, 2019, 2020c). The theoretical framework and practical application of both the CAPNA and the PTA are described, as well as the evaluation procedure that combines the two. The procedure is illustrated through an evaluation of the reasoning of two example arguments from a recently published text.
This paper has a dual purpose: it both seeks to introduce the other works in this issue by illust... more This paper has a dual purpose: it both seeks to introduce the other works in this issue by illustrating how they are related to the field of argumentation as a whole, and to make clear the tremendous range of research currently being carried out by argumentation theorists which is concerned with the interaction and inter-reliance of language and argument. After a brief introduction to the development of the field of argumentation, as many as eight language-based approaches to the study of argument are identified, taking as their perspective: rhetoric, argument structure, argument as act, discourse analysis, corpus methods, emotive argument, and narrative argument. The conclusion makes it clear that these branches of study are all themselves interconnected and that it is the fusion of methodologies and theory from linguistics and the philosophical study of argument which lends this area of research its dynamism.
This paper combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies to study the persuasive strategies... more This paper combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies to study the persuasive strategies employed by candidates taking part in televised pre-election debates in Poland and the United States between 1995 and 2016. First, the authors identify the key strategies and calculate the frequency with which they are used by individual candidates. This allows for numerical comparisons between politicians in the two polities, as well as between winners and losers, and candidates of the right and the left politically. These statistical results led the authors to look more closely at the individual styles of two contrasting debaters. We conclude that the rhetorical landscape of political communication does not differ greatly between the two countries; although the data suggest noticeable differences in the approach of political parties and between individuals.
Arguments may sometimes be advanced with a non-standard function. One such function, it is sugges... more Arguments may sometimes be advanced with a non-standard function. One such function, it is suggested, is the expression of identity, a practice which may play a significant role in political representation. This paper sets out to examine a number of short addresses given at the High-Level segment of the Cop26 conference, which are considered to contain instances of such argumentation. Their content is analysed and evaluated by means of the Comprehensive Assessment Procedure for Natural Argumentation (CAPNA), and an attempt is made to highlight the purposes of the delegates in addressing the conference. At a more fundamental level, the goal of this work is to assess the possibility of identifying arguments as being meant largely as statements of identity or representation, and the suitability of the CAPNA or other norm-based systems for evaluating such discourse. The speakers studied include representatives from OPEC, the Trade Unions, and the leaders of Vietnam and Liechtenstein. Ul...
In this paper, we use a pseudo-algorithmic procedure for assessing an AI-generated text. We apply... more In this paper, we use a pseudo-algorithmic procedure for assessing an AI-generated text. We apply the Comprehensive Assessment Procedure for Natural Argumentation (CAPNA) in evaluating the arguments produced by an Artificial Intelligence text generator, GPT-3, in an opinion piece written for the Guardian newspaper. The CAPNA examines instances of argumentation in three aspects: their Process, Reasoning and Expression. Initial Analysis is conducted using the Argument Type Identification Procedure (ATIP) to establish, firstly, that an argument is present and, secondly, its specific type in terms of the argument classification framework of the Periodic Table of Arguments (PTA). Procedural Questions are then used to test the acceptability of the argument in each of the three aspects. The analysis shows that while the arguments put forward by the AI text generator are varied in terms of their type and follow familiar patterns of human reasoning, they contain obvious weaknesses. From this...
Uwzględniając dotychczasową działalność Polskiej Szkoły Argumentacji, w szczególności jej działal... more Uwzględniając dotychczasową działalność Polskiej Szkoły Argumentacji, w szczególności jej działalność edukacyjną wyeksponowaną podczas XV konferencji ArgDiaP, sformułowaliśmy postulaty dotyczące dalszej działalności edukacyjnej Szkoły. Ich realizacja w ciągu najbliższych lat mogłaby stanowić grunt dla długoterminowych celów edukacyjnych, takich jak (1) opracowanie spójnego programu nauczania sztuki argumentowania i krytycznego myślenia w szkołach podstawowych i średnich oraz (2) zaprojektowanie ogólnopolskich standardów i ram nauczania przedmiotów powiązanych z argumentacją i krytycznym myśleniem na poziomie studiów uniwersyteckich
DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxii1.06 Przedstawiona propozycja badawcza dotyczy porównania s... more DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxii1.06 Przedstawiona propozycja badawcza dotyczy porównania sposobu komunikowania polityków polskich i polityków amerykańskich ze swoimi wyborcami. Materiałem badawczym są mowy końcowe wygłaszane przez liderów politycznych w czasie debat finałowych. Uwzględniono cykle amerykańskich debat finałowych z lat 1996–2016 i cykle debat polskich z lat 1995–2015. Mowy końcowe są tym elementem debaty, w którym następuje zmiana adresata interakcji argumentacyjnej i przekaz kierowany jest do wyborców jako głównego odbiorcy. Jest to element wieńczący starcie polityków i stanowi zarazem apel do wyborców o poparcie w głosowaniu. Poddano analizie zawartość perswazyjną 24 mów amerykańskich polityków i 26 mów polskich polityków. Zastosowano metody ilościowe i jakościowe do wykazania specyfiki perswazyjnej w różnych kulturach politycznych. Ustalono zestaw powtarzających się taktyk perswazyjnych z podziałem na etos, logos, patos. Określono częstotliwość ich występowan...
DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxiv2.02 The aims of this paper are to illustrate where previou... more DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxiv2.02 The aims of this paper are to illustrate where previous attempts at the characterisation of slippery slope arguments (SSAs) have gone wrong, to provide an analysis which better captures their true nature, and to show the importance of achieving a clear definition which distinguishes this argument structure from other forms with which it may be confused. The first part describes the arguments of Douglas Walton (2015) and others, which are found wanting due to their failure to capture the essence of the slippery slope and their inability to distinguish SSAs from other consequentialist forms of argument. The second part of the paper puts forward a clear analysis of what is special about SSAs: it is argued that all SSAs, properly so-named, claim that reaching a certain conclusion, A, involves the negation of a thitherto accepted principle, P, and that that principle is necessary to argue against further conclusions (B, C, …, Z) which are consid...
Herein, I consider arguments resting on an appeal to a non-existent authority as a species of arg... more Herein, I consider arguments resting on an appeal to a non-existent authority as a species of argument from authority, and ultimately show them to be reliant on arguments from analogy in their inferential force. Three sub-types of argument are discussed: from authorities as yet unborn, no longer living, or incapable of ever doing so. In each case it is shown that an element of arguing from analogy is required since there can be no direct evidence of any assertions of the source. In conclusion, it is suggested that such steps of analogy are employed frequently in traditional arguments from authority.
As more and more sophisticated software is created to allow the mining of arguments from natural ... more As more and more sophisticated software is created to allow the mining of arguments from natural language texts, this paper sets out to examine the suitability of the well-established and readily available methods of corpus linguistics to the study of argumentation. After brief introductions to corpus linguistics and the concept of meta-argument, I describe three pilot-studies into the use of the terms Straw man, Ad hominem, and Slippery slope, made using the open access News on the Web corpus. The presence of each of these phrases on internet news sites was investigated and assessed for correspondence to the norms of use by argumentation theorists. All three pilot-studies revealed interesting facts about the usage of the terms by non-specialists, and led to numerous examples of the types of arguments mentioned. This suggests such corpora may be of use in two different ways: firstly, the wider project of improving public debate and educating the populace in the skills of critical th...
The purpose of this paper is twofold: to give a good account of the argument from ignorance, with... more The purpose of this paper is twofold: to give a good account of the argument from ignorance, with a presumptive argumentation scheme, and to raise issues on the work of Walton, the nature of abduction and the concept of epistemic closure. First, I offer a brief disambiguation of how the terms 'argument from ignorance' and 'argumentum ad ignorantiam' are used. Second, I show how attempts to embellish this form of reasoning by Douglas Walton and A.J. Kreider have been unnecessary and unhelpful. Lastly, I offer a full and effective account of the argument from ignorance and discuss the lessons of the analysis.Le but de cet article est double: donner un bon compte rendu de l'argument par l'ignorance, avec un schème d'argumentation présomptif, et soulever des questions sur certains aspects de l’œuvre de Walton, la nature des raisonnements abductifs et le concept de fermeture épistémique. Premièrement, j'offre une brève désambiguïsation de la façon dont les...
In this paper I describe the apparent differences between the views of Mizrahi (2013) and Seidel ... more In this paper I describe the apparent differences between the views of Mizrahi (2013) and Seidel (2014) on the strength of arguments from expert opinion. I show that most of Seidel's objections rely on an understanding of the words 'expert' and 'opinion' different from those which Mizrahi employs. I also discuss certain inconsistencies found in both papers over the use of these key terms. The paper concludes by noting that Mizrahi is right to suggest that evidence shows expert predictions to be unreliable, but Seidel is correct to observe that this finding should not be used to claim that expert opinion in general is not to be trusted.
In recent studies into the factors affecting foreign or second language pronunciation, inborn cap... more In recent studies into the factors affecting foreign or second language pronunciation, inborn capabilities, such as the musical ear and the ability to mimic, have received relatively little attention compared to that which has been focused on age, length of study or residence, first language and gender. Since Purcell et al. (1980) included mimicry ability in their list of key factors affecting pronunciation, most research has been aimed at downplaying its importance. This paper has been written as part of a project to design a new style of aptitude test; one which would predict not only success in grammar tests, but also potential communicative proficiency. One step in this process is to attempt to establish a test for aptitude for pronunciation. To that end, the paper sets out to examine to what extent the ability to accurately mimic input after minimal exposure is decisive in determining the overall quality of pronunciation of foreign language learners, in part, because this ability is relatively easy to assess and therefore a good candidate for inclusion in a wider test of communicative aptitude. The paper begins with a critical examination of the research which has been done into the factors affecting pronunciation (Piske et al. 2001) and the role of mimicry and the so-called ‘musical ear’ (Slevc and Miyake 2006) in the pronunciation of language learners. This review will highlight the lack of an authoritative answer on the question of mimicry and the need for further investigation. There will follow a description of two experiments carried out by the author in which the ability of Polish college students of English to mimic was compared with the quality of their general English pronunciation, and a discussion of the results achieved.
This paper reports on a study into the inter-relationships amongst foreign language pronunciation... more This paper reports on a study into the inter-relationships amongst foreign language pronunciation, mimicry ability and a range of personality and attitudinal factors. It will begin with a brief review of studies into affective influences on pronunciation ability (Arnold 1999, Hu & Reiterer 2009) and research into the importance of mimicry talent (Jilka 2009; Piske, MacKay & Flege 2001). This will be followed by a short description of a pilot study carried out prior to the main experiment.In the main study, a group of Polish learners of English completed a number of mimicry tasks in three languages: Italian, Dutch and Chinese, as well as a narration task in English. Mimicry performance and English pronunciation were then assessed by native speakers and compared. Participants also completed a questionnaire concerning their feelings about the languages they were to mimic and a second questionnaire designed to detect affective factors such as language learning anxiety, as well as attitu...
This paper begins with a brief look at developments in individual differences research, in partic... more This paper begins with a brief look at developments in individual differences research, in particular Dornyei's (2010) discussion of the individual differences ‘myth’. It then moves on to discuss the confusion surrounding the word ‘aptitude’ and the different ways in which it is used in SLA literature. These sections make clear the necessity of considering both cognitive and affective factors in the assessment of a learner’s context-dependent situational aptitude. The main focus of the article, however, is to raise a number of suggestions as to how individual testing of learners’ situational aptitude might be used in the classroom in order to improve learner outcomes. It is suggested that analysis of learners could be used to set by aptitude, to reduce anxiety and raise motivation, and to introduce fairer and more motivational grading frameworks. There follows a discussion of the concept of individualization of teaching and learning programs and the advantages it might afford to...
In this paper, we formulate a procedure for assessing reasoning as it is expressed in natural arg... more In this paper, we formulate a procedure for assessing reasoning as it is expressed in natural arguments. The procedure is a specification of one of the three aspects of argumentation assessment distinguished in the Comprehensive Assessment Procedure for Natural Argumentation (CAPNA) (Hinton, 2021) that makes use of the argument categorisation framework of the Periodic Table of Arguments (PTA) (Wagemans, 2016, 2019, 2020c). The theoretical framework and practical application of both the CAPNA and the PTA are described, as well as the evaluation procedure that combines the two. The procedure is illustrated through an evaluation of the reasoning of two example arguments from a recently published text.
This paper has a dual purpose: it both seeks to introduce the other works in this issue by illust... more This paper has a dual purpose: it both seeks to introduce the other works in this issue by illustrating how they are related to the field of argumentation as a whole, and to make clear the tremendous range of research currently being carried out by argumentation theorists which is concerned with the interaction and inter-reliance of language and argument. After a brief introduction to the development of the field of argumentation, as many as eight language-based approaches to the study of argument are identified, taking as their perspective: rhetoric, argument structure, argument as act, discourse analysis, corpus methods, emotive argument, and narrative argument. The conclusion makes it clear that these branches of study are all themselves interconnected and that it is the fusion of methodologies and theory from linguistics and the philosophical study of argument which lends this area of research its dynamism.
This paper combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies to study the persuasive strategies... more This paper combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies to study the persuasive strategies employed by candidates taking part in televised pre-election debates in Poland and the United States between 1995 and 2016. First, the authors identify the key strategies and calculate the frequency with which they are used by individual candidates. This allows for numerical comparisons between politicians in the two polities, as well as between winners and losers, and candidates of the right and the left politically. These statistical results led the authors to look more closely at the individual styles of two contrasting debaters. We conclude that the rhetorical landscape of political communication does not differ greatly between the two countries; although the data suggest noticeable differences in the approach of political parties and between individuals.
Argumentation as the public exchange of reasons is widely thought to enhance deliberative interac... more Argumentation as the public exchange of reasons is widely thought to enhance deliberative interactions that generate and justify reasonable public policies. Adopting an argumentation-theoretic perspective, we survey the norms that should govern public argumentation and address some of the complexities that scholarly treatments have identified. Our focus is on norms associated with the ideals of correctness and participation as sources of a politically legitimate deliberative outcome. In principle, both ideals are mutually coherent. If the information needed for a correct deliberative outcome is distributed among agents, then maximising participation increases information diversity. But both ideals can also be in tension. If participants lack competence or are prone to biases, a correct deliberative outcome requires limiting participation. The central question for public argumentation, therefore, is how to strike a balance between both ideals. Rather than advocating a preferred normative framework, our main purpose is to illustrate the complexity of this theme.
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Papers by Martin Hinton