Research Interests:
El fútbol se erigió en un pilar comunitario en el siglo XX en las sociedades de América del Sur, durante el proceso de construcción nacional caracterizado por las desigualdades sociales. En esta coyuntura, su dimensión patriótica... more
El fútbol se erigió en un pilar comunitario en el siglo XX en las sociedades de América del Sur, durante el proceso de construcción nacional caracterizado por las desigualdades sociales. En esta coyuntura, su dimensión patriótica originaria ha sido apropiada distintivamente, tanto por la élite como por la sociedad civil. Este artículo aborda, mediante el análisis histórico del Mundial de Argentina 1978, el Mundialito de Uruguay 1980, y las protestas sucedidas durante la Copa de Confederaciones de 2013 en Brasil, tanto la instrumentalización hegemónica del evento del fútbol por parte de la élite en el poder como el uso contra hegemónico de los ciudadanos.
Las conclusiones permiten desterrar así las visiones unidireccionales
sobre las movilizaciones deportivas de condición patriótica, y realzar también la evolución transformadora acaecida en el evento del fútbol. Asimismo, el estudio sociológico del deporte emplazado en América del Sur permite vehicular y extrapolar el carácter conflictual de las
sociedades actuales.
Las conclusiones permiten desterrar así las visiones unidireccionales
sobre las movilizaciones deportivas de condición patriótica, y realzar también la evolución transformadora acaecida en el evento del fútbol. Asimismo, el estudio sociológico del deporte emplazado en América del Sur permite vehicular y extrapolar el carácter conflictual de las
sociedades actuales.
Research Interests:
Although the Basque Country has been historically divided between France and Spain, the long-standing collective identity of the Basque people endures. Football, a foreign sport that was regarded with suspicion in the early years of its... more
Although the Basque Country has been historically divided between France and Spain, the long-standing collective identity of the Basque people endures. Football, a foreign sport that was regarded with suspicion in the early years of its introduction by the incipient Basque nationalist movement, became a pillar of differentiation with respect to Spain. It clearly surpassed the traditional Basque game of pelota as a collective af firmation. It did so firstly through a style of play forged in the imagined strength of the ‘Basque race’. Later, especially in the late
twentieth century, through the unusual autochthonous composition of the most important Basque clubs. This article sets out to capture the historical importance of football in the contemporary Basque Country as a complex patriotic vector and the difficulties that the absence of a Basque state entails for that objective. It also deals with the marked division in the sports field between the Spanish Basque Country and the French Basque Country, where Rugby became the sport that unified collectives.
twentieth century, through the unusual autochthonous composition of the most important Basque clubs. This article sets out to capture the historical importance of football in the contemporary Basque Country as a complex patriotic vector and the difficulties that the absence of a Basque state entails for that objective. It also deals with the marked division in the sports field between the Spanish Basque Country and the French Basque Country, where Rugby became the sport that unified collectives.
Research Interests:
Euskal nazio-nortasuna eta futbol-ekitaldia elkar hartuta joan dira 1920ko hamarkadaz geroztik. Orduan, Industria Iraultza berantiarraren garai berberean gizarteratu ziren euskal nazionalismoak eta haren joerako prentsa idatziak berena... more
Euskal nazio-nortasuna eta futbol-ekitaldia elkar hartuta joan dira 1920ko hamarkadaz geroztik. Orduan, Industria Iraultza berantiarraren garai berberean gizarteratu ziren euskal nazionalismoak eta haren joerako prentsa idatziak berena egin zuten futbola. Frankismoaren lau hamarkadako debekuaren aldian euskal sinboloen azken gotorleku izan zen. XXI. mendeko aro eraberrituan, berriz, euskal nazioaren ispilu konplexua izatera igaro da futbol-ekitaldia. Estatu-gabeziaren auziak, euskal nazionalismoaren baitako zatiketek eta euskal komunitatearen partaide sentitzeko askotariko hautemate moduek zaildu egin dute era bateratuan euskal nazioa gorpuztea. Hala, artikulu honen helburua da futbol-ekitaldia erabiltzea euskal nazioaren gaur egungo bidegurutzea aztertzeko gizarte-zientziaren tresna modura. Euskal taldeen osaeraren berezitasuna eta euskal nazio-selekzioaren ezintasuna nabarmenduko dira horretarako.
The symbolic flow of football and its capacity derived from representation of collective and national identities mean it is a broad subject of interdisciplinary study which the social sciences have recovered over recent decades. In... more
The symbolic flow of football and its capacity derived from representation of collective and national identities mean it is
a broad subject of interdisciplinary study which the social sciences have recovered over recent decades. In addition to being a subject of sociological research, the event of football is also a scientific method for obtaining present and future ideas
about the prospects of political organisations in a 21st century that is full of uncertainties. This paper provides an historical
analysis of Spanish football in order to address diversity and conflict between the nations within Spain and by the same token the contemporary evolution of states in general.
a broad subject of interdisciplinary study which the social sciences have recovered over recent decades. In addition to being a subject of sociological research, the event of football is also a scientific method for obtaining present and future ideas
about the prospects of political organisations in a 21st century that is full of uncertainties. This paper provides an historical
analysis of Spanish football in order to address diversity and conflict between the nations within Spain and by the same token the contemporary evolution of states in general.
Research Interests:
This paper proposal, which emanates from a PhD research finished by the author in 2013, is attempting to present a comparative study of different realities in the world to conclude that football‟s success resides in its ability to create... more
This paper proposal, which emanates from a PhD research finished by the author in 2013, is attempting to present a comparative study of different realities in the world to conclude that football‟s success resides in its ability to create and recreate national belongings and that it is capable to lead to the broadening of national understanding between confronted ethnic groups or countries. That is to say, that football serves on the one hand to reflect mimetic conflicts between countries; however, on the other hand it serves to reconcile fragmented societies around a common sense of belonging. Which is apparently a football incongruity; actually it is a reflection of the inherent conflict and contradictions of modern societies. In fact, firstly the sport event is used in this study as a research object to conclude its importance in order to develop inner understanding between different confronted groups in the world. Secondly, it is considered, as well, as a scientific tool to analyze current human organizations and the complex societal ties which are generated there. A comparative methodology comprising different realities allows the researcher to obtain a scientific knowledge about the scope of the football phenomenon concerning nation building and reconciling processes.
Research Interests:
The Basque Country, which is situated between Spain and France, is a culturally and politically rich country where three different national projects are being constructed by the mass media, using the passion generated by football. This... more
The Basque Country, which is situated between Spain and France, is a culturally and politically rich country where three different national projects are being constructed by the mass media, using the passion generated by football. This competition clearly reveals the three opposing nations that cohabit in this small country. Furthermore, football in
the Basque Country has shown that the mass media with their nationalist discourses, despite being a key actor, do not
always obtain the reactions that are sought from citizens. The 2009 Spanish Cup Final between Barcelona and Athletic
Bilbao provided a good example.
the Basque Country has shown that the mass media with their nationalist discourses, despite being a key actor, do not
always obtain the reactions that are sought from citizens. The 2009 Spanish Cup Final between Barcelona and Athletic
Bilbao provided a good example.
Research Interests:
Estatu-nazioen amaiera, eta are gehiago, nazionalismoena ere, iragarria izan zen globalizazioaren eraginagatik, baina nazioarteko futbol partiden adiera adibide argiena da baieztapen hori benetakoa izatetik urrun dagoela. Nolanahi ere,... more
Estatu-nazioen amaiera, eta are gehiago, nazionalismoena ere, iragarria izan zen globalizazioaren eraginagatik, baina nazioarteko futbol partiden adiera adibide argiena da baieztapen hori benetakoa izatetik urrun dagoela. Nolanahi ere, gutxienik nazio selekzioek erakusten dute XIX. mendetik eratorritako nazio monolitikoaren egitasmoa amaitua dagoela, eta estatu-nazioek ezinbestean aniztasuna bere egin beharko dutela aurrerantzean. Izan ere, nazioa ordezkatzen duten taldeak askotariko jatorriko futbolariez osatuta daude. Hala ere, FIFA, beste kiroletako edozein erakunde baino gehiago, nazio harrotasunaren eta futbolaren arteko lotura bizirik mantentzeko eginahalak egiten ari da. Euskal Herria bezalako estaturik gabeko nazioei ez diete uzten lehiaketa ofizialetan parte hartzen, eta hartara, estatuen hegemonia bermatua da.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The soft power of sport, and particularly the 2015 Baku European Games, has been instrumentalised in the post-Soviet Azerbaijan as an attempt for achieving international legitimacy. These games were framed in a trend involving large-scale... more
The soft power of sport, and particularly the 2015 Baku European Games, has been instrumentalised in the post-Soviet Azerbaijan as an attempt for achieving international legitimacy. These games were framed in a trend involving large-scale sports events in the country based on the profits of the second oil boom in the 21st century. They were also influenced by the political repression climate in the country. Ilham Aliyev’s regime was strongly critisized by Western Medias, and the Council of Europe approved a resolution in the course of the event, to condemn the human rights crackdown in Azerbaijan. These statements were perceived by the Aliyev’s government as an attempt to undermine its international influence.
The Baku European Games arised as the first multi sports event promoted at European level following the continental games previously organised in Asia and America since 1951. The event brought together twenty sports categories and over 6.000 athletes representing all the 50 European states. The election of the first venue of the European Games in Azerbaijan reflects the current trend of peripheral and developing countries hosting international events in an attempt to approach the core countries in international relations sphere. Azerbaijan is said to have spent aproximately 10 billion dollars for assuring a high level international promotion through sport.
This presentation which is based on a fieldwork completed in Baku in the months following the European Games, pursued to analyse the effects of the multi sports event in terms of nation building and international promotion. Twenty in depth interviews were conducted with key members of the local organisation, independent experts and government and opposition representatives in Azerbaijan. The organisers claimed that the games would serve to establish a positive image of the country in the world.
The Baku European Games arised as the first multi sports event promoted at European level following the continental games previously organised in Asia and America since 1951. The event brought together twenty sports categories and over 6.000 athletes representing all the 50 European states. The election of the first venue of the European Games in Azerbaijan reflects the current trend of peripheral and developing countries hosting international events in an attempt to approach the core countries in international relations sphere. Azerbaijan is said to have spent aproximately 10 billion dollars for assuring a high level international promotion through sport.
This presentation which is based on a fieldwork completed in Baku in the months following the European Games, pursued to analyse the effects of the multi sports event in terms of nation building and international promotion. Twenty in depth interviews were conducted with key members of the local organisation, independent experts and government and opposition representatives in Azerbaijan. The organisers claimed that the games would serve to establish a positive image of the country in the world.
Research Interests:
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Ekain.Rojo@ehu.eus The 2015 Baku European Games, the first multi-sports mega-event held at a European level, was a major image boosting attempt undertaking by the young state of Azerbaijan.... more
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Ekain.Rojo@ehu.eus
The 2015 Baku European Games, the first multi-sports mega-event held at a European level, was a major image boosting attempt undertaking by the young state of Azerbaijan. These Games were framed in a trend involving large-scale sports events promoted by the Ilham Aliyev regime, based on the profits of the second oil boom in the 21st century in the country. The multi-sports event brought together twenty sports categories, and 6.000 athletes representing all the 50 European states. This served to internationally portray Azerbaijan as a rapidly developing country and increase national consciousness in society, which was lacking a collective narrative in the post-Soviet era. However, the downturn due to the fall of international oil prices negatively affected the impact of the sporting event. This paper is based on
121
empirical fieldwork completed in Baku in the months following the event. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with local organisers, politicians and experts.
This presentation will also discuss the relevance of the competition as a reflection of current relationships between the European Union and the Caucasian country. The pancontinental character of the sport happening was marked by the context of repression of opposition movements by the Aliyev’s regime, which was criticised by the European Council and Western media. Evidence was provided by this research to argue that Azerbaijan seeks to approach European standards as the reference model of social progress, but without making widely accepted European values such as democracy and human rights their own.
The 2015 Baku European Games, the first multi-sports mega-event held at a European level, was a major image boosting attempt undertaking by the young state of Azerbaijan. These Games were framed in a trend involving large-scale sports events promoted by the Ilham Aliyev regime, based on the profits of the second oil boom in the 21st century in the country. The multi-sports event brought together twenty sports categories, and 6.000 athletes representing all the 50 European states. This served to internationally portray Azerbaijan as a rapidly developing country and increase national consciousness in society, which was lacking a collective narrative in the post-Soviet era. However, the downturn due to the fall of international oil prices negatively affected the impact of the sporting event. This paper is based on
121
empirical fieldwork completed in Baku in the months following the event. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with local organisers, politicians and experts.
This presentation will also discuss the relevance of the competition as a reflection of current relationships between the European Union and the Caucasian country. The pancontinental character of the sport happening was marked by the context of repression of opposition movements by the Aliyev’s regime, which was criticised by the European Council and Western media. Evidence was provided by this research to argue that Azerbaijan seeks to approach European standards as the reference model of social progress, but without making widely accepted European values such as democracy and human rights their own.
Research Interests:
Although the Basque Country has been historically divided between France and Spain, the long-standing collective identity of the Basque people endures. Football, a foreign sport which was perceived with suspicion by the incipient Basque... more
Although the Basque Country has been historically divided between France and Spain, the long-standing collective identity of the Basque people endures. Football, a foreign sport which was perceived with suspicion by the incipient Basque nationalist movement, became a pillar of differentiation with respect to Spain. It clearly surpassed the traditional Basque game of pelota as a collective affirmation, pelota referring to a variety of court sports played with a small ball in different ways. Pelota has been a central symbol in the construction of Basque identity. But true differentiation is produced by measuring oneself against other collectives, as occurs on the football field. Related to the Basque land, football did so firstly through a style of play forged in the imagined strength of the Basques. Later, especially in the late twentieth century, through the unusual autochthonous composition of the most important clubs like Athletic Bilbao and Real Sociedad.
This presentation will seek to capture the historical importance of football in the contemporary Basque Country as a complex patriotic vector and the difficulties that the absence of a Basque state involves for that objective. Basque clubs maintain the roots that link the community and football, in the absence of a national team validated by the FIFA that would jointly unite the two aspects. Moreover, this paper also deals with the marked division in the sports field between the Spanish Basque Country and the French Basque Country, where Rugby became the sport that unified collectives. This reality increased the division between the two parts of the Basque territory and limited the power of the symbol of football to the Spanish side alone. The presentation is based in the content of an article recently published in the Soccer & Society journal.
This presentation will seek to capture the historical importance of football in the contemporary Basque Country as a complex patriotic vector and the difficulties that the absence of a Basque state involves for that objective. Basque clubs maintain the roots that link the community and football, in the absence of a national team validated by the FIFA that would jointly unite the two aspects. Moreover, this paper also deals with the marked division in the sports field between the Spanish Basque Country and the French Basque Country, where Rugby became the sport that unified collectives. This reality increased the division between the two parts of the Basque territory and limited the power of the symbol of football to the Spanish side alone. The presentation is based in the content of an article recently published in the Soccer & Society journal.
Research Interests:
Euskal nazio nortasuna eta futbol ekitaldia elkar hartuta joan dira 1920ko hamarkadaz geroztik, industria iraultza berantiarraren garai berberean gizarteratu ziren euskal nazionalismoak eta haren hurbileko prentsa idatziak berena egin... more
Euskal nazio nortasuna eta futbol ekitaldia elkar hartuta joan dira 1920ko hamarkadaz geroztik, industria iraultza berantiarraren garai berberean gizarteratu ziren euskal nazionalismoak eta haren hurbileko prentsa idatziak berena egin zutenetik. Frankismoaren lau hamarkadatako lozorroan euskal sinboloen azken gotorleku izatetik XXI.mendeko aro eraberrituan euskal nazioaren ispilu konplexua izatera igaro da futbol ekitaldia. Estatu gabeziaren auziak, euskal abertzaletasunaren baitako zatiketek eta euskal nazioaren partaide sentitzeko askotariko hautemate moduek modu bateratuan euskal nazioa haragitzeko abagunea zaildu dute. Futbol ekitaldia, bide batez, euskal taldeen bereizitasunak eta euskal selekzioaren ezintasunek nabarmenduta, euskal nazio nortasun irmoaren konplexutasunaren isla da. Hitz gakoak: Futbola, nazioa, Euskal Herria, konplexua, sinboloa, lurraldetasuna
Research Interests:
Michael Billig (1995) stresses the importance of nationalism signs extended in our societies which become unnoticed for the citizens due to the repetition. The flags waving in the most central public places are the image used by Billig to... more
Michael Billig (1995) stresses the importance of nationalism signs extended in our societies which become unnoticed for the citizens due to the repetition. The flags waving in the most central public places are the image used by Billig to conclude the existence of nationalistic signs which are considered as normal for the citizens and so being unperceived for their real value or function. Hence, by this means, the nation-state is able to make real the imagined community, as it shows the national project of the State as a natural and a taken for granted reality. Billig states that this is the essential way by which the current nation-states are legitimated nowadays. This trend would be more important than the extraordinary and rare events arousing nationalism expressions among the population, for instance, these created during football international fixtures.
My main contribution in the conference would be to argue the validity of the thesis elaborated by Billig and as well to add a nuance concerning the contradictory character of the football, which reflects, by the way, the conflictual reality of modern societies. At first sight, the nationalistic celebrations generated by the scope of football confrontations would seem to contradict Billig’s statement summarised in the banal nationalism definition. Namely, these sport rooted national exceptional celebrations are necessary because they permit to produce a symbolic regeneration which allows nation-states to be felt by citizens as their own. On the other hand, the narration made by the media about the football fixtures is related with Billig’s thesis. The matches are a convenient opportunity to produce an opposition between ‘our collective’ and ‘their’, while omissions are frequently done when it comes to identify each side. The nation state is expressed as it was a natural and a taken from granted fact, in Billig’s words.
This paper seeks to analyze the importance of the football event concerning the expression and development of national identities in our contemporary era. In the same vein, the political usage of football by the states and Medias will be emphasized.
The content of this proposal is based on the PhD thesis presented by the author in 2013 in the department of Audio-visual Communication and Advertising of the UPV/EHU. It was entitled “Football and the media, ground for national identities: anchor of identity from the 19th to the 21st century” and it has been written in Basque and French language.
My main contribution in the conference would be to argue the validity of the thesis elaborated by Billig and as well to add a nuance concerning the contradictory character of the football, which reflects, by the way, the conflictual reality of modern societies. At first sight, the nationalistic celebrations generated by the scope of football confrontations would seem to contradict Billig’s statement summarised in the banal nationalism definition. Namely, these sport rooted national exceptional celebrations are necessary because they permit to produce a symbolic regeneration which allows nation-states to be felt by citizens as their own. On the other hand, the narration made by the media about the football fixtures is related with Billig’s thesis. The matches are a convenient opportunity to produce an opposition between ‘our collective’ and ‘their’, while omissions are frequently done when it comes to identify each side. The nation state is expressed as it was a natural and a taken from granted fact, in Billig’s words.
This paper seeks to analyze the importance of the football event concerning the expression and development of national identities in our contemporary era. In the same vein, the political usage of football by the states and Medias will be emphasized.
The content of this proposal is based on the PhD thesis presented by the author in 2013 in the department of Audio-visual Communication and Advertising of the UPV/EHU. It was entitled “Football and the media, ground for national identities: anchor of identity from the 19th to the 21st century” and it has been written in Basque and French language.
Research Interests:
El evento del fútbol ha sido empleado en la historia por los gobernantes a fin de mantener el orden establecido escenificando una unión y paz social a través de los éxitos de los clubes de fútbol y sobre todo de los equipos nacionales. En... more
El evento del fútbol ha sido empleado en la historia por los gobernantes a fin de mantener el orden establecido escenificando una unión y paz social a través de los éxitos de los clubes de fútbol y sobre todo de los equipos nacionales. En España, el franquismo trató así de
culminar la unión nacional y erigir la legitimidad mayoritaria con la dictadura. No obstante, en la década de 1960 los graderíos de los estadios se convirtieron en los precursores de las expresiones colectivas en el estado que se oponían al franquismo. El régimen, por consiguiente, no había logrado culminar el cometido que había asignado al fútbol.
Habiendo traspasado el umbral del siglo XXI, la selección española de fútbol se adentró en un ciclo victorioso inédito que aglutinó la victoria en la Eurocopa de 2008, el Mundial de 2010 y la Eurocopa de 2012 consecutivamente. La consecución deportiva ayudó a la regeneración simbólica de la identidad nacional española y a extender el patriotismo de una manera positiva. Por otra parte, en 2009, Valencia albergó la final de la Copa del Rey entre Athletic y Barcelona, donde aficionados vascos y catalanes abuchearon mayoritariamente al rey y a la exposición del himno español en la previa del partido.
El estudio realizado basado en la tesis doctoral finalizada por el autor pretende resaltar el espacio de conflicto ideado en España en el marco del evento del fútbol que transciende
la utilización de los gobiernos y supera la existencia de la crisis económica.
culminar la unión nacional y erigir la legitimidad mayoritaria con la dictadura. No obstante, en la década de 1960 los graderíos de los estadios se convirtieron en los precursores de las expresiones colectivas en el estado que se oponían al franquismo. El régimen, por consiguiente, no había logrado culminar el cometido que había asignado al fútbol.
Habiendo traspasado el umbral del siglo XXI, la selección española de fútbol se adentró en un ciclo victorioso inédito que aglutinó la victoria en la Eurocopa de 2008, el Mundial de 2010 y la Eurocopa de 2012 consecutivamente. La consecución deportiva ayudó a la regeneración simbólica de la identidad nacional española y a extender el patriotismo de una manera positiva. Por otra parte, en 2009, Valencia albergó la final de la Copa del Rey entre Athletic y Barcelona, donde aficionados vascos y catalanes abuchearon mayoritariamente al rey y a la exposición del himno español en la previa del partido.
El estudio realizado basado en la tesis doctoral finalizada por el autor pretende resaltar el espacio de conflicto ideado en España en el marco del evento del fútbol que transciende
la utilización de los gobiernos y supera la existencia de la crisis económica.
Research Interests:
“La guerra del fútbol” y la eliminatoria clasificatoria para el Mundial de 1970 que desencadenó un conflicto breve entre El Salvador y Honduras es lo primero que sugiere entrelazar los conceptos de guerra y fútbol. Igualmente, en signo... more
“La guerra del fútbol” y la eliminatoria clasificatoria para el Mundial de 1970 que desencadenó un conflicto breve
entre El Salvador y Honduras es lo primero que sugiere entrelazar los conceptos de guerra y fútbol. Igualmente,
en signo contrario, el partido disputado entre los soldados alemanes y británicos que supuestamente propicio
una tregua en las navidades de 1914 durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. El hecho, quedó impregnado en la
mitología del fútbol, aunque algunos cuestionan ahora su exactitud. Sucede algo similar con el encuentro denominado partido de la muerte disputado entre un equipo de Kiev, el FC Start, y un combinado representante
de la armada de la Alemania nazi, en 1942, en plena Segunda Guerra Mundial. La URSS extendió el mito que
los jugadores ucranianos habían sido asesinados por los nazis por haber vencido el partido. Decía George Orwell que el deporte en general se asemeja a una guerra sin disparos y ciertamente el fútbol propició a partir
de la Segunda Guerra Mundial notablemente un terreno donde se dilucidarían las disputas nacionalistas sin
riesgo alguno para las personas. Durante la Eurocopa de 1996, generaron controversia los guiños a la Segunda
Guerra Mundial lanzados por la prensa inglesa contra el equipo alemán de fútbol. En realidad, el fútbol resultó
desde sus inicios un espacio primordial para la expresión de identidades nacionales en el mundo, un conflicto
mimético, como denominaron Norbert Elías y Eric Dunning a los deportes generados en el siglo XIX, y ahí radica en gran medida su éxito mundial.
El conflicto yugoslavo, que simbólicamente pudo haber empezado en el partido entre el Dynamo de Zagreb y el
Estrella Roja de Belgrado el 13 de Mayo de 1990 también permite relacionar al evento del fútbol con la guerra.
Los grupos de aficionados de los dos clubes que se confrontaron después del partido se enfrentarían meses más tarde también en la guerra que desintegró Yugoslavia. Como en el caso de Honduras y el Salvador, el deporte
fue el signo de expresión, a lo sumo la chispa que encendió la guerra, y el símbolo del conflicto. En África en general, y en Ruanda en particular, el fútbol es uno de los pocos espacios que permite la reconciliación de etnias enfrentadas en conflictos sanguinarios. En Asía, las dos Coreas han simbolizado acercamientos por medio de
partidos amistosos en el terreno de fútbol, y la organización conjunta entre Japón y Corea del Sur del Mundial de
2002 también permitió pacificar las relaciones entre los dos estados y las dos sociedades.
La investigación que se pretende presentar en el Congreso es fruto de un arduo análisis comparativo de carácter
histórico originado en la tesis doctoral del autor. Diversas realidades en torno a la relación del fútbol con
la guerra, se traerán a colación con especial dedicación a la complementariedad del fútbol como vector de
pacificación y como signo de conflicto o como precursor o anunciador de una guerra.
entre El Salvador y Honduras es lo primero que sugiere entrelazar los conceptos de guerra y fútbol. Igualmente,
en signo contrario, el partido disputado entre los soldados alemanes y británicos que supuestamente propicio
una tregua en las navidades de 1914 durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. El hecho, quedó impregnado en la
mitología del fútbol, aunque algunos cuestionan ahora su exactitud. Sucede algo similar con el encuentro denominado partido de la muerte disputado entre un equipo de Kiev, el FC Start, y un combinado representante
de la armada de la Alemania nazi, en 1942, en plena Segunda Guerra Mundial. La URSS extendió el mito que
los jugadores ucranianos habían sido asesinados por los nazis por haber vencido el partido. Decía George Orwell que el deporte en general se asemeja a una guerra sin disparos y ciertamente el fútbol propició a partir
de la Segunda Guerra Mundial notablemente un terreno donde se dilucidarían las disputas nacionalistas sin
riesgo alguno para las personas. Durante la Eurocopa de 1996, generaron controversia los guiños a la Segunda
Guerra Mundial lanzados por la prensa inglesa contra el equipo alemán de fútbol. En realidad, el fútbol resultó
desde sus inicios un espacio primordial para la expresión de identidades nacionales en el mundo, un conflicto
mimético, como denominaron Norbert Elías y Eric Dunning a los deportes generados en el siglo XIX, y ahí radica en gran medida su éxito mundial.
El conflicto yugoslavo, que simbólicamente pudo haber empezado en el partido entre el Dynamo de Zagreb y el
Estrella Roja de Belgrado el 13 de Mayo de 1990 también permite relacionar al evento del fútbol con la guerra.
Los grupos de aficionados de los dos clubes que se confrontaron después del partido se enfrentarían meses más tarde también en la guerra que desintegró Yugoslavia. Como en el caso de Honduras y el Salvador, el deporte
fue el signo de expresión, a lo sumo la chispa que encendió la guerra, y el símbolo del conflicto. En África en general, y en Ruanda en particular, el fútbol es uno de los pocos espacios que permite la reconciliación de etnias enfrentadas en conflictos sanguinarios. En Asía, las dos Coreas han simbolizado acercamientos por medio de
partidos amistosos en el terreno de fútbol, y la organización conjunta entre Japón y Corea del Sur del Mundial de
2002 también permitió pacificar las relaciones entre los dos estados y las dos sociedades.
La investigación que se pretende presentar en el Congreso es fruto de un arduo análisis comparativo de carácter
histórico originado en la tesis doctoral del autor. Diversas realidades en torno a la relación del fútbol con
la guerra, se traerán a colación con especial dedicación a la complementariedad del fútbol como vector de
pacificación y como signo de conflicto o como precursor o anunciador de una guerra.
Research Interests:
Despite being a sign of the existence of conflicts in modern societies, on the contrary, the football event can develop also as a medium to ensure social understanding between diverse social groups. Football stadiums have been the bastion... more
Despite being a sign of the existence of conflicts in modern societies, on the contrary, the football event can develop also as a medium to ensure social understanding between diverse social groups. Football stadiums have been the bastion of diversity and popular expression all over the world, even more so under dictatorships. This occurred in Korea, under Japanese domination, in Austria under Adolf Hitler and the Nazis rule, in Spain during Franco‟s rule, and more recently in Algeria, Tunisia or even in China. For instance, football grandstands are the opportunity of last resort for political and social expression where it is usually never freely permitted anywhere else. In a way, dictatorships have usually tried to avoid the diversity and have been keen to show a peacefully united country. With this goal in mind, they have often taken the profits of the football phenomenon and victories of national sides and clubs. This is the so-called opium of soccer.
Obviously, social understanding and a peaceful situation is supposed to be more profound than the exertion of manipulation which is so often promoted by governments in order to conceal the diversity and the distinct belongings of a country. This real rapprochement process though is mainly what has occurred worldwide, South Africa and the rugby fixtures of the post apartheid era being the most well-known representative example of that. Nelson Mandela devised a national reconciliation by unifying his people during Rugby World Cup held in South Africa and clearly won by its representative national side. Rugby and the South African team which had been until then the symbol of the white elite domination were cheered on by the black majority as well and this national unity thus helped to avoid the risk of a civil war. Nor is this the only sport, nor is it the only example of this phenomenon in Africa. Football has become one of the most important tools in countries such as Sierra Leona, Liberia or even in Rwanda and all over Africa; creating national common sentiments where the enduring boundaries between ethnic groups had lead them to extremely bloody wars. In fact, football is able to recreate the feeling of national belonging, which surpasses the deep-rooted rivalries and tensions. Football is used in the same trend to improve the relations and understanding between countries like Japan and South Korea thanks to the joint organization of the 2002 World Cup, or with the efforts being made in Israel in the same manner between Jews and Arabs.
This paper proposal, which emanates from a PhD research finished by the author in 2013, is attempting to present a comparative study of different realities in the world to conclude that football‟s success resides in its ability to create and recreate national belongings and that it is capable to lead to the broadening of national understanding between confronted ethnic groups or countries. That is to say, that football serves on the one hand to reflect mimetic conflicts between countries, however, on the other hand it serves to reconcile fragmented societies around a common sense of belonging.
Obviously, social understanding and a peaceful situation is supposed to be more profound than the exertion of manipulation which is so often promoted by governments in order to conceal the diversity and the distinct belongings of a country. This real rapprochement process though is mainly what has occurred worldwide, South Africa and the rugby fixtures of the post apartheid era being the most well-known representative example of that. Nelson Mandela devised a national reconciliation by unifying his people during Rugby World Cup held in South Africa and clearly won by its representative national side. Rugby and the South African team which had been until then the symbol of the white elite domination were cheered on by the black majority as well and this national unity thus helped to avoid the risk of a civil war. Nor is this the only sport, nor is it the only example of this phenomenon in Africa. Football has become one of the most important tools in countries such as Sierra Leona, Liberia or even in Rwanda and all over Africa; creating national common sentiments where the enduring boundaries between ethnic groups had lead them to extremely bloody wars. In fact, football is able to recreate the feeling of national belonging, which surpasses the deep-rooted rivalries and tensions. Football is used in the same trend to improve the relations and understanding between countries like Japan and South Korea thanks to the joint organization of the 2002 World Cup, or with the efforts being made in Israel in the same manner between Jews and Arabs.
This paper proposal, which emanates from a PhD research finished by the author in 2013, is attempting to present a comparative study of different realities in the world to conclude that football‟s success resides in its ability to create and recreate national belongings and that it is capable to lead to the broadening of national understanding between confronted ethnic groups or countries. That is to say, that football serves on the one hand to reflect mimetic conflicts between countries, however, on the other hand it serves to reconcile fragmented societies around a common sense of belonging.
Research Interests:
Cuanto más amenazada esté la soberanía política, económica, y militar de una nación, es más acuciante la necesidad de los estados para construir una nación cultural semióticamente poderosa. Puede que no haya un instrumento más poderoso... more
Cuanto más amenazada esté la soberanía política, económica, y militar de una nación, es más acuciante
la necesidad de los estados para construir una nación cultural semióticamente poderosa. Puede que no haya un instrumento más poderoso para recrear el imaginario de la unión nacional que el binomio formado por el deporte internacional y los medios de comunicación (Rowe et al., 1998: 133). Esta teoría de David Rowe, Jim McKay y Toby Miller resulta un punto de partida pertinente para analizar la relación y la notoria influencia social del fútbol y los medios de comunicación en una época actual carente de sustentos colectivos y nacionales. Jeremy MacClancy profundiza en la misma idea sosteniendo que si los deportes tienen tanta repercusión en el mundo moderno es debido a la participación de los medios de comunicación (MacClancy, 1996: 13). Y la cobertura mediática del fútbol utiliza la identidad nacional como estímulo para obtener una notoria rentabilidad económica o social (Allison, 2000: 346) (Poli, 2005: 23).
Los grandes megaeventos deportivos, así, en gran medida las competiciones del fútbol como el Mundial y la Eurocopa, tienen como elemento central la representación necesitada de los estados-nación mediante la cobertura de los medios de comunicación. La televisión, se encarna como el transmisor más influyente de todos ellos. Pese a la llegada de nuevos medios que amenazan su hegemonía, las retransmisiones deportivas se alzan como el signo más concluyente del poderío persistente de la televisión (Durand et al, 2000: 61). Es capaz de aglutinar simultáneamente millones de personas y crear una comunidad imaginada de pertenencia (Anderson, 1991: 24-25). Para muchos individuos la primera percepción de la nación es percibida mediante el enfrentamiento entre dos selecciones nacionales a través de la pantalla de televisión (Sonntag, 2008: 51).
El estudio proviene de la tesis doctoral finalizada y defendida por el autor en 2013. El fútbol mediático, y
notablemente el ámbito de los eventos internacionales, es una herramienta a manos del investigador, no solamente un objeto de investigación, para examinar la evolución de las sociedades actuales. En la conferencia internacional que tiene como epicentro la relación entre el deporte y los medios, el autor tratará de centrarse en la significación de los megaeventos deportivos tales como el Mundial que se va a celebrar en Brasil en Junio. En ella expondrá un marco teórico completo sobre la intrínseca relación entre el fútbol, los medios y la expresión nacional que se mantiene pese a los cambios sufridos en el marco de la creciente globalización. Se completa la exposición mediante el análisis de contenido de las retransmisiones que hicieron de sus respectivas selecciones en el Mundial de 2010 las cadenas españolas y francesas. Se pretende concluir enfatizando la idea que mientras los espacios que reflejan la nación son cada vez más exiguos, las retransmisiones televisivas siguen siendo el bastión de la escenificación de los estados-nación.
la necesidad de los estados para construir una nación cultural semióticamente poderosa. Puede que no haya un instrumento más poderoso para recrear el imaginario de la unión nacional que el binomio formado por el deporte internacional y los medios de comunicación (Rowe et al., 1998: 133). Esta teoría de David Rowe, Jim McKay y Toby Miller resulta un punto de partida pertinente para analizar la relación y la notoria influencia social del fútbol y los medios de comunicación en una época actual carente de sustentos colectivos y nacionales. Jeremy MacClancy profundiza en la misma idea sosteniendo que si los deportes tienen tanta repercusión en el mundo moderno es debido a la participación de los medios de comunicación (MacClancy, 1996: 13). Y la cobertura mediática del fútbol utiliza la identidad nacional como estímulo para obtener una notoria rentabilidad económica o social (Allison, 2000: 346) (Poli, 2005: 23).
Los grandes megaeventos deportivos, así, en gran medida las competiciones del fútbol como el Mundial y la Eurocopa, tienen como elemento central la representación necesitada de los estados-nación mediante la cobertura de los medios de comunicación. La televisión, se encarna como el transmisor más influyente de todos ellos. Pese a la llegada de nuevos medios que amenazan su hegemonía, las retransmisiones deportivas se alzan como el signo más concluyente del poderío persistente de la televisión (Durand et al, 2000: 61). Es capaz de aglutinar simultáneamente millones de personas y crear una comunidad imaginada de pertenencia (Anderson, 1991: 24-25). Para muchos individuos la primera percepción de la nación es percibida mediante el enfrentamiento entre dos selecciones nacionales a través de la pantalla de televisión (Sonntag, 2008: 51).
El estudio proviene de la tesis doctoral finalizada y defendida por el autor en 2013. El fútbol mediático, y
notablemente el ámbito de los eventos internacionales, es una herramienta a manos del investigador, no solamente un objeto de investigación, para examinar la evolución de las sociedades actuales. En la conferencia internacional que tiene como epicentro la relación entre el deporte y los medios, el autor tratará de centrarse en la significación de los megaeventos deportivos tales como el Mundial que se va a celebrar en Brasil en Junio. En ella expondrá un marco teórico completo sobre la intrínseca relación entre el fútbol, los medios y la expresión nacional que se mantiene pese a los cambios sufridos en el marco de la creciente globalización. Se completa la exposición mediante el análisis de contenido de las retransmisiones que hicieron de sus respectivas selecciones en el Mundial de 2010 las cadenas españolas y francesas. Se pretende concluir enfatizando la idea que mientras los espacios que reflejan la nación son cada vez más exiguos, las retransmisiones televisivas siguen siendo el bastión de la escenificación de los estados-nación.
Research Interests:
XXI. mende hastapenean mundu globalaren ideia, hau da, espazio eta denbora mugen hausturarena, eta aurreko mendeetako ainguren amiltzea, postmodernitatearen gisako kontzeptu lausoez azaldua, gizarte zientzien baitan aski zabaldutako... more
XXI. mende hastapenean mundu globalaren ideia, hau da, espazio eta denbora mugen hausturarena, eta aurreko mendeetako ainguren amiltzea, postmodernitatearen gisako kontzeptu lausoez azaldua, gizarte zientzien baitan aski zabaldutako kontzeptuak dira. Ataka honetan nazionalismoak, modernitatearen fruituak direnez gero, euren aroaz kanpo daudela eta desagertzeko bidean daudela iradokitzen dute ikerlari batzuek. Beste batzuek, ordea, glokalizazioaren gisako esamoldeekin alderatzen dute globalizazioak eta kapitalismoak eragindako norbanakoen munduak nazio atxikimenduen eta nazionalismo pentsaeren berpiztea eragin dutela ondorio gisara, azpiratutako komunitate beharrizana betetzen duten heinean. Zentzu horretan futboleko nazioarteko ekitaldiak nazionalismoa elikatzeko funtsezko azken gotorlekuak bilakatu dira, nazioaren ideia aldatzen ari denez. Futbol selekzioen osaerak ere nazio-estatuen homogeneotasun mitoa ezina dela ematen du. Hala ere, behinolako nagusigoa galduagatik euren ahal sinboliko eta eragilea badute.
Nazio estatuentzat nahiz estaturik gabeko nazioentzat izan, berriki sortutako estatuentzat edo bi mendetan sustraitutako estatu helduentzat, nazioarteko futboleko norgehiagokek aldizka nazioa imajinatzeko abagune bakanetakoa eskaintzen dute gaur egun, hedabideen jardunaren bitartez egin ere. Osterantzean nazionalismo adierazpen ezkor eta iraganekotzat jotzen dena aldarte onarekin irudikatzen du kirol lehiaketak. Gu multzoaren osaera eta haiekiko alderaketa agerikoa egiten da futbol eta kirol modernooi loturiko alderaketa zentzuan eta kazetarien nazio narrazio tankerako kontaketan. Futbola kapitalismoan oinarrituriko globalizazioaren bizitzearen isla da, eta aldiberean nazioen bizirautearen adierazgarria ere. Hainbatentzat futbola jendeari arazoak ahanzterazteko eta protesta ekintzetatik lokarazteko amarrua da, eta nazioa ildo horretan, alderaketa eginez, eliteek eta estatuak muga batzuen baitan sorturiko komunitatea litzateke, goitik beherakoa. Bata zein bestea irakurketa okerrak dira, gizakiak norbanako limurtu errazak bailiran agertzen baitituzte, eta nazioari dagokionez sarri askotan oinarrian diren kultur oinarriak beheratu, halaber.
Futbolaren eta nazio nortasunen inguruan, eta hedabideei lotuta egiten ari naizen eta ondo bidean hurrengo urtean defendatuko dudan doktorego tesiaren baitakoa da egin nahi dudan ekarpena. Biltzarrean nazionalismo eta kirolaren arteko gogoeta teorikoa egitea da nire xedea, munduko adibideez hornituta eta baita Euskal Herrira etorrita ere.
Nazio estatuentzat nahiz estaturik gabeko nazioentzat izan, berriki sortutako estatuentzat edo bi mendetan sustraitutako estatu helduentzat, nazioarteko futboleko norgehiagokek aldizka nazioa imajinatzeko abagune bakanetakoa eskaintzen dute gaur egun, hedabideen jardunaren bitartez egin ere. Osterantzean nazionalismo adierazpen ezkor eta iraganekotzat jotzen dena aldarte onarekin irudikatzen du kirol lehiaketak. Gu multzoaren osaera eta haiekiko alderaketa agerikoa egiten da futbol eta kirol modernooi loturiko alderaketa zentzuan eta kazetarien nazio narrazio tankerako kontaketan. Futbola kapitalismoan oinarrituriko globalizazioaren bizitzearen isla da, eta aldiberean nazioen bizirautearen adierazgarria ere. Hainbatentzat futbola jendeari arazoak ahanzterazteko eta protesta ekintzetatik lokarazteko amarrua da, eta nazioa ildo horretan, alderaketa eginez, eliteek eta estatuak muga batzuen baitan sorturiko komunitatea litzateke, goitik beherakoa. Bata zein bestea irakurketa okerrak dira, gizakiak norbanako limurtu errazak bailiran agertzen baitituzte, eta nazioari dagokionez sarri askotan oinarrian diren kultur oinarriak beheratu, halaber.
Futbolaren eta nazio nortasunen inguruan, eta hedabideei lotuta egiten ari naizen eta ondo bidean hurrengo urtean defendatuko dudan doktorego tesiaren baitakoa da egin nahi dudan ekarpena. Biltzarrean nazionalismo eta kirolaren arteko gogoeta teorikoa egitea da nire xedea, munduko adibideez hornituta eta baita Euskal Herrira etorrita ere.
Research Interests:
Medias and construction of identities by the way of football in the Basque Country
Research Interests:
Regarding the Basque national identity by the medium of football