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Wikipedia

Blockchain game

Video games can include elements that use blockchain technologies, including cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), often as a form of monetization. These elements typically allow players to trade in-game items for cryptocurrency, or represent in-game items with NFTs. A subset of these games are also known as play-to-earn games because they include systems that allow players to earn cryptocurrency through gameplay. Blockchain games have existed since 2017, gaining wider attention from the video game industry in 2021. Several AAA publishers have expressed intent to include this technology in the future. Players, developers, and game companies have criticized the use of blockchain technology in video games for being exploitative, environmentally unsustainable, and unnecessary.

Concept

Blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrencies and NFTs, provides potential monetization routes for video games. Many live-service games offer in-game customization options, such as character skins or other in-game items, which the players can earn and trade with other players using in-game currency. Some games also allow for trading of virtual items using real-world currency, but this may be illegal in some countries where video games are seen as akin to gambling. This has led to gray market issues such as skin gambling, and so publishers typically have shied away from allowing players to earn real-world funds from games.[1] Blockchain games typically allow players to trade in-game items for cryptocurrency, which can then be exchanged for money, which may sidestep some problems associated with gray markets due to blockchain's traceability.[2]

History

One of the first best-known games to use blockchain technologies was CryptoKitties, launched by Axiom Zen in November 2017 for personal computers. A player would purchase NFTs with Ethereum cryptocurrency, each NFT consisting of a virtual pet that the player could breed with others to create offspring with combined traits as new NFTs.[3][2] The game made headlines in December 2017 when one virtual pet sold for more than US$100,000.[4] CryptoKitties also exposed scalability problems for games on Ethereum when it created significant congestion on the Ethereum network shortly after its launch, with approximately 30% of all Ethereum transactions at the time being for the game, and with the congestion delaying players' transactions. Axiom Zen feared that Ethereum would further struggle after they launched the mobile version of the game, particularly with an influx of users from China.[5][6]

The Sandbox is a platform that bought the brandname of a 2012 crafting game of the same name, in 2018. Players could make in-game items by using the game's toolbox and then sell them, using a game-specific cryptocurrency, to others who could display them in their virtual landscapes.[2]

Axie Infinity, released in 2018 by Sky Mavis, is an example of a "play-to-earn" game, where the game incentivizes players to purchase and then improve NFTs through in-game activities which are then resold to other players by the publisher, with the player receiving compensation for their work. In the Philippines, where the game was most popular, some players were able to earn enough to pay their cost of living by playing and participating in the game's financial structure.[7][8] However, following an early 2022 hack which saw over $600 million stolen from Axie Infinity's publisher, the game saw a large drop in players and the game's economy was impacted.[9] Sky Mavis removed references to "play-to-earn" on its websites and marketing as its tokens plummeted in value.[10]

By the early 2020s there had not been a breakout success in video games using blockchain. Such games tended to focus on using blockchain for speculation instead of more traditional forms of gameplay, and this offers limited appeal to most players. Such games also represent a high risk to investors as their revenues can be difficult to predict.[2] However, limited successes of some games, such as Axie Infinity during the COVID-19 pandemic, and increasing corporate interest in metaverse content, refueled interest in the area of GameFi—a term describing the intersection of video games and financing, typically backed by blockchain currency—in the second half of 2021.[11] By the end of 2021, several major publishers, including Ubisoft, Electronic Arts, Take Two Interactive, and Square Enix, stated that blockchain and NFT-based games were under serious consideration for their companies in the future.[12][13]

In October 2021, Valve Corporation banned blockchain games, including those using cryptocurrency and NFTs, from being hosted on its Steam digital storefront service, which is widely used for personal computer gaming. The company said this was an extension of their policy banning games that offer in-game items with real-world value. Valve's prior history with gambling, specifically skin gambling, was speculated to be a factor in the decision to ban blockchain games.[14] Valve's CEO Gabe Newell explained in a later interview that while he believed blockchain technology was legitimate, the company felt there were too many bad actors in the market at the time to allow cryptocurrency or NFTs onto Steam. Newell said, "The ways in which it has been utilised are currently all pretty sketchy. And you sort of want to stay away from that."[15] Journalists and players responded positively to Valve's decision, as blockchain and NFT games have a reputation for scams and fraud among most PC gamers,[1][14] while blockchain game publishers and developers urged Valve to reconsider their position.[16] Epic Games's CEO Tim Sweeney said in the wake of Valve's refusal that that the Epic Games Store would be open to accepting blockchain games which followed relevant laws and regulations, although Sweeny noted that Epic did not use such technology at the time.[17]

In December 2021, Ubisoft announced the Ubisoft Quartz program, based on the proof of stake Tezos cryptocurrency, which Ubisoft claimed was more energy efficient. Quartz allows players to purchase and sell "Digits", which are in-game character customization items. The service launched with items in Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Breakpoint.[18] On the same day, Ars Technica stated that "Ubisoft's... plans make no sense" because the Quartz system is so deeply controlled by Ubisoft that a simple conventional internal database would achieve the same result without the overhead of a blockchain.[19] Users criticized the technology because Ubisoft terms of service state that the company has "no liability" for claims or damages and is aware that the blockchain "may be subject to specific weaknesses, which make them possibly targets for specific cybersecurity threats" and disclaim "liability in the risks implied by the use of this new technology."[20] On 9 December, Ubisoft de-listed the announcement video on YouTube, following viewer backlash and dislike bombing.[21] French trade union Solidaires Informatique criticized Ubisoft's plan for Quartz, stating that blockchain technology is "harmful, worthless, and without future", and that it is "a useless, costly, ecologically mortifying tech which doesn't bring anything to videogames".[22] After their initial release, trade volume for Digits was virtually zero in the following weeks.[23] Players who used them complained that no one noticed the Digits during multiplayer matches.[24] Ubisoft released the last Digit for Ghost Recon Breakpoint on 17 March 2022 and ended support for the game shortly thereafter.[25][26]

In December 2021, Peter Molyneux announced that his development studio 22cans's planned business simulation game Legacy would include a cryptocurrency called "LegacyCoin", based on the Ethereum blockchain.[27] Prior to release, speculators could purchase in-game items as NFTs, and sales reached $50 million within a few days of Molyneux's announcement.[28] That same month, GSC Game World announced plans to include NFTs in the game S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2. Due to widespread complaints, a day later the studio announced that they would no longer be pursuing NFTs within the game.[29][30][31]

In February 2022, games marketplace Itch.io described NFTs and blockchain games as a "scam", and said that anyone who thought they were useful should "reevaluate your life choices".[32][33] This announcement was partly in response to an unconfirmed rumor that online publishing platform Gumroad would become involved with NFTs, which was met with widespread backlash from users.[34]

In July 2022, Mojang Studios announced that NFTs would not be permitted in Minecraft, saying that "speculative pricing and investment mentality around NFTs takes the focus away from playing the game and encourages profiteering, which we think is inconsistent with the long-term joy and success of our players".[35]

Will Wright revealed in October 2022 that his upcoming game VoxVerse will be a blockchain enabled game. The game's blockchain features were inspired by Wright having seen players in The Sims create their own assets and distribute them to others; within VoxVerse, creator players will be able to make areas that other players can explore and interact in, and then trade and sell these assets as NFTs.[36]

Square Enix committed more to blockchain game support, intending to bring the technology to the Final Fantasy series and also announcing new IP named Symbiogenesis built around NFTs. In a November 2022 investors report, the company said that they consider blockchain technology critical to their growth.[37] Although several other companies had distanced themselves from blockchain and NFT technology following widespread consumer backlash, as of April 2023, Square Enix had reaffirmed its commitment to the technology.[38]

Reception and criticism

Xbox head executive Phil Spencer said in regards to blockchain games "that some of the creative that I see today feels more exploitative than about entertainment".[39] When the gaming communication platform Discord suggested possible Ethereum integration into their client in November 2021, users criticized the inclusion of cryptocurrency and Discord backed off, affirming they had no set plans for its inclusion.[40]

MMO developer Damion Schubert argued that most pitches for games for NFTs could also be achieved without the use of NFTs and that the non-NFT options would be easier to implement.[41]

In November 2021 Rob Fahy wrote in Gameindustry.biz that the "play-to-earn" business model is similar to earlier systems that encouraged the rise of gold farming which later led developers to shift to selling "gold" to players directly in real currency. He argued that the business model could potentially reintroduce artificial scarcity of in-game currency and in-game items or characters, and that in-game marketplaces will likely have a payment system where a game developer takes a cut when players sell a marketplace item to each other.[42]

In December 2021, during The Game Awards, Josef Fares, director of It Takes Two, stated that he would rather get "shot in the knee" than include NFTs in any of his games.[43]

Games journalist Jason Schreier characterised the blockchain "play-to-earn" model as a pyramid scheme.[44] Competing developers of "step-to-earn" games—fitness games that reward cryptocurrency for walking—rushed to accuse each other of being Ponzi schemes while simultaneously working toward "solutions to their Ponzinomics problem". One developer, StepN, admitted that play-to-earn games require a constant supply of new players or else their token economy would collapse.[45]

The Game Developers Conference's 2022 annual report stated that 70% of developers surveyed said their studios had no interest in NFTs, while 28% said they were very or somewhat interested in them, and only 1% said they were integrating them into their games. In addition 72% of developers said they were not interested in cryptocurrency as a payment tool for games, while 27% said they were very or somewhat interested, and only 1% saying they were already doing so.[46]

Square Enix's new year letter, which expressed interest in NFTs in video games, received heavy backlash from fans, with many additionally expressing disdain at the letter's comparison of "play to have fun" and "play to contribute" players.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Clark, Mitchell (15 October 2021). "Valve bans blockchain games and NFTs on Steam, Epic will try to make it work". The Verge. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Mozuch, Mo (29 April 2021). "Blockchain Games Twist The Fundamentals Of Online Gaming". Inverse. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Internet firms try their luck at blockchain games". Asia Times. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  4. ^ Evelyn Cheng (6 December 2017). "Meet CryptoKitties, the $100,000 digital beanie babies epitomizing the cryptocurrency mania". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  5. ^ Laignee Barron (13 February 2018). "CryptoKitties is Going Mobile. Can Ethereum Handle the Traffic?". Fortune. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  6. ^ "CryptoKitties craze slows down transactions on Ethereum". 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018.
  7. ^ Nunley, Christian (14 May 2021). "People in the Philippines are earning cryptocurrency during the pandemic by playing a video game". CNBC. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  8. ^ Kharif, Olga (7 December 2021). "Crypto Play-to-Earn 'GameFi' Apps Surpass DeFi in User Popularity". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  9. ^ Wood, Austin (12 April 2022). "'Play-to-earn' workers abandon hacked NFT game, stranding digital 'landlords'". GamesRadar. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  10. ^ Brustein, Joshua (10 June 2022). "A Billion-Dollar Crypto Gaming Startup Promised Riches and Delivered Disaster". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  11. ^ Wells, Charlie; Egkolfopoulou, Misrylena (30 October 2021). "Into the Metaverse: Where Crypto, Gaming and Capitalism Collide". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  12. ^ Orland, Kyle (4 November 2021). "Big-name publishers see NFTs as a big part of gaming's future". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  13. ^ Robinson, Andy (1 January 2022). "Square Enix says it hopes NFTs and blockchain become 'a major trend' in games". Video Games Chronicle. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  14. ^ a b Knoop, Joseph (15 October 2021). "Steam bans all games with NFTs or cryptocurrency". PC Gamer. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  15. ^ Robinson, Martin (25 February 2022). "Gabe Newell explains why Steam banned NFTs". Eurogamer. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  16. ^ Takahashi, Dean (26 October 2021). "29 blockchain game studios and groups blast Valve for NFT games ban". Venture Beat. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  17. ^ Clark, Mitchell (15 October 2021). "Epic says it's 'open' to blockchain games after Steam bans them". The Verge. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  18. ^ Price, Reneta (7 December 2021). "Ubisoft First Major Pub To Befoul Own Game With NFTs". Kotaku. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  19. ^ Orland, Kyle (8 December 2021). "Ubisoft's first NFT plans make no sense". Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  20. ^ "Ubisoft's NFT Announcement Has Been Intensely Disliked". Kotaku. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  21. ^ Stanton, Rich (9 December 2021). "Ubisoft de-lists overwhelmingly disliked NFT announcement video". PC Gamer. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  22. ^ Nightengale, Ed (16 December 2021). "French trade union criticises Ubisoft Quartz as "a useless, costly, ecologically mortifying tech"". Eurogamer. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  23. ^ Subhan, Ishraq (21 December 2021). "Ubisoft appears to have sold a grand total of 15 NFTs". Eurogamer. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  24. ^ Klepek, Patrick (13 January 2022). "We Tracked Down the People Who Are Actually Buying Ubisoft's NFTs". Waypoint. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  25. ^ "Ubisoft ends Ghost Recon Breakpoint updates, working on NFTs for other titles". GamesIndustry.biz. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  26. ^ Epps, DeAngelo (5 April 2022). "Ghost Recon Breakpoint support ends months after NFT drop". Digital Trends. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  27. ^ Signor, Jeremy (12 December 2021). "Peter Molyneux is making a blockchain-based business sim with NFTs". VG247. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  28. ^ Phillips, Tom (16 December 2021). "Peter Molyneux's NFT game Legacy has already sold $50m of "land"". Eurogamer. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  29. ^ Peters, Jay (16 December 2021). "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 will no longer have NFTs after fan outcry". The Verge. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  30. ^ Wilde, Tyler (16 December 2021). "Stalker 2 developer cancels NFT plans following backlash". PC Gamer. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  31. ^ Knoop, Joseph; Kim, Matt (16 December 2021). "STALKER 2 Developers Announce They Will No Longer Use NFT [Update]". IGN. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  32. ^ Partis, Danielle (9 February 2022). "Itch.io decries NFTs, calls them "a scam"". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  33. ^ Dinsdale, Ryan (7 February 2022). "Indie Store Itch.io Calls NFTs a Scam: 'Please Re-Evaluate Your Life Choices'". IGN. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  34. ^ Vincent, James (8 February 2022). "'NFTs are a scam,' says indie game store Itch.io". The Verge. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  35. ^ Taylor, Josh (21 July 2022). "Minecraft developers won't allow NFTs on gaming platform". the Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  36. ^ Tolito, Stephan (20 October 2022). "Sims pioneer Will Wright is making a blockchain game, but is down on NFTs". Axios. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  37. ^ Nightengale, Ed (7 November 2022). "Blockchain technology key to Square Enix's growth, financial results show". Eurogamer. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  38. ^ Valentine, Rebekah (19 April 2023). "Square Enix Triples Down on Blockchain With New Deal Even as Other Publishers Flee". IGN. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  39. ^ Tolito, Stephan (16 November 2021). "Xbox chief wary of "exploitive" NFT gaming projects". Axios. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  40. ^ Taylor, Mollie; Colp, Tyler (11 November 2021). "Discord walks back NFT and cryptocurrency plans". PC Gamer. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  41. ^ Fenlon, Wes (24 January 2022). "What to actually expect from NFTs in games this year". PC Gamer. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  42. ^ "Baseless NFT hype hits a crescendo – but play-to-earn is worth watching | Opinion". GamesIndustry.biz. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  43. ^ Grayson, Nathan (23 December 2021). "Years after viral Game Awards rant, 'It Takes Two' director says he doesn't hate the Oscars". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  44. ^ Obedkov, Evgeny (14 December 2021). "Jason Schreier compares business model of blockchain games to pyramid scheme". Game World Observer. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  45. ^ Strachan, Maxwell (8 June 2022). "Stepn, 'Move-To-Earn' Games Try To Convince Doubters They're Not Ponzis". Motherboard. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  46. ^ Jeffrey, Cal (20 January 2022). "Game Developers Conference report: most developers frown on blockchain games". TechSpot. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  47. ^ Lang, Brad (3 January 2022). "Square Enix's NFT Plans Are Being Roasted Mercilessly by Fans". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
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