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Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest

Germany has officially participated in every Eurovision Song Contest since its inaugural edition in 1956, except in 1996 when its entry did not qualify past the audio-only pre-selection round, and consequently was not seen in the broadcast final and does not count as one of Germany's 67 appearances. No other country has been represented as many times. Along with France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, Germany is one of the "Big Five" countries that are automatically prequalified for the final, due to their participant broadcasters being the largest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The final is broadcast in Germany on ARD's flagship channel, Das Erste.

Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest
Germany
Participating broadcasterARD[a] – Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR; 1965, 1996–present)
Formerly
Participation summary
Appearances67
First appearance1956
Highest placement1st: 1982, 2010
Host1957, 1983, 2011
Participation history
External links
NDR page
Germany's page at Eurovision.tv Edit this at Wikidata
For the most recent participation see
Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024

Germany first won the contest in 1982 with "Ein bißchen Frieden" performed by Nicole. The second German victory came 28 years later at the 2010 contest, when "Satellite" performed by Lena won. Katja Ebstein, who finished third in 1970 and 1971, then second in 1980, is the only performer to have made the top three on three occasions. Germany has a total of 11 top three placements, also finishing second with Lena Valaitis (1981) and twice with the group Wind (1985 and 1987), and finishing third with Mary Roos (1972), Mekado (1994) and Sürpriz (1999). Germany has finished last on ten occasions, receiving nul points in 1964, 1965 and 2015.

While having not reached the top-ten in 14 of the last 19 contests (2005–24), Michael Schulte achieved Germany's second-best result of the 21st century, by finishing fourth at the 2018 contest. Although German contestants have had varied levels of success, public interest remains high and the contest is one of the most-watched events each year.[1]

History

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The Federal Republic of Germany has participated in the contest since its inception in 1956.[2] Before German reunification in 1990, the country was occasionally presented as "West Germany". The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) did not participate in the Eurovision Song Contest, and instead took part in the Intervision Song Contest.

With one win (1982) and four second-place results (1980, 1981, 1985, and 1987), Germany was the second most successful country in the contest in the 1980s, behind Ireland, who had two wins in the decade.

1996 absence

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ARD had selected an artist and song to represent them at the 1996 contest, to be held in Oslo, Norway. Due to the large number of countries wanting to compete at Eurovision, the EBU determined that only 23 of the 30 countries could compete. Hosts Norway qualified automatically, the other 29 songs went into an audio-only pre-qualification round, with the top 22 going on to compete alongside Norway in Oslo. Unfortunately for Germany, its entry, Leon with "Planet of Blue", failed to earn enough points to progress to the final, finishing 24th. ARD and the EBU were not happy with this, as Germany was the biggest financial contributor at the time. This is the only time that Germany has been absent from the contest.

2000s

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In the 2000s, Germany has been notable for their adoption of musical styles which are not typical of Eurovision, such as country and western (Texas Lightning – "No No Never" in 2006) and swing (Roger Cicero – "Frauen regier'n die Welt" in 2007 and Alex Swings Oscar Sings – "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang" in 2009). Germany had some successes throughout the decade, Lou - "Let's Get Happy" came in 11th place out of 26 in 2003 and Stefan Raab came 5th in 2000, which was Germany's best placement during the 2000's. Germany tied for last in 2008 for points, but was awarded 23rd of 25 places when the results were posted. In 2009, ARD held an internal selection for the first time since 1995 due to lack of interest and viewing figures of the German national finals.[3] Alex Christensen and Oscar Loya were selected to represent Germany at the 2009 contest, where they performed on stage with burlesque artist Dita Von Teese. However they only managed to receive 35 points, placing 20th of 25 competing countries.

2010s

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In 2010, ARD approached former entrant and songwriter Stefan Raab and private network ProSieben to co-operate in finding a winning entry for the country. It has been said that Raab was approached due to his good record at the contest, finishing 5th in 2000 as well as writing entries in 1998 and 2004, which finished 7th and 8th, respectively. Raab agreed and conducted a TV casting show called Unser Star für Oslo which was broadcast on ARD and ProSieben. A winner arose in Lena Meyer-Landrut with "Satellite", who went on to win the contest. Two further collaborations with ProSieben provided the second and third top ten result in a row respectively in 2011 (Lena, who returned to defend her title with "Taken by a Stranger") and 2012 (Roman Lob with "Standing Still").

The streak of top 10 finishes was broken in the 2013 contest, when Cascada's song "Glorious" finished 21st with 18 points. The group Elaiza in 2014, Ann Sophie in 2015, Jamie-Lee in 2016 and Levina in 2017 finished in 18th, 27th (last), 26th (last) and 25th (second to last) place respectively. Ann Sophie became the country's third entry to finish with nul points, after Nora Nova in 1964 and Ulla Wiesner in 1965, and the first since the introduction of the current scoring system in 1975.

Germany's luck changed in 2018, when Michael Schulte brought them back to the top 5 for the first time since 2010 with "You Let Me Walk Alone", finishing in fourth place. This is the first time since 2012 that more than one country from the "Big Five" has made the top ten (with Italy finishing fifth) and the second time (after 2002) that two "Big Five" countries have made the top five since the establishment of the rule. The year after, the duo Sisters with the song "Sister" was not able to replicate the same success, receiving no points from the televote and finishing in 25th place with 24 points.

2020s

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Three further bottom five results were recorded by Germany at the start of the decade, that of Jendrik in 2021 (also receiving no points from the televote), Malik Harris in 2022 (receiving no points from the juries) and Lord of the Lost in 2023. This streak was broken by Isaak, whose entry "Always on the Run" placed 12th in 2024 with 117 points.

Organisation

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Since 1996, ARD consortium member Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) is who participates in the contest representing Germany. The responsibility within the consortium for the participation in the contest has changed hands between its different members over the years:[4]

In 1991, SFB worked in partnership with the East German broadcaster Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF) to select the German entry for that year's contest. Between 2010 and 2012, private broadcaster ProSieben worked in partnership with NDR.[4] In 2025, RTL Deutschland will partner with NDR.[5]

The process to select the German entry in the contest has changed over the years, with both national finals and internal selections (occasionally a combination of both formats) having been held.[4]

Germany and the "Big Five"

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Since 1999, Germany, along with France, Spain and the United Kingdom, have automatically qualified for the Eurovision final regardless of their results in previous contests.[6] The participant broadcasters from these countries earned this special status by being the four biggest financial contributors to the EBU, and subsequently became known as the "Big Four". In 2008, it was reported that the "Big Four" could lose their status and be forced to compete in the semi-finals;[7] however, this never materialised, and the rule remained in place.[8] When Italy returned to the contest in 2011, it was given the same untouchable status, thus upgrading the countries to members of a "Big Five".[9][10]

Germany was the first Big Five country to win the contest after the rule was introduced, courtesy of Lena in 2010. In terms of success, it is currently second behind Italy, which won in 2021 with Måneskin, and finished second in 2011 with Raphael Gualazzi and again in 2019 with Mahmood. However, taking into account Italy's absence from the contest for the first 11 years of the rule's existence, Germany remains the only country to have won out of the original "Big Four".

Participation overview

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Table key
1 First place
2 Second place
3 Third place
◁ Last place
X Entry selected but did not compete
† Upcoming event
Year Artist Song Language Final Points Semi Points
1956 Walter Andreas Schwarz "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" German —[b] —[b] No semi-finals
Freddy Quinn "So geht das jede Nacht" German
1957 Margot Hielscher "Telefon, Telefon" German 4 8
1958 Margot Hielscher "Für zwei Groschen Musik" German 7 5
1959 Alice and Ellen Kessler "Heut' woll'n wir tanzen geh'n" German 8 5
1960 Wyn Hoop "Bonne nuit ma chérie" German 4 11
1961 Lale Andersen "Einmal sehen wir uns wieder" German, French 13 3
1962 Conny Froboess "Zwei kleine Italiener" German 6 9
1963 Heidi Brühl "Marcel" German 9 5
1964 Nora Nova "Man gewöhnt sich so schnell an das Schöne" German 13 ◁ 0
1965 Ulla Wiesner "Paradies, wo bist du?" German 15 ◁ 0
1966 Margot Eskens "Die Zeiger der Uhr" German 10 7
1967 Inge Brück "Anouschka" German 8 7
1968 Wencke Myhre "Ein Hoch der Liebe" German 6 11
1969 Siw Malmkvist "Primaballerina" German 9 8
1970 Katja Ebstein "Wunder gibt es immer wieder" German 3 12
1971 Katja Ebstein "Diese Welt" German 3 100
1972 Mary Roos "Nur die Liebe läßt uns leben" German 3 107
1973 Gitte "Junger Tag" German 8 85
1974 Cindy and Bert "Die Sommermelodie" German 14 ◁ 3
1975 Joy Fleming "Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein" German, English 17 15
1976 Les Humphries Singers "Sing, Sang, Song" German 15 12
1977 Silver Convention "Telegram" English 8 55
1978 Ireen Sheer "Feuer" German 6 84
1979 Dschinghis Khan "Dschinghis Khan" German 4 86
1980 Katja Ebstein "Theater" German 2 128
1981 Lena Valaitis "Johnny Blue" German 2 132
1982 Nicole "Ein bißchen Frieden" German 1 161
1983 Hoffmann and Hoffmann "Rücksicht" German 5 94
1984 Mary Roos "Aufrecht geh'n" German 13 34
1985 Wind "Für alle" German 2 105
1986 Ingrid Peters "Über die Brücke geh'n" German 8 62
1987 Wind "Laß die Sonne in dein Herz" German 2 141
1988 Maxi and Chris Garden "Lied für einen Freund" German 14 48
1989 Nino de Angelo "Flieger" German 14 46
1990 Chris Kempers and Daniel Kovac "Frei zu leben" German 9 60
1991 Atlantis 2000 "Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben" German 18 10
1992 Wind "Träume sind für alle da" German 16 27
1993 Münchener Freiheit "Viel zu weit" German 18 18 Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
1994 Mekado "Wir geben 'ne Party" German 3 128 No semi-finals
1995 Stone and Stone "Verliebt in Dich" German 23 ◁ 1
1996 Leon "Planet of Blue" German Failed to qualify[c] X 24 24
1997 Bianca Shomburg "Zeit" German 18 22 No semi-finals
1998 Guildo Horn "Guildo hat euch lieb" German 7 86
1999 Sürpriz "Journey to Jerusalem – Kudüs'e Seyahat" German, Turkish, English 3 140
2000 Stefan Raab "Wadde hadde dudde da?" German, English 5 96
2001 Michelle "Wer Liebe lebt" German, English 8 66
2002 Corinna May "I Can't Live Without Music" English 21 17
2003 Lou "Let's Get Happy" English 11 53
2004 Max "Can't Wait Until Tonight" English, Turkish 8 93 Member of the "Big Four"
2005 Gracia "Run & Hide" English 24 ◁ 4
2006 Texas Lightning "No No Never" English 14 36
2007 Roger Cicero "Frauen regier'n die Welt" German, English 19 49
2008 No Angels "Disappear" English 23 14
2009 Alex Swings Oscar Sings! "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang" English 20 35
2010 Lena "Satellite" English 1 246
2011 Lena "Taken by a Stranger" English 10 107 Member of the "Big Five"
Host country
2012 Roman Lob "Standing Still" English 8 110 Member of the "Big Five"
2013 Cascada "Glorious" English 21 18
2014 Elaiza "Is It Right" English 18 39
2015 Ann Sophie "Black Smoke" English 27 ◁ 0
2016 Jamie-Lee "Ghost" English 26 ◁ 11
2017 Levina "Perfect Life" English 25 6
2018 Michael Schulte "You Let Me Walk Alone" English 4 340
2019 S!sters "Sister" English 25 24
2020 Ben Dolic "Violent Thing" English Contest cancelled[d] X
2021 Jendrik "I Don't Feel Hate" English 25 3
2022 Malik Harris "Rockstars" English 25 ◁ 6
2023 Lord of the Lost "Blood & Glitter" English 26 ◁ 18
2024 Isaak "Always on the Run" English 12 117
2025 TBD 1 March 2025 †[11] Upcoming †

Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest

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Further information: Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest
Artist Song Language At Congratulations At Eurovision
Final Points Semi Points Year Place Points
Nicole "Ein bißchen Frieden" German Failed to qualify 7 106 1982 1 161

Hostings

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Year Location Venue Presenter(s)
1957 Frankfurt Großer Sendesaal Anaid Iplicjian
1983 Munich Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle Marlene Charell
2011 Düsseldorf Esprit Arena Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab

Awards

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Barbara Dex Award

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Further information: Barbara Dex Award
Year Performer Host city Ref.
1998 Guildo Horn   Birmingham
[12]
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Conductors

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Year Conductor[e] Musical Director Notes Ref.
1956   Fernando Paggi N/A Host conductor [13]
1957 Willy Berking [f]
1958   Dolf van der Linden N/A Host conductor
1959   Franck Pourcel
1960 Franz Josef Breuer
1961   Franck Pourcel Host conductor
1962 Rolf-Hans Müller
1963 Willy Berking
1964
1965 Alfred Hause
1966 Willy Berking
1967 Hans Blum
1968 Horst Jankowski
1969 Hans Blum
1970 Christian Bruhn [14]
1971 Dieter Zimmermann
1972 Paul Kuhn
1973 Günther-Eric Thöner
1974 Werner Scharfenberger
1975 Rainer Pietsch
1976   Les Humphries
1977   Ronnie Hazlehurst Host conductor
1978 Jean Frankfurter
1979   Norbert Daum
1980 Wolfgang Rödelberger [15]
1981
1982   Norbert Daum
1983 Dieter Reith
1984   Pierre Cao N/A Host conductor
1985 Rainer Pietsch
1986 Hans Blum
1987   László Bencker
1988   Michael Thatcher
1989 No conductor
1990 Rainer Pietsch
1991 Hermann Weindorf
1992   Norbert Daum
1993
1994
1995 Hermann Weindorf
1997 No conductor
1998 Stefan Raab [g]

Heads of delegation

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Year Head of delegation Ref.
1996–2005 Jürgen Meier-Beer
[16]
2007–2008 Manfred Witt
[17]
2015 Torsten Amarell
[18]
2016–2017 Carola Conze
[19]
2018–2019 Christoph Pellander
[20]
2020–present Alexandra Wolfslast
[21]

Commentators and spokespersons

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Over the years, commentary on ARD has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including Ado Schlier, Thomas Gottschalk, Jan Hofer, Wolf Mittler, Fritz Egner and Werner Veigel. Peter Urban has provided commentary on Das Erste every year since 1997, and has only been absent once, in 2009, when he was forced to step down due to illness, with Tim Frühling from HR filling in to commentate in Moscow.[22] For the later-cancelled 2020 contest, Michael Schulte was set to commentate together with Urban. Both commentated the official EBU replacement show Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light instead, as well as the German replacement show Eurovision 2020 – das deutsche Finale from the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. Urban stepped down as the German commentator after the 2023 contest.[23] His successor is Thorsten Schorn.[24]

Television and radio commentators and spokespersons
Year Commentator(s) Spokesperson Ref.
Channel Television commentator Channel Radio commentator
1956 Deutsches Fernsehen Irene Koss Radio Bremen 2 Unknown No spokesperson
[25][26][27]
1957 Unknown Zweites Programm, WDR 2 Joachim Fuchsberger
[28][29][30]
1958 Unknown Claudia Doren
[31]
1959 Hans-Joachim Rauschenbach
[32]
1960 Wolf Mittler
[33][34]
1961 Frankfurt 1 Unknown Heinz Schenk
[35][36]
1962 Ruth Kappelsberger [de] Unknown Klaus Havenstein
[37]
1963 Hanns-Joachim Friedrichs Werner Veigel
[38][39]
1964 Unknown Lia Wöhr
[40]
1965
[41]
1966 Hans-Joachim Rauschenbach [de] Werner Veigel
[42][43]
1967 Karin Tietze-Ludwig
[44]
1968 Unknown Hans-Otto Grünefeldt
[45]
1969
[46]
1970
[47]
1971 Hanns Verres [de] No spokesperson
[48][49]
1972 Unknown
[50]
1973
[51]
1974 Hanns-Joachim Friedrichs
[52]
1975 Werner Veigel Unknown
[53][54]
1976 Wilhelm Stöck
[55][56]
1977
[57][58]
1978 Sigi Harreis
[59][60]
1979 Gaby Schnelle, Ado Schlier [de] Lotti Ohnesorge
[61][62]
1980 Ado Schlier Unknown
[63][64]
1981 Unknown
[65]
1982 Ado Schlier
[66][67]
1983 Bayern 1, Frankfurt 1, NDR 2 [de], RIAS 1 Ado Schlier Carolin Reiber
[68][69][70][71][72]
1984 Unknown Ruth Kappelsberger
[73][74]
1985 Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen Christoph Deumling
[75][76]
1986
[77][78]
1987 Lotti Ohnesorge [de], Christoph Deumling [de] Gabi Schnelle
[79][80]
1988 Nicole, Claus-Erich Boetzkes Lotti Ohnesorge
[81][82]
1989 Thomas Gottschalk Unknown Ado Schlier Gabi Schnelle
[83]
1990 Fritz Egner Unknown
[84][85]
1991 Max Schautzer Christian Eckhardt
[86]
1992 Jan Hofer Carmen Nebel
[87][88]
1993 Bayern 1 Unknown
[89][90][91]
1994 No radio broadcast
[92]
1995 Horst Senker
[93][94]
1996 MDR Fernsehen, N3, WDR Fernsehen Ulf Ansorge [de] Did not participate
[95][96]
1997 Das Erste Peter Urban Christina Mänz
[97]
1998 Nena
[98]
1999 Renan Demirkan
[99]
2000 Axel Bulthaupt
[100]
2001
[101]
2002
[102][103]
2003
[104][105]
2004 NDR Fernsehen (Semi-final)
Das Erste (Final) 		Thomas Anders
[106][107][108]
2005 Thomas Hermanns
[109][110]
2006
[111][112]
2007
[113][114]
2008 NDR Fernsehen (Semi-finals)
Das Erste (Final)
[115]
2009 Phoenix (SF1)
NDR Fernsehen (SF2)
Das Erste (Final) 		Tim Frühling Thomas Anders
[116][117]
2010 Das Erste Peter Urban NDR 2 (Final) Tim Frühling and Thomas Mohr Hape Kerkeling
[118]
2011 Einsfestival (SF1)
ProSieben (SF1)		 Peter Urban and Steven Gätjen NDR 2, WDR 1LIVE, hr3 (Final) Thomas Mohr, Steffi Neu [de] and Tim Frühling Ina Müller
[119]
Das Erste (SF2/Final) Peter Urban
2012 Das Erste NDR 2 Thomas Mohr Anke Engelke
[120][121][122]
hr3 Tim Frühling
2013 NDR Fernsehen (Semi-finals)
Einsfestival (SF2)
Phoenix (SF2)
Das Erste (Final)
 No radio broadcast Lena Meyer-Landrut
[123]
2014 EinsPlus, Einsfestival
Phoenix (Semi-finals)
Das Erste (Final)
 Helene Fischer
[124]
2015 EinsPlus Sign language interpreters Barbara Schöneberger
[125][126]
Einsfestival, Phoenix (Semi-finals)
Das Erste (Final) 		Peter Urban
2016 Einsfestival, Phoenix (Semi-finals)
Das Erste (Final)
[127][128]
2017 One
NDR Fernsehen (SF2)
Das Erste (Final)
[129]
2018 One
Das Erste, Deutsche Welle (Final)
[130][131]
2019
[132][133][134][135]
2020 One
Das Erste, Deutsche Welle (Final)		 Peter Urban, Michael Schulte Not announced before cancellation
[136][137]
2021 One
Das Erste, Deutsche Welle (Final) 		Peter Urban Barbara Schöneberger
[138][139]
2022 Radio Eins [de] (Final) Amelie Ernst [de] and Max Spallek [de]
[140][141][142][143][144][145]
2023 One
Das Erste, DW Deutsch, DW Deutsch+ (Final) 		Elton
[23][146][147]
2024 One (Semi-finals)
Das Erste (Final) 		Thorsten Schorn Ina Müller
[148][24][149][150]

Other shows

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Show Commentator Channel Ref.
Songs of Europe Deutsches Fernsehen
[151][152]
Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Peter Urban SWR, WDR
[153]
Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits[h] NDR, MDR, EinsFestival
[154][155]
Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light[i] Peter Urban, Michael Schulte Das Erste
[156]
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See also

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Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^ Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
  2. ^ a b The 1956 contest had secret voting and, apart from the winner, no results were released.
  3. ^ In order to reduce the number of participating countries at the 1996 event a qualifying round was held among all countries except the hosts. Germany failed to progress from this round; entries which failed to progress have subsequently been discounted by the EBU and do not feature as part of the countries' list of appearances.
  4. ^ The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  5. ^ All conductors are of German nationality unless otherwise noted.
  6. ^ Also conducted for Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland
  7. ^ Although the song didn't actually feature the orchestra, Raab still took the conductor's bow as the song's composer, writer, and arranger.
  8. ^ Broadcast on 16 May (NDR and MDR Fernsehen) and 22 May (EinsFestival)
  9. ^ Broadcast on a one-hour delay.

References

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  1. ^ Mantel, Uwe (14 May 2023). "Die Quote stimmt: "ESC" holt höchste Marktanteile seit Lena" [The rate is right: "ESC" has the highest market share since Lena]. DWDL.de. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  2. ^ "Eurovision 1956 Results: Voting & Points". Eurovisionworld. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  3. ^ Floras, Stella (16 December 2008). "Germany: No national final for 2009". ESCToday. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  4. ^ a b c "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel". www.eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  5. ^ Saha, Roger (31 October 2024). "Stefan Raab macht den ESC zur „Chefsache"" [Stefan Raab makes the ESC a “top priority”]. rtl.de (in German). RTL Deutschland. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  6. ^ O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X.
  7. ^ Murray, Gavin (28 May 2008). "Big 4 (France: Germany; Spain; United Kingdom): May lose automatic place in Eurovision final". ESCToday. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
  8. ^ Viniker, Barry (14 September 2008). "Eurovision 'Big Four' final spots confirmed". ESCToday. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  9. ^ "SERBIA - Svante Stockselius meets members of OGAE Serbia". Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  10. ^ Fulton, Rick (14 May 2007). "The East V West Song Contest". Daily Record. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  11. ^ ""Chefsache ESC": Raab sucht in vier Shows den deutschen Act" ["Chefsache ESC": [Stefan] Raab is looking for the German act in four shows]. Eurovision.de (in German). ARD/NDR. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  12. ^ Adams, William Lee (9 July 2015). "Poll: Who was the worst dressed Barbara Dex Award winner?". Wiwibloggs. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  13. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 93–101. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
  14. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 142–168. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
  15. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
  16. ^ Rau, Oliver (23 May 2005). "Jürgen Meier-Beer withdraws". esctoday.com. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Eurovision Rewrites the Rule Book". dw.com. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  18. ^ Granger, Anthony (6 September 2015). "Germany: Carola Conze New Head of Delegation". eurovoix.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  19. ^ Granger, Anthony (1 November 2017). "Germany: Carola Conze Steps Down as Head of Delegation". eurovoix.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  20. ^ Granger, Anthony (2 March 2019). "Germany: Christoph Pellander To Step Down as Head of Delegation in July". eurovoix.com. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  21. ^ Kourouvanis, Fotis (5 December 2019). "Germany: New Head of Delegation". eurovisionfun.com. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  22. ^ "Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert". duesseldorf2011.de (in German). 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  23. ^ a b "Peter Urban verabschiedet sich vom ESC" [Peter Urban says goodbye to the ESC]. eurovision.de (in German). NDR. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  24. ^ a b "SC 2024: Thorsten Schorn löst Peter Urban als Kommentator ab" [ESC 2024: Thorsten Schorn takes over from Peter Urban as commentator]. Eurovision.de (in German). ARD. 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  25. ^ "Das Fernsehprogramm – Donnerstag" [The TV programme – Thursday]. Mannheimer Morgen [de] (in German). Mannheim, West Germany. 19 May 1956. p. 20. Retrieved 8 September 2024 – via Marchivum [de].
  26. ^ "Bremen". Hör zu!, Norddeutsche Ausgabe (in German). No. 21/1956. 20 May 1956. p. 47. OCLC 724053084.
  27. ^ Grassl, Andreas (October 2024). "Der erste Song Contest 1956". Euro-Voice (67): 100. OCLC 1190215751.
  28. ^ "Das westdeutsche Fernseh-Programm – Sonntag, 3. März 1957" [The West German television schedule – Sunday 3 March 1957]. Neckar-Bote (in German). Heidelberg, West Germany. 2 March 1957. p. 4. Retrieved 23 June 2024 – via Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek.
  29. ^ "Frankfurt". Funk- und Fernsehillustrierte (in German). Vol. 25, no. 10/57. 3 March 1957. p. 33. OCLC 724368653.
  30. ^ "Funkprogramm – vom 28. April bis 4. Mai 1957 – Montag, 29. April" [Radio programme – from 28 April to 4 May 1957 – Monday, 29 April]. Honnefer Volkszeitung [de] (in German). Bad Honnef, West Germany. 27 April 1957. p. 5. Retrieved 8 September 2024 – via Zeitungsportal NRW [de].
  31. ^ "Das Fernsehprogramm – Vom 9. März bis 15. März – Mittwoch" [The TV programme – From 9 March to 15 March – Wednesday]. Mannheimer Morgen [de] (in German). Mannheim, West Germany. 8 March 1956. p. 20. Retrieved 9 September 2024 – via Marchivum [de].
  32. ^ "Deutsches Fernsehen – Mittwoch, den 11. März 1959" [German television – Wednesday 11 March 1959]. Neckar-Bote (in German). Heidelberg, West Germany. 7 March 1959. p. 38. Retrieved 23 June 2024 – via Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek.
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Works cited

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