Paul Hermann Scherrer (3 February 1890 – 25 September 1969) was a Swiss physicist. Born in St. Gallen, Switzerland, he studied at Göttingen, Germany, before becoming a lecturer there. Later, Scherrer became head of the Department of Physics at ETH Zurich.[2][3][4][5]
Paul Scherrer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Paul Hermann Scherrer 3 February 1890 |
| Died | 25 September 1969 (aged 79) Zürich, Switzerland |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Alma mater | Swiss Federal Polytechnic University of Göttingen |
| Known for | Debye–Scherrer method Scherrer equation |
| Awards | Marcel Benoist Prize (1943) Honoris Causa doctorate by the Complutense University of Madrid (1966) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physicist |
| Institutions | ETH Zurich University of Göttingen |
| Doctoral advisor | Peter Debye |
| Doctoral students | Felix Boehm Egon Bretscher Hans Frauenfelder Bernd T. Matthias[1] Julius Adams Stratton Fritz Zwicky |
Early life and studies
editPaul Scherrer was born in St. Gallen. In 1908, he enrolled at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic (later known as ETH Zurich), changing course from Botany to Mathematics and Physics after two semesters.[2] In 1912, Scherrer spent one semester at Königsberg University, then undertook further studies at the University of Göttingen, graduating from there with a doctorate on the Faraday effect in the hydrogen molecule.[6] In 1916, while still working on his dissertation, he and his tutor, Peter Debye, developed the “Debye–Scherrer powder method”, a procedure using X-rays for the structural analysis of crystals. This made an important contribution to the development of the scattering techniques that are still used in the large facilities at the Paul Scherrer Institute to this day. Debye received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work in 1936.[7]
He is perhaps best known for determining the inverse relationship between the width of an X-ray diffraction peak and the crystallite size. This work was published in 1918.[8]
ETH Zurich appointed Scherrer to the post of Professor of Experimental Physics in 1920, at the early age of 30. In 1925, he organised the first international conference of physicists to take place after the First World War.[9] He became Principal of the Physical Institute at ETH in 1927 and focused its direction on nuclear physics, a research branch that was still coming into being at that stage. The first cyclotron at ETH Zurich was built under his direction in 1940.
Nuclear and atomic physics
editBeginning in late 1944, Scherrer became close to Moe Berg and, through Berg, gave the United States information about German science and German scientists, especially related to efforts to develop a nuclear weapon.[10] Scherrer later became the foremost proponent of Switzerland developing its own nuclear weapons[11] with enriched uranium supplied by Belgian Congo,[12] a program which was pursued by the government for 43 years and abandoned in 1988 by Arnold Koller, then member of the Swiss Federal Council and head of the Swiss military department.
In parallel with his main professional occupation as a researcher and leader of an institution, Paul Scherrer also served in various institutions and committees involved in the dissemination of nuclear energy in Switzerland: the Swiss Federal Council appointed him to the post of President of the Swiss Study Commission on Atomic Energy (Schweizerischen Studienkommission für Atomenergie) in 1946, and President of the Swiss Commission for Atomic Sciences in 1958.
In addition, Scherrer took part in establishing CERN near Geneva in 1952–54.[13] When established he became one of the original members of the Scientific Policy Committee, at which he served until the end of 1963,[14] and the CERN Council. Furthermore, he participated in setting up Reaktor AG, to study the construction and operation of nuclear fission facilities one year later, in Würenlingen.[15]
His abilities and foresight led to the early development of new branches of solid-state physics, particle physics and electronics, which made a vital contribution to the high standard of research at Swiss universities. When Scherrer was made emeritus professor in 1960, after 40 years at ETH Zurich, he took up a teaching appointment at the University of Basel and his former students and friends put together a Festschrift.[16]
Private life
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In 1922 Scherrer married Ina Sonderegger, with whom he had two daughters.[17]
He died on 25 September 1969 after a horse-riding accident.
Legacy
editThe eponymous Paul Scherrer Institute, based near Villigen in canton of Aargau, was established on 1 January 1988 by merging the 1960 established EIR (Eidgenössisches Institut für Reaktorforschung, Federal Institute for Reactor Research) and the 1968 established SIN (Schweizerisches Institut für Nuklearphysik, Swiss Institute for Nuclear Physics) with Jean-Pierre Blaser (SIN founder) named its first director.
There is a street, Route Scherrer, named after Scherrer at CERN, Geneva.
References
edit- ^ Clogston, Albert M.; Geballe, Theodore H.; Hulm, John K. (1 January 1981). "Bernd T. Matthias". Physics Today. 34 (1): 84. Bibcode:1981PhT....34a..84C. doi:10.1063/1.2889985. ISSN 0031-9228. OCLC 4636531057. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ a b Huber, P. (1969). "Paul Scherrer: 1890-1969". Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Wissenschaftlicher und Administrativer Teil (in German). 149: 284–289.
- ^ Mercier, R. (1970). "Paul Scherrer-Sonderegger (1890-1969)". Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles (in French). 70 (7): 345.
- ^ Kant, Horst (2005). "Neue Deutsche Biographie 22 (2005), pp. 704-705: Scherrer, Paul". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Gisler, Monika (2023). Erzählte Physik: Paul Scherrer und die Anfänge der Kernforschung (in German). Chronos Verlag. Zürich. ISBN 978-3-0340-1714-5. OCLC 1372362197.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Scherrer, Paul (1916). Die Rotationsdispersion des Wasserstoffs : Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Konstitution des Wasserstoffmoleküls) (in German). Göttingen: Göttingen Univ.
- ^ "Peter Debye Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". www.uzh.ch. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Scherrer, Paul (1918). "Bestimmung der Größe und der inneren Struktur von Kolloidteilchen mittels Röntgenstrahlen". Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse. 1918: 98–100.
- ^ "Who is Paul Scherrer? | About PSI | Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)". psi.ch. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ Nicholas Dawidoff, The Catcher Was a Spy, Vintage, 1994. ISBN 0-679-76289-2. passim., but especially p. 202 et. seq.
- ^ Rob Edwards (25 May 1996). "Swiss planned a nuclear bomb". New Scientist. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ "Was aus 50-jährigem Schweizer Plan geworden ist: Atommacht Schweiz - NZZ". Archived from the original on 21 January 2016.
- ^ Funke, Gösta (1969). "Tribute to Professor Scherrer". CERN Courier. 9 (12): 375.
- ^ CERN Annual report 1963. Geneva: CERN. 1964. p. 16.
- ^ Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (2005). "Die Reaktor AG: Atomtechnologie zwischen Industrie, Hochschule und Staat". E-Periodica (in German). doi:10.5169/seals-81386. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ [s.n.] (1960). Frauenfelder, Hans; Huber, Oskar; Stähelin, Peter (eds.). "Beiträge zur Entwicklung der Physik: Festgabe zum 70.Geburtstag von Professor Paul Scherrer". Helvetica Physica Acta. 33 (Suppl. no. 5): 1–255. doi:10.5169/seals-513253.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Enz, Charles P. (6 May 2010). No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-958815-2.
External links
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