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Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (US: /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn, -stɑːn/ ⓘ, UK: /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn, ʌz-, -ˈstæn/), also known as Soviet Uzbekistan, the Uzbek SSR, UzSSR, or simply Uzbekistan and rarely Uzbekia or Red Uzbekistan, was a union republic of the Soviet Union. It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party, the legal political party, from 1925 until 1990. From 1990 to 1991, it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation.

Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
  • Ўзбекистон Совет Социалистик Республикаси (Uzbek)
  • Узбекская Советская Социалистическая Республика (Russian)[1]
1924–1991
Flag of Uzbekistan
Flag (1952–1991)
State emblem (1978–1991) of Uzbekistan
State emblem
(1978–1991)
Motto: Бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз! (Uzbek)
Butun dunyo proletarlari, birlashingiz! (transliteration)
"Proletarians of all nations, unite!"
Anthem: Ўзбекистон Совет Социалистик Республикаси мадҳияси
Oʻzbekiston Sovet Sotsialist Respublikasining davlat madhiyasi;
"Anthem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic"
Uzbekistan (red) within the Soviet Union
Uzbekistan (red) within the Soviet Union
StatusSoviet Socialist Republic
Capital
Common languages
  • Official languages:
  • Minority languages:
Religion
State atheism
Demonym(s)
Government
First Secretary/President 
• 1925–1927 (first)
Vladimir Ivanov
• 1989–1991 (last)
Islam Karimov
Head of government 
• 1924–1937 (first)
Fayzulla Xoʻjayev
• 1990 (last)
Shukrullo Mirsaidov
LegislatureSupreme Soviet
History 
• Succeeds Turkestan ASSR
27 October 1924
• Republic proclaimed
5 December 1924
• Accession of Karakalpakstan
5 December 1936
• State sovereignty declared
20 June 1990
• Renamed into Republic of Uzbekistan/Independence
31 August 1991
• Independence recognized
25 December 1991
Area
• Total
447,400 km2 (172,700 sq mi)
Population
• Census
32,749,528
CurrencySoviet rouble (Rbl) (SUR)
Calling code+7 36/37/436
ISO 3166 codeUZ
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Bukharan SSR
Khorezm SSR
Turkestan ASSR
1929:
Tajik SSR
1991:
Republic of Uzbekistan
Today part of

Beginning 20 June 1990, the Uzbek SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty within its borders. Islam Karimov became the republic's inaugural president.

On 31 August 1991, the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan and declared independence three months before the Soviet Union's dissolution on 26 December 1991.

Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kirghizia to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest.

Name

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The name, Uzbekistan, literally means "Home of the Free", taken from an amalgamation of uz (Turkic: "self"), bek (Turkic: "master"), and -stan (Persian: "land of"). However, the official name of the republic was the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as defined by its 1937 and 1978 Constitutions.

History

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See also: History of Uzbekistan

In 1924, the borders of political units in Central Asia were changed along ethnic lines determined by Vladimir Lenin's Commissar for Nationalities, Joseph Stalin. The Turkestan ASSR, the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic were abolished and their territories were eventually divided into five separate Soviet Socialist Republics, one of which was the Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic, created on 27 October 1924. The next year Uzbekistan became one of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union). In 1928, the collectivization of land into state farms was initiated, which lasted until the late 1930s.

 
Group of Uzbek women in the old city of Tashkent, 1924

Uzbekistan included the Tajik ASSR until 1929, when the Tajik ASSR was upgraded to an equal status. In 1930, the Uzbek SSR capital was relocated from Samarkand to Tashkent, which remained the capital since. In 1936, Uzbekistan was enlarged with the addition of the Karakalpak ASSR taken from the Kazakh SSR in the last stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. That same year in December, it was renamed to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Further bits and pieces of territory were transferred several times between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan after World War II.

In 1937–38, during the Great Purge, a number of alleged nationalists were executed, including Faizullah Khojaev, the first prime minister.

During World War II, many industries were relocated to Uzbekistan from vulnerable locations in western regions of the USSR to keep them safe. Large numbers of Russians, Ukrainians and other nationalities accompanied the factories, altering the demographics of the republic. The demographics situation was further aggravated by Stalin's forced deportation of some ethnic groups suspected of collaboration with the Axis powers (including Nazi Germany) from other parts of the Soviet Union to Uzbekistan. This included large numbers of ethnic Koreans, Crimean Tatars, and Chechens.

During the Soviet period, Islam became a focal point for the anti-religious drives of Communist authorities. The government closed most mosques, and religious schools became anti-religious museums.[citation needed] On the positive side was the virtual elimination of illiteracy, even in rural areas. Only a small percentage of the population was literate before 1917; this percentage increased to nearly 100 percent under the Soviets.[2][3]

Another major development, one with future catastrophic impact, was the drive initiated in the early 1960s to substantially increase cotton production in the republic. This drive led to overzealous irrigation withdrawals of irrigation water from the Amu Darya and the subsequent Aral Sea ecological disaster.

Towards the end of the Soviet–Afghan War, several troops crossed the Uzbek border from Afghanistan as part of the Soviet withdrawal on 15 February 1989. During the war Afghan mujahideen sponsored by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence also crossed the border to commit sabotage operations.[4]

The Communist Party was the only legal party in the Uzbek SSR until 1990. The first secretary, or head, of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan was consistently an Uzbek. Long-time leader of the Uzbek SSR was Sharof Rashidov, head of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan from 1959 to 1983. Islam Karimov, leader of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan since 1989 and subsequently head of that party's reincarnation, the People's Democratic Party (PDP), became president of the Uzbek SSR in 1990. On 20 June 1990, the Supreme Soviet adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Uzbek SSR, which took over the laws of the Soviet Union days after the Russian SFSR adopted theirs.

Independence

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Flag of the Uzbek SSR/Uzbekistan, adopted on 18 November 1991

The Uzbek SSR participated in the referendum in March 1991 as a part of the proposed Union of Soviet Sovereign States. This never came to pass after unsuccessful coup attempt events between 19 and 21 August 1991 in Moscow. In the aftermath, the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan and declared its independence on 31 August 1991, with the Soviet Union dissolving on 26 December 1991. After independence, the 1978 Constitution remained in use. The referendum was confirmed on 29 December 1991.

Politics

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Main articles: Politics of the Soviet Union and Politics of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, akin to the rest of the Soviet republics, was defined by a single-party socialist republic framework, whereby the First Secretary of the Central Committee was the head of the party, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet as the head of state and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers served as the head of government in a one-party system led by the CPSU's republican branch, the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. Executive power was exercised by the government and the legislative power was vested in Supreme Soviet where it met for sessions in Tashkent.

Military

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See also: Armed Forces of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan had the strongest Soviet Armed Forces presence of the other Central Asian Republics. Almost all of its troops were personnel of the Turkestan Military District (TurkVO), which was based in Tashkent. Personnel from the TurkVO were distributed between the military of Uzbekistan, as well as the militaries of the other four Central Asian republics when it was dissolved in June 1992. At independence, ethnic Russians filled the ranks of the newly created armed forces, and made up most of the officer corps.

The Uzbek SSR operated its own domestic Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) independent of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, of which it was a republican affiliate organization.

Economy

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Main article: Economy of the Soviet Union
See also: Economy of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan had an industrial sector including electric power generation, engineering, and chemical production.

Uzbekistan's energy came from large thermal power plants, including those at Syrdarya, Angren, Tashkent and others. There was also a hydroelectric component to the economy, including the Charvak, Hodzhikentskaya, Gazalkent and Farkhad hydroelectric plants, among others.

The natural gas industry was of importance to the economy of the republic. The Gazly deposits and other and Kashkadarya (Mubarak, Shurtan) area contributed to this industry. Uzbekistan also produced oil (Fergana valley, Bukhara and Surkhandarya region). In terms of minerals, there was production of lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, copper ores (found in the Karamazarskaya group of deposits), and gold (found in the Navoi region, Jizzakh region, and others).

Chemical manufacturing included the production of mineral fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus) for cotton (in Chirchik, Kokand, Samarkand, Fergana, Almalyk, and Navoi); the manufacture of chemical fibers (in Fergana); plastics (in Fergana and Namangan), rubber products, household chemicals, and more. Petrochemical, chemical and pharmaceutical, and the microbiological industry were all present in some form.

Some of the engineering sector included: agriculture (machinery for the mechanization of cotton cultivation, cotton harvesters, etc.), production of tractors, equipment for the cotton and textile industry, construction and road machines, electrical engineering; aviation, electronic and instrument-making, chemical and petroleum engineering. Some companies also produced cement, asbestos-cement pipes, slate, and ceramics.

Some of the light industry present in Uzbekistan included the primary processing of cotton, silk cocoons, wool, fiber crops, raw hides, and karakul pelts. Cotton and silk textiles, footwear, garments, and carpets were all produced in Uzbekistan.

The food industry produced oil and fat - mainly oil production from cotton seeds, tinned vegetables, butter and cheese, milk, and meat.

Subdivisions

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List of changes

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1927

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The Uzbek SSR in 1927, including Tajik ASSR and Khodzhent
  • Khorezm Okrug (cap: Khiva)
  • Kanimekh Raion (cap.: Kanimekh)
  • Bukhara
  • Zeravshan Okrug (cap: Kermine)
  • Kashka-Darin Okrug (cap: Bek-Budi)
  • Samarkand
  • Surkhan-Darshin Okrug (cap: Shirabad)
  • Tashkent
  • Khotshent
  • Fergan Okrug (capital: Kokand)
  • Andizhan
  • Tajik ASSR (capital Dyushambe)

1936

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Constitution of the USSR:

ARTICLE 26. The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of the Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Ferghana, and Khorezm Regions, and the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[6]

1938

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The Uzbek SSR on 1 December 1938

1989

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The Uzbek SSR in the Soviet Union, 1989 (Navoi Oblast not shown)

1991

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Further information: Subdivisions of Uzbekistan

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Historical names
    1924–1936: Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic Ўзбекистон Социалистик Совет Республикаси; Узбекская Социалистическая Советская Республика)
  2. ^ Levin, Zeev (2015). Collectivization and Social Engineering: Soviet Administration and the Jews of Uzbekistan, 1917–1939. Brill. ISBN 9789004294714.
  3. ^ Ubiria, Grigol (2015). Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. Routledge. ISBN 9781317504351.
  4. ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost wars : the secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-007-6. OCLC 52814066.
  5. ^ a b c Uzbekistan Regions. Statoids.com.
  6. ^ 1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I. Departments.bucknell.edu.
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