See also: 鼕
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Translingual
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Han character
edit冬 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹水卜 (HEY), four-corner 27303, composition ⿱夂⺀ (GTJV) or ⿱夂冫 (K))
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 131, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1610
- Dae Jaweon: page 294, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 867, character 19
- Unihan data for U+51AC
Chinese
editGlyph origin
edit| Historical forms of the character 冬 | ||||||
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| Shang | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːŋ) : phonetic 夂 (, “end”) + semantic 日 (“day”) or 仌 (“ice”).
- Bronze script and Chu slip script
- Composed of the early form of 終 (“end”, as well phonetic), here represented by Shuowen ancient script
, + 日 (“day”). In bronze script, 日 (
) was inside . In Chu slip script, 日 (
) was below (
).
- Seal script, Qin clerical script and after
- Composed of (“end”, as well phonetic) + 仌 (“ice”).
Etymology 1
edit| simp. and trad. |
冬 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Possibly related to 終 (OC *tjuŋ, “to end”) (Wang, 1982, Sagart, 2023b). Sagart (ibid.) also proposes cognacy to Chepang त्युङ्हसा (tyuŋh, “at end, be weak, exhausted”), द्युमःसा (dyumʔ, “at ease after completing work”), द्युम्सा (dyum, “terminate, reach end; to be at end”), Jingpho chatum (“end, finish”), Limbu [script needed] (tum-ma, “ripe, mature”), Proto-Ao *a-thəm (“end, finish”).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dong1
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дун (dun, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): dung1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): dung1
- Northern Min (KCR): dóng
- Eastern Min (BUC): dĕ̤ng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dang1 / dorng1
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1ton
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dong1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dong
- Wade–Giles: tung1
- Yale: dūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dong
- Palladius: дун (dun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: dong1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dung
- Sinological IPA (key): /toŋ⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дун (dun, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: dung1
- Yale: dūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: dung1
- Guangdong Romanization: dung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: uung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɵŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: dung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuŋ⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûng
- Hakka Romanization System: dungˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: dung1
- Sinological IPA: /tuŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: dung1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tũŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dóng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɔŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: dĕ̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tøyŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: dang1
- Sinological IPA (key): /taŋ⁵³³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: dorng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɒŋ⁵³³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
Note:
- dang1 - vernacular;
- dorng1 - literary.
- Southern Min
Note:
- tang - colloquial;
- tong - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: dang1 / dong1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tang / tong
- Sinological IPA (key): /taŋ³³/, /toŋ³³/
Note:
- dang1 - colloquial;
- dong1 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: towng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤuŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*tuːŋ/
Definitions
edit冬
- winter
- (Cantonese) winter solstice
- (Southern Min) year
- (～日) (telegraphy) the second day of a month
- Alternative form of 咚 (dōng, “bang; thud”)
- a surname
Synonyms
editSee also
edit| Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 春 (chūn, “spring”) | 夏 (xià, “summer”) | 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) | 冬 (dōng, “winter”) |
Compounds
edit- 丁冬 (dīngdōng)
- 三冬 (sāndōng)
- 三冬兩夏／三冬两夏
- 九冬
- 人工冬眠
- 仲冬
- 佳冬 (Jiādōng)
- 做冬
- 入冬 (rùdōng)
- 冒兒咕冬／冒儿咕冬
- 冬事
- 冬令 (dōnglìng)
- 冬令進補／冬令进补
- 冬候鳥／冬候鸟
- 冬儲／冬储
- 冬凌
- 冬初
- 冬夏 (dōngxià)
- 冬大過年／冬大过年
- 冬天 (dōngtiān)
- 冬季 (dōngjì)
- 冬季作物
- 冬季運動／冬季运动
- 冬寒
- 冬寒菜
- 冬小麥／冬小麦 (dōngxiǎomài)
- 冬心
- 冬扇夏爐／冬扇夏炉
- 冬日 (dōngrì)
- 冬日可愛／冬日可爱
- 冬暖夏涼／冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
- 冬月 (Dōngyuè)
- 冬水 (dōngshuǐ)
- 冬溫夏凊／冬温夏凊
- 冬灌
- 冬烘 (dōnghōng)
- 冬烘先生
- 冬狩
- 冬瓜 (dōngguā)
- 冬眠 (dōngmián)
- 冬筍／冬笋 (dōngsǔn)
- 冬節／冬节 (dōngjié)
- 冬粉 (dōngfěn)
- 冬至 (dōngzhì)
- 冬花 (dōnghuā)
- 冬菜 (dōngcài)
- 冬菇 (dōnggū)
- 冬藏
- 冬蟄／冬蛰
- 冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)
- 冬衣 (dōngyī)
- 冬裝／冬装 (dōngzhuāng)
- 冬賑／冬赈
- 冬防
- 冬風／冬风
- 冬麥／冬麦 (dōngmài)
- 初冬 (chūdōng)
- 嚴冬／严冬 (yándōng)
- 夏鑪冬扇／夏𬬻冬扇
- 天門冬／天门冬 (tiānméndōng)
- 孟冬
- 季冬 (Jìdōng)
- 寒冬 (hándōng)
- 寒冬臘月／寒冬腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)
- 幫冬／帮冬
- 忍冬 (rěndōng)
- 拜冬
- 撲冬冬／扑冬冬
- 撲通通冬／扑通通冬
- 暖冬 (nuǎndōng)
- 款冬
- 殘冬／残冬 (cándōng)
- 殘冬臘月／残冬腊月
- 無冬無夏／无冬无夏
- 玄冬
- 盛冬
- 矮冬瓜 (ǎidōngguā)
- 秋收冬藏
- 窮冬／穷冬
- 立冬 (Lìdōng)
- 紅冬冬／红冬冬
- 肥冬瘦年
- 臘盡冬殘／腊尽冬残
- 茄冬
- 越冬作物 (yuèdōng zuòwù)
- 過冬／过冬 (guòdōng)
- 開冬／开冬
- 隆冬 (lóngdōng)
- 麥冬／麦冬 (màidōng)
- 麥門冬／麦门冬 (màiméndōng)
Etymology 2
edit| For pronunciation and definitions of 冬 – see 鼕. (This character is the simplified form of 鼕). |
Notes:
|
References
edit- “冬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
edit| Shinjitai | 冬 | |
| Kyūjitai [1] |
冬 冬or 冬+ ︀?
|
|
| 冬󠄀 冬+ 󠄀?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
| 冬󠄃 冬+ 󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Kanji
edit冬
(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 冬)
Readings
edit- Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)←とう (tou, historical)
- Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)←とう (tou, historical)
- Kun: ふゆ (fuyu, 冬, Jōyō)
- Nanori: かず (kazu)、とし (toshi)、ふゆ (fuyu)
Compounds
editEtymology 1
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 冬 |
| ふゆ Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
⟨puyu⟩ → /ɸuju/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *puyu.
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- winter (season)
- Synonyms: 冬季 (tōki), 冬期 (tōki)
- 冬の狂風
- Fuyu no Kyōfū
- The Winds of Winter
Derived terms
editDerived terms
Coordinate terms
edit| Seasons in Japanese · 四季 (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 春 (haru, “spring”) 春季 (shunki, “spring”) 春期 (shunki, “spring period”) |
夏 (natsu, “summer”) 夏季 (kaki, “summer”) 夏期 (kaki, “summer period”) |
秋 (aki, “fall; autumn”) 秋季 (shūki, “fall; autumn”) 秋期 (shūki, “fall period”) |
冬 (fuyu, “winter”) 冬季 (tōki, “winter”) 冬期 (tōki, “winter period”) |
Etymology 2
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 冬 |
| とう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng).
Affix
editDerived terms
editDerived terms
See also
edit- ウィンター (wintā)
References
editKorean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng). Recorded as Middle Korean 도ᇰ (twong) (Yale: twong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
edit
Compounds
editReferences
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Okinawan
editKanji
edit冬
Readings
editEtymology
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 冬 |
| ふゆ Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
Compare Japanese 冬 (fuyu, “winter”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit冬 (fuyu)
References
edit- “ふゆ【冬】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Vietnamese
editHan character
editDerived terms
editReferences
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