ler

See also: LER, lèr, lêr, and -ler

Danish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /leːˀr/, [ˈleˀɐ̯], [ˈleɐ̯ˀ]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse leir, from Proto-Germanic *laizą, cognate with Norwegian leir, Swedish ler. Probably from the Indo-European root *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).

Noun

ler n (singular definite leret, not used in plural form)

clay

Declension

Declension of ler

neuter gender	Singular
neuter gender	indefinite	definite
nominative	ler	leret
genitive	lers	lerets

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

ler

present tense of le

Galician

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere. Compare Portuguese ler.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈleɾ]

Verb

ler (first-person singular present leo, first-person singular preterite lín, past participle lido)
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite lim or li, past participle lido, reintegrationist norm)

to read

Conjugation

Conjugation of ler (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leo	les	le	lemos	ledes	len
Imperfect	lía	lías	lía	liamos	liades	lían
Preterite	lín	liches	leu	lin	lestes	leron
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	leramos	lerades	leran
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes	lerán
Conditional	lería	lerías	lería	leriamos	leriades	lerían
Subjunctive
Present	lea	leas	lea	leamos	leades	lean
Imperfect	lese	leses	lese	lésemos	lésedes	lesen
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Imperative
Affirmative		le	lea	leamos	lede	lean
Negative (non)		non leas	non lea	non leamos	non leades	non lean

Reintegrated conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio, leo¹	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	lem, leem
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líades, líeis, líais¹	liam
Preterite	lim, li	leste, leche¹	leu	lemos	lestes	lêrom, leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêrades, lêreis, lêrais¹	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes, lereis	lerám, lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríades, leríeis, leríais¹	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia, lea¹	leias, leas¹	leia, lea¹	leiamos, leamos¹	leiades, leiais, leades¹	leiam, leam¹
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêssedes, lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia, lea¹	leiamos, leamos¹	lede	leiam, leam¹
Negative (nom)		nom leias, nom leas¹	nom leia, nom lea¹	nom leiamos, nom leamos¹	nom leiades, nom leiais, nom leades¹	nom leiam, nom leam¹

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

References

Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “leer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “leer”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ler”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ler”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ler”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Japanese

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whence r?”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɾa̠ː]

Suffix

ler(ラー) • (-rā)

Alternative form of er (ā)

Derived terms

Japanese terms suffixed with ler

Mirandese

Alternative forms

lher

Etymology

From Latin legere.

Verb

ler

to read

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /leːr/
Rhymes: -eːr

Verb

ler

present of le

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

ler

present of le

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

lez (likely a misspelling)

Etymology

Unknown. Likely from Proto-Celtic *liros.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/

Noun

ler m (plural lers)

sea, beach, shore
- 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)
  Foy eu madre veer / As barcas eno lez (sic) / E moirome damor
  I went, mother, to see / the boats at the shore, / and I'm dying of love.

Usage notes

Do not confuse with leer (“to read”).

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-.^[1] Cognate with Welsh llŷr.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈl͈ʲer/

Noun

ler m or n (genitive lir)

(masculine) sea, ocean
(neuter) a lot, multitude, large number

Inflection

As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ler	ler^L	lir^L
Vocative	lir	ler^L	liru^H
Accusative	ler^N	ler^L	liru^H
Genitive	lir^L	ler	ler^N
Dative	liur^L	leraib	leraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ler^N	ler^N	ler^L, lera
Vocative	ler^N	ler^N	ler^L, lera
Accusative	ler^N	ler^N	ler^L, lera
Genitive	lir^L	ler	ler^N
Dative	liur^L	leraib	leraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

Irish: lear
Scottish Gaelic: lear

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ler also ller after a proclitic ending in a vowel	ler pronounced with /l(ʲ)-/	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*liro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 241

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere (“to read”). Compare Galician ler and Spanish leer.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/ [ˈle(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɻ)/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈle.ɾi/

Homophone: lê (Brazil)
Hyphenation: ler

Verb

ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)

to read (to look at and interpret written information)
to read (to speak aloud written information)
(computing) to read (to fetch data from)
(reflexive, of text) to read (to be interpreted or read in a particular way)

Conjugation

Conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	leem, lêem¹
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líeis	liam
Preterite	li	leste	leu	lemos	lestes	leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêreis	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	lereis	lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríeis	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia	leias	leia	leiamos	leiais	leiam
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia	leiamos	lede	leiam
Negative (não)		não leias	não leia	não leiamos	não leiais	não leiam

¹Superseded.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ler.

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Macanese: lê
→ Makalero: leh (“to read”)

Romansch

Etymology 1

From Latin legō, legere.

Verb

ler

(Puter) to read

Alternative forms

leger (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Vallader)
liger (Sutsilvan, Surmiran)

Etymology 2

Verb

ler

(Sutsilvan) Alternative form of vuler

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From German leer.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /lêːr/
Hyphenation: ler

Noun

lȇr m (Cyrillic spelling ле̑р)

(regional, automotive) neutral

Declension

Declension of ler

	singular	plural
nominative	ler	leri
genitive	lera	lera
dative	leru	lerima
accusative	ler	lere
vocative	lere	leri
locative	leru	lerima
instrumental	lerom	lerima

References

“ler”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024

Swedish

Noun

ler c

clay; Contraction of lera., in the expression ler och långhalm

Verb

ler

present indicative of le

Anagrams

elr

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*liro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 241

[1]

ler

Danish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

See also

Etymology 2

Verb

Galician

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Related terms

References

Japanese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Mirandese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Verb

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

Verb

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Usage notes

Old Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Descendants

Mutation

References

Further reading

Portuguese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Quotations

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Romansch

Etymology 1

Verb

Alternative forms

Etymology 2

Verb

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

Swedish

Noun

Verb

Anagrams