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→Philosophy (Falsafa): writing a bridge between these two paragraphs. Remove the rudimentary remark on jinn (what have jinn to do with all this?)
→Philosophy (Falsafa): adding source for the claim that Ghazali's interpretation is based on ibn Sina's depiction on angels inspiring to do "good" combined with Sufi concepts such as Ilham.
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However, Muslim theologians, such as al-Suyuti, rejected the philosophical depiction on angels, based on hadiths stating that the angels have been created through the light of God ({{transliteration|ar|nūr}}). Thus, angels would have substance and could not merely be an intellectual entity as claimed by some philosophers.<ref>Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0</ref> This view is similar to the [[Salafism|Salafi methodology]] of [[Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin]]. He puts emphasis on that the belief in angels as literal, physical, and sentient creatures, is one of [[Iman (Islam)#The Six Articles of Faith|The Six Articles of Faith]] in Islam.<ref name="Uthaymeen; Syarh Usl Iman">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin |editor1-last=Saleh al-Saleh |title=شرح اصل الايمان/Explaining the foundations of faith |date=1998 |publisher=Cooperative Office for Call & Islamic Guidance at Unaizah; King Fahd National Library Cataloglng-in-Publication Data; Riyadh |isbn=9960-783-17-0 |pages=49–54 |url=https://archive.org/details/FP0523/mode/2up |access-date=19 November 2023 |chapter=The Belief in Angel}}</ref>
However, Muslim theologians, such as al-Suyuti, rejected the philosophical depiction on angels, based on hadiths stating that the angels have been created through the light of God ({{transliteration|ar|nūr}}). Thus, angels would have substance and could not merely be an intellectual entity as claimed by some philosophers.<ref>Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0</ref> This view is similar to the [[Salafism|Salafi methodology]] of [[Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin]]. He puts emphasis on that the belief in angels as literal, physical, and sentient creatures, is one of [[Iman (Islam)#The Six Articles of Faith|The Six Articles of Faith]] in Islam.<ref name="Uthaymeen; Syarh Usl Iman">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin |editor1-last=Saleh al-Saleh |title=شرح اصل الايمان/Explaining the foundations of faith |date=1998 |publisher=Cooperative Office for Call & Islamic Guidance at Unaizah; King Fahd National Library Cataloglng-in-Publication Data; Riyadh |isbn=9960-783-17-0 |pages=49–54 |url=https://archive.org/details/FP0523/mode/2up |access-date=19 November 2023 |chapter=The Belief in Angel}}</ref>


The influential Sunni Muslim author [[Al Ghazali|al-Ghazali]] ({{c.|1058}}–19 December 1111) reconciled the Islamic Neo-Platonists with traditional Sufi interpretations.<ref>Kianifard, Nazanin. "Al-Ghazali’s Compatibility with the Philosophers and the Influence of Sufism." Religious Inquiries 9.17 (2020): 59</ref> He divides human nature into four domains, each representing another type of creature: animals, beasts, devils and angels.<ref>Zh. D. Dadebayev, M.T. Kozhakanova, I.K.Azimbayeva ''Human's Anthropological Appearance in Abai Kunanbayev's Works'' World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
The influential Sunni Muslim author [[Al Ghazali|al-Ghazali]] ({{c.|1058}}–19 December 1111) reconciled the Islamic Neo-Platonists with traditional Sufi interpretations.<ref>Tamer, Georges. Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary. Vol. 1. Vol. 94. Brill, 2015. p. 103</ref><ref>Kianifard, Nazanin. "Al-Ghazali’s Compatibility with the Philosophers and the Influence of Sufism." Religious Inquiries 9.17 (2020): 59</ref> He divides human nature into four domains, each representing another type of creature: animals, beasts, devils and angels.<ref>Zh. D. Dadebayev, M.T. Kozhakanova, I.K.Azimbayeva ''Human's Anthropological Appearance in Abai Kunanbayev's Works'' World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol:6 2012-06-23 p. 1065</ref> The spiritual components are related to ({{transliteration|ar|[[malakut]]}}), the plane in which symbols take on form, angels and devils advise the human hearth ({{transliteration|ar|qalb}}).<ref name="Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn">{{cite book |author1=Amira El-Zein |title=Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn |date=2009 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |pages=34–51 |jstor=j.ctt1j5d836 |quote=Wings It is known angels have wings.}</ref> However, the angels also inhabit the realm beyond considered the realm from which reason ({{transliteration|ar|'aql}}) derives from and devils have no place.
Vol:6 2012-06-23 p. 1065</ref> The spiritual components are related to ({{transliteration|ar|[[malakut]]}}), the plane in which symbols take on form, angels and devils advise the human hearth ({{transliteration|ar|qalb}}).<ref name="Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn">{{cite book |author1=Amira El-Zein |title=Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn |date=2009 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |pages=34–51 |jstor=j.ctt1j5d836 |quote=Wings It is known angels have wings.}</ref> However, the angels also inhabit the realm beyond considered the realm from which reason ({{transliteration|ar|'aql}}) derives from and devils have no place.


Revision as of 21:37, 21 November 2024

Angel in a Persian miniature, in the style of Bukhara, 16th century.

In Islam, angels (Arabic: ملاك٬ ملك‎, romanized: malāk; plural: ملائِكة‎, malāʾik/malāʾikah or Persian: فرشته, romanized: ferešte) are believed to be heavenly beings, created from a luminous origin by God.[1][2][3][4] The Quran is the principal source for the Islamic concept of angels,[5] but more extensive features of angels appear in hadith literature, Mi'raj literature, Islamic exegesis, theology, philosophy, and mysticism.[3][4][6]

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Generally, belief in angels is one of the core tenets within Islam, as it is one of the six articles of faith.[7][8] Angels are more prominent in Islam compared to Judeo-Christian tradition.[9] The angels differ from other spiritual creatures in their attitude as creatures of virtue, in contrast to evil devils (Arabic: شَيَاطِين, romanized: šayāṭīn or Persian: دیو, romanized: dīv) and ambiguous jinn (Arabic: جِنّ or Persian: پَری, romanized: parī).[10][3][11][12] Despite being considered to be virtuous beings, angels are not necessarily bringers of good news, as per Islamic tradition, angels can perform grim and violent tasks.[13]

Angels are conceptualized as servants of God. As such, they are said to lack passion and bodily desires. If angels can nevertheless fail, is debated in Islam. Contemporary Salafis usually hold the opinion that angels are always obedient and never fail to perform their tasks. In contrast, schools of theology (Kalām) often accept the fallibility of angels. Māturīdites say that the heavenly creatures are tested, and angels may fail such a test, whereupon they are dismissed from their duties. Some Ashʿarite likewise argue that angels can fail. In contrast, most Mu'tazilites, including some Asharis such as al-Razi, consider angels to be infallible. Though some Muslim scholars may accept a certain degree of angelic fallibility, these angels do not rebel on their own part against God but fail to complete their task properly.

In Sufism, angels are related to the nature of reason ('aql). According to Sufi cosmology, they connect the higher realms of the intellect with the lower world of matter. Thus, the human mind is conceptualized to form a connection with the heavenly spheres (malakūt) through such heavenly entities associated with (nūr). In contrast, the devils attempt to disturb the connection by diverging the mind to the lower spheres, thus associated with fire (nār).

Etymology

Angel Blowing a Woodwind, ink and opaque watercolor painting from Safavid Iran, c. 1500, Honolulu Academy of Arts.

The Quranic word for angel (Arabic: ملك, romanized: malak) derives either from Malaka, meaning "he controlled", due to their power to govern different affairs assigned to them,[14] or from the triliteral root '-l-k, l-'-k or m-l-k with the broad meaning of a "messenger", just as its counterpart in Hebrew (malʾákh). Unlike the Hebrew word, however, the term is used exclusively for heavenly spirits of the divine world, as opposed to human messengers. The Quran refers to both angelic and human messengers as rasul instead.[15]

Characteristics

Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript Jami' al-Tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, 1307 AD.

In Islam, angels are heavenly creatures created by God. They are considered older than humans and jinn.[16] Although Muslim authors disagree on the exact nature of angels, they agree that they are autonomous entities with subtle bodies.[17]: 508  Yet, both concepts of angels as anthropomorphic creatures with wings and as abstract forces are acknowledged.[5] Angels play an important role in Muslim everyday life by protecting the believers from evil influences and recording the deeds of humans. They have different duties, including their praise of God, interacting with humans in ordinary life, defending against devils (shayāṭīn) and carrying on natural phenomena.[4]

In Islamic philosophy angelic qualities, just as devilish ones, are assumed to be part of human's nature, the angelic one related to the spirit (ruh) and reason (aql), while the devilish one to egoism.[18] Angels might accompany aspiring saints or advise pious humans.

One of the Islamic major characteristic is their lack of bodily desires; they never get tired, do not eat or drink, and have no anger.[19] Various Islamic scholars such as Ibn Kathir, Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Tabari, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, and Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar also quoted that angels do not need to consume food or drinks.[20] They are also described as immortal, unlike jinn.[21] In Islamic traditions, they are described as being created from incorporeal light (Nūr) or fire (Nar).[22][23][a] Ahmad Sirhindi, a 17th-century Indian scholar, has added, that angels can take various shapes.[32]

Purity

Angels believed to be engaged in human affairs are closely related to Islamic purity and modesty rituals. Many hadiths, including Muwatta Imam Malik from one of the Kutub al-Sittah, talk about angels being repelled by humans' state of impurity.[33]: 323  It is argued that if driven away by ritual impurity, the Kiraman Katibin, who record people's actions,[33]: 325  and the guardian angel,[33]: 327  will not perform their tasks assigned to the individual. Another hadith specifies, during the state of impurity, bad actions are still written down, but good actions are not.

When a person tells a lie, angels nearby are separated from the person from the stench the lie emanates.[33]: 328  Angels also depart from humans when they are naked or are having a bath out of decency, but also curse people who are nude in public.[33]: 328  Ahmad Sirhindi has mentioned that the angels nobility are because their substances are created from luminous light.[32]

Angels are believed to be attracted to clean and sacred places. Impure conditions, such as dogs or unclean places, may impede an angels' duty.[34][35][36][37]

Obedience

The possibility and degree of angels errability is debated in Islam.[38] Hasan of Basra (d. 728) is often considered one of the first who asserted the doctrine of angelic infallibility. He furthermore argued that this makes angels superior to humans, a position not shared by either early Sunnis nor Shias.[39] Others accepted the possibility of fallible angels, with most debated topic in Islam were the story about competing angels and humans in the tale of Harut and Marut, who were tested to determine, whether or not, angels would do better than humans under the same circumstances,[40] a tradition opposed by some scholars, such as Ahmad ibn Taimiyya, but still accepted by others, such as Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[41] The notion that angels are free from bodily urges is commonly accepted by Mu'tazilites and Asharites.[42] Maturidism generally holds the view that angels are not inherently flawless, but their virtues derive from their insights into God's wisdom.[43][44]

In a comment by Gibril Haddad on Qadi Baydawi's defense on angelic fallibility in his Tafsir al-Baydawi it is said that the angels' "obedience is their nature while their disobedience is a burden, while human beings' obedience is a burden and their hankering after lust is their nature."[17]: 546  Since obedience of angels is not discussed when talking about the identity of Iblis, the idea that angels are unable to sin might not have been a universal issue in early Islamic exegetical tradition.[45]

It has been argued that from the traditions of ibn Abbas and Hasan of Basra two different opinions derived; one regarding Iblis as a fallen angel and accepting that angels could sin, the other regarding Iblis as distinct from the angels and rejecting that angels could sin.[45]

Infallible

Islamic scholars who reject the concept of the fallen angel, refer to Surah At-Tahrim 66:6 "not disobeying" and Al-Anbiya 21:19 of "not acting arrogant",[46] and in Al-Anbiya 21:27 of "not presumptuous", as support for their view:[47]

[6] O believers! Protect yourselves and your families from a Fire whose fuel is people and stones, overseen by formidable and severe angels, who never disobey whatever Allah orders—always doing as commanded.

To exclude Iblis from the angels, Ibn Taymiyya argues that Surah 2:34 uses an Istithna Munqathi, an Arabic linguistic form in order to exclude a subject from the main grouping. Accordingly, he argues, that the verse is meant to exclude Iblis from being an angel as a species and that Iblis hailed from jinn species instead.[48][49] Azza bint Muhammad ar-Rashid from the Islamic university of Minnesota faculty of Islamic creed; has compiled that several other notable scholars aside from Ibn Kathir who supported the notion that "Iblis was not an angel" were Ibn Hazm, Al-Mawardi, Al-Baghawi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, and Al-Uthaymin.[50][better source needed]

This view were followed by most modern scholars of Salafism, that they rejecting account of fallen angels entirely,[51] and choosing the interpretation of Ibn Kathir in defending Harut and Marut innocence in this case.[52][53][better source needed]

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi is an exception to most mutakallimūn, accepting that angels can commit errors. He agrees with the Mu'tazilites and philosophers that angels cannot commit sin. He goes further and includes to the six articles of faith not only belief in angels, but one must also believe in their infallibility.[54]

Fallible

The angels Harut and Marut punished by hanging over the well, condemned to teach sorcery. (c. 1703)

Those who support that angels could commit sins or are fallible argue that if angels could not sin, there was no reason to praise them for obedience.[17]: 546  Al-Maturidi (853–944 CE) states that, like humans, the angels were tested[43] and concludes angels have free-will:[55]

By calling the stars adornment of the heavens, we can deduce another meaning: that is, the inhabitants of the heavens themselves are put to the test to see which of them is the best in deeds, exactly as the inhabitants of the earth were put to test by these very adornments, for don't you see that God has said in Sūrat al-Kahf [Q. 18:7], We have made what is on earth an adornment for them, that they be tested which of them is best in deeds. Thus, God in this verse is stating that adornment is there for testing here for testing. (anna'l-zīna li'l-imtihãn).

Asharite scholar al-Baydawi also added that "certain angels are not infallible even if infallibility is prevalent among them — just as certain human beings are infallible but fallibility is prevalent among them."[17]: 545  Similarly al-Anbiya (21:29) stresses out that if an angel were to claim divinity for himself, he would be sentenced to hell, implying that angels might commit such a sin.[43][56] This verse is generally associated with Iblis (Satan), who is generally thought of as an angel in these reports. In response to the reference to Iblis as "one of the jinn" somewhere else in the Quran, an alternative translation reads "became one of the jinn", indicating that took away his angelic qualities.[57] Yet others say that the term does not refer to the (genus of) jinn, but calls Iblis and his angels "al-jinn" due to their origin from jannah.[58] The presence of two fallen angels referred to as Harut and Marut, further hindered their complete absolution from potentially sinning.[17]: 548 [59]

Surah 2:30 portrays the angels arguing with God that the creation of Adam will cause disruption and suffering. The implication of the text is that Iblis does not part ways with God because he disbelieved but because he has a positive, though misguided, motive behind the creation of Adam. In this context, the term kāfir refers to "disobedience" no "unbelief", as Iblis does not deny the existence of God.[60] In his commentary, İsmail Hakkı elaborates that only the "angels of the earth" (ملائكة الارض), who previously battled the jinn, were disputing. Due to their abode on earth, their perception of heavenly wisdom is veiled, and thus, unlike the angels in the "higher realms", were subject to error. Among these earthly angels were also Harut and Marut and Iblis (ʿAzāzīl). Just like the jinn and devils, the fallen angels are a source of temptation for humans.[61]

Sufism

1543 illustration of the Mi'raj from an edition of the Khamsa of Nizami Ganjavi created for Shah Tahmasp I[62]

Just as in non-Sufi-related traditions, angels are thought of as created of light. Al-Jili specifies that the angels are created from the Light of Muhammad and in his attribute of guidance, light and beauty.[63] Influenced by Ibn Arabi's Sufi metaphysics, Haydar Amuli identifies angels as created to represent different names/attributes of God's beauty, while the devils are created in accordance with God's attributes of Majesty, such as "The Haughty" or "The Domineering".[64]

Andalusian scholar ibn Arabi argues that a human generally ranks below angels, but developed to al-Insān al-Kāmil, ranks above them. While most earlier Sufis (like Hasan al-Basri) advised their disciples to imitate the angels, Ibn-Arabi advised them to surpass the angels. The angels being merely a reflection of the Divine Names in accordance within the spiritual realm, humans experience the Names of God manifested both in the spiritual and in the material world.[65][66] This reflects the major opinion that prophets and messengers among humans rank above angels, but the ordinary human below an angel, while the messengers among angels rank higher than prophets and messengers among humans.[42] Ibn Arabi elaborates his ranking in al-Futuhat based on a report by Tirmidhi. Accordingly, Muhammad intercedes for the angels first, then for (other) prophets, saints, believers, animals, plants and inanimate objects last, this explaining the hierarchy of beings in general Muslim thought.[67]

In later Sufism, angels do not appear as merely models for the mystic but also their companions. Humans, in a state between earth and heaven, seek angels as guidance to reach the upper realms.[65] Some authors have suggested that some individual angels in the microcosmos represent specific human faculties on a macrocosmic level.[68] According to a common belief, if a Sufi can not find a sheikh to teach him, he will be taught by the angel Khidr.[69][70] The presence of an angel depends on human's obedience to divine law. Dirt, depraved morality and desecration may ward off an angel.[65] A saint might be given the ability to see angels as gift (karāmāt) from God.[71]

Ahmad al-Tijani, founder of the Tijaniyyah order, narrates that angels are created through the words of humans. Through good words an angel of mercy is created, but through evil words an angel of punishment is created. By God's degree, if someone repents from evil words, the angel of punishment may turn into an angel of mercy.[72]

Philosophy (Falsafa)

Muslim philosophers, such as al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā, drew from Aristotelism and Neo-Platonism a hierarchy of causal effects. God created the divine Intellect known from Aristotelian cosmology[73][74] and the writings of Plotinus, is identified with an angel (usually Gabriel). The archangel then influences other cosmic intellects who in turn influence the sublunary world.[75][76][77]

Islamic Modernist scholars such as Muhammad Asad and Ghulam Ahmed Parwez have suggested a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels.[78] According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, human and angels. Muslim philosophers usually define angels as substances endowed with reason and immortality. Humans and animals are mortal, but only men have reason. Devils are unreasonable like animals, but immortal like angels.[79][80]

However, Muslim theologians, such as al-Suyuti, rejected the philosophical depiction on angels, based on hadiths stating that the angels have been created through the light of God (nūr). Thus, angels would have substance and could not merely be an intellectual entity as claimed by some philosophers.[81] This view is similar to the Salafi methodology of Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin. He puts emphasis on that the belief in angels as literal, physical, and sentient creatures, is one of The Six Articles of Faith in Islam.[7]

The influential Sunni Muslim author al-Ghazali (c. 1058–19 December 1111) reconciled the Islamic Neo-Platonists with traditional Sufi interpretations.[82][83] He divides human nature into four domains, each representing another type of creature: animals, beasts, devils and angels.[84] The spiritual components are related to (malakut), the plane in which symbols take on form, angels and devils advise the human hearth (qalb).[21] However, the angels also inhabit the realm beyond considered the realm from which reason ('aql) derives from and devils have no place.

While the angels endow the human mind with reason, advices virtues and leads to worshipping God, the devil perverts the mind and tempts to abusing the spiritual nature by committing sins, such as lying, betrayal, and deceit. The angelic natures advices how to use the animalistic body properly, while the devil perverts it.[85] In this regard, the plane of a human is, unlike whose of the jinn (here: angels and devils) [86] and animals, not pre-determined. Humans are potentially both angels and devils, depending on whether the sensual soul or the rational soul develop.[87][88]

In Salafism

Contemporary Salafism continues to regard the belief in angels as a pillar of Islam and regards the rejection of the literal belief in angels as unbelief and an innovation brought by secularism and Positivism. Modern reinterpretations, as for example suggested by Nasr Abu Zayd, are strongly disregarded. Simultaneously, many traditional materials regarding angels are rejected on the ground, they would not be authentic. The Muslim Brotherhood scholars Sayyid Qutb and Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar reject much established material concerning angels, such as the story of Harut and Marut or naming the Angel of Death Azrail. Sulayman Ashqar not only rejects the traditional material itself, he furthermore disapproves of scholars who use them.[89]

Classification of angels

Muhammad and the Angel Gabriel by Abd al-Razzak

Islam has no standard hierarchical organization that parallels the division into different "choirs" or spheres hypothesized and drafted by early medieval Christian theologians, but generally distinguishes between the angels in heaven (karubiyin) fully absorbed in the ma'rifa (knowledge) of God and the messengers (rasūl) who carry out divine decrees between heaven and earth.[90][91] Others add a third group of angels, and categorize angels into İlliyyûn Mukarrebûn (those around God's throne), Mudabbirât (carrying the laws of nature), and Rasūl (messengers).[92] Since angels are not equal in status and are consequently delegated to different tasks to perform, some authors of tafsir (mufassirūn) divided angels into different categories.

Al-Baydawi records that Muslim scholars divide angels in at least two groups: those who are self-immersed in knowledge of "the Truth" (al-Haqq), based on "they laud night and day, they never wane" (21:29), they are the "highmost" and "angels brought near" and those who are the executors of commands, based on "they do not disobey Allah in what He commanded them but they do what they are commanded" (66:6), who are the administers of the command of heaven to earth.[17]: 509 

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 1209) divided the angels into eight groups, which shows some resemblance to Christian angelology:[93]

Angels in Islamic art

Muhammad advancing on Mecca, with the angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail. (Siyer-i Nebi, 16th century)

Angels in Islamic art often appear in illustrated manuscripts of Muhammad's life. Other common depictions of angels in Islamic art include angels with Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden, angels discerning the saved from the damned on the Day of Judgement, and angels as a repeating motif in borders or textiles.[95] Islamic depictions of angels resemble winged Christian angels, although Islamic angels are typically shown with multicolored wings.[95] Angels, such as the archangel Gabriel, are typically depicted as masculine, which is consistent with God's rejection of feminine depictions of angels in several verses of Quran.[96] Nevertheless, later depictions of angels in Islamic art are more feminine and androgynous.[95]

The 13th century book Ajā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt (The Wonders of Creation) by Zakariya al-Qazwini describes Islamic angelology, and is often illustrated with many images of angels. The angels are typically depicted with bright, vivid colors, giving them unusual liveliness and other-worldly translucence.[97] While some angels are referred to as "Guardians of the Kingdom of God," others are associated with hell. An undated manuscript of The Wonders of Creation from the Bavarian State Library in Munich includes depictions of angels both alone and alongside humans and animals.[97] Angels are also illustrated in Timurid and Ottoman manuscripts, such as The Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad's Ascension (Mir'ajnama) and the Siyer-i Nebi.[98]

Bektashi Alevism

Despite its heterodoxy, Alevis believe in the Quran, the revelation by Muhammad, the afterlife, and angels, pretty much as Sunnis do.[99] Like orthodox Muslims, Alevis believe that Muhammad undertook the heavenly journey guided by the angel Gabriel (Turkish: Cebrâil), mentioned in the Quran (Surah 17), as evident from the miraçlama, a form of poetry (deyiş) remniscient of Anatolian folk songs.[100] Alevis affirm the Quranic message that angels were ordered to bow down before Adam, and for that reason, believe that humans inherent a special status.[101] Some Alevis believe that good and bad angels are merely symbols and do not believe in their literal existence.[102]

Angels are also mentioned in Alevi-spiritual literature. The cosmology outllined in the Buyruks ascribes a central role to angels. Accordingly, when God created the angels, God tested them by asking who they are. Those angels who responded "You are the Creator and I am the created." were the good angels, while those who claimed independency by stating "You are you; I am I" were burned.[103] Whereby, the destroyed angels feature as an example of spiritual ignorance.[104] Similar to the Quran, the story continues with that the angel Azâzîl, overcome by his ego, refuses to bow before the light, arguing that the light is a created thing and thus, cannot be the creator, and accordingly unworthy of prostration.[105] In contrast to Sunni tradition however, the light symbolizes Ali and Muhammad, not Adam.[106] Besides Gabriel and Azazil, other angels, such as the Kiraman Katibin also appear in the text.[107]

List of angels

A narrative transmitted from Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, audited and commented by two hadith commentary experts in the modern era, Shuaib Al Arna'ut.[108] and Muḥammad 'Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Mubarakpuri,[109] has spoken several hadiths from Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and Al-Sunan al-Sughra; that Muhammad said the number of angels were countless, to the point that there is no space in the sky as wide as four fingers, unless there is an angel resting his forehead, prostrating to God.[109][108]

Archangels (karubiyin)

According to one source, there are four special angels (karubiyin)[110] considered to rank above the other angels in Islam. They have proper names, and central tasks are associated with them:

These four angels were specifically regarded by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Sabith, a Tabi'un as regulator of natural orders such as windblow, rain, plants growth, death, and tasks from God about aforementioned.[128][129]

Mentioned in the Quran

A 16th-century Siyer-i Nebi image of angel Gabriel visiting Muhammad
Muhammad requests Maalik to show him Hell during his heavenly journey. Miniature from The David Collection.
  • Angels of Hell:
  • Angels who distribute provisions, rain, and other blessings by God's command; Mentioned in Qur'an chapter Adh-Dhariyat Quran 51:4 [145][146]
  • Ra'd: Angel of thunders, a name of angel who drive and regulating the clouds and rains in their task given by God were mentioned in Quran 13:13[147][148] Ibn Taymiyyah in his work, Majmu al-Fatwa al-Kubra, has quoted the Marfu hadith transmitted by Ali ibn abi Talib, that Ra'd were the name of angel who herded the dark clouds like a shepherd.[147][149] Ali further narrated that thunder (Ra'dan Arabic: رعدان) was the growling voices of Ra'd while herding the clouds, while lightning strikes (Sawa'iq Arabic: صوائق) were a flaming device used by the said angel in gathering and herding the raining clouds.[147] Al-Suyuti narrated from the hadith transmitted from Ibn Abbas about the lightning angel, while giving further commentary that hot light produced by lightning (Barq Arabic: برق) were the emitted light produced from a whip device used by those angels.[147][149] Saudi Grand Mufti Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz also ruled on the sunnah practice of reciting Sura Ar-Ra'd, Ayah 13 Quran 13:13 (Translated by Shakir) whenever a Muslim hears the sound of thunder, as this was practiced according to the hadith tradition narrated by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.[150] The non-canonical interpretation from Salaf generation scholars regarding the tradition from Ali has described that etymologically ar-Ra'd means a movement of celestial clouds caused by the compression of air inside the cloud. This analogical explanation also defined as the metaphysical movement of the angel who moved clouds, as the basic Islamic tenet agreed that every movements within the universe resulted from the action or interference of the angels. Such example that voice of a person resulted from the movement a lips, tongue, teeth, epiglottis, and throat.[151]
  • Hamalat al-'Arsh, those who carry the 'Arsh (Throne of God),[152] Mentioned in chapter Ghafir Quran 40:7 and Al-Haqqa Quran 69:17.[153] These angels are comparable to the Christian Seraphim.[154]
  • Harut and Marut, a pair of angels who taught humans in Babylon magic; mentioned in Quran (2:102).[155] Some scholars, such as Hasan al-Basri, don't consider Harut and Marut to be angels.[156][157] Ibn Abbas and As Suddi opined they are indeed angels, but with a mission to test humans, while al-Tabari and Al-Qurtubi opined they are fallen angels for teaching humans about knowledge of magic.[158][52]

Mentioned in canonical hadith tradition

  • The angels of the Seven Heavens.[citation needed]
  • Jundullah, those who helped Muhammad in the battlefield.[159]
  • Those that give the spirit to the fetus in the womb and are charged with four commands: to write down his provision, his life-span, his actions, and whether he will be wretched or happy.[160]
  • Malakul Jibaal (The Angel of the Mountains), met by the Prophet after his ordeal at Taif.[161]
  • Munkar and Nakir, who question the dead in their graves.[162]
  • Blind-deaf angel of punishment. the third angel who accompany Munkar and Nakir in punishing sinners during their time in Barzakh. In long hadith which transmitted by Al-Bara' ibn Azib, this angel was described as lacking eyesight and hearing (in some transmission the angel is blind and mute). Furthermore, the angel carrying a sledgehammer (or iron rod in some transmission) which described cannot be lifted by entire mankind and jinn even if they all unite their strength to do so. Amother feature of the sledgehammer was it produce metaphysical thundering sound which cannot be heard by living humans. the mission of this blind-deaf angel is to torture the sinner by crushing the head of sinners with such sledgehammer, and repeat the sequence after the sinner's head miraculously recovered to normal after the first strike. The hadith narrates this punishment by the angel will be repeated until Judgement Day.[163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170] Addendum from Fath al-Bari stated such angelic creature also carrying whip-like tool which end was a hot coal that has it size as big as a camel's head, which the angel used to punish the sinners.[171]
  • Angel of ice and fire, an angel Muhammad met during his night journey composed of ice and fire.[citation needed]
  • Angel who bestowed with strength equal of 70,000 angels and has 70,000 wings.[142] This angel were narrated in Al-Dur al-Manthur were able to see Al-ʽArsh, which were made of red ruby.[142]
  • Sakina, According to Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz, in his commentary of Sahih al-Bukhari Hadith transmitted by Usayd ibn Hudayr; Sakina is an angel who brought tranquility to the reciters of Quran.[172]
Muhammad encounters the angel composed of fire and ice during his Night journey. Miniature from a copy of al-Sarai's Nahj al-Faradis from The David Collection

According to hadith transmitted by Ibn Abbas, Muhammad encountered several significant angels on his journey through the celestial spheres.[173][174] Many scholars such as Al-Tha'labi drew their exegesis upon this narrative, but it never led to an established angelology as known in Christianity. The principal angels of the heavens are called Malkuk, instead of Malak.[175]

The rooster angel, in Miraj Literature, was held to be "enormous" and "white", and the comb on the top of his head "graze[d] the foot of Allah's celestial throne, its feet reach[ed] the earth", and its wings were thought to be large enough to "envelop both heaven and earth" and were covered with emeralds and pearls.[176] It is also thought to wake up mankind every morning through means like making "cocks below on Earth...crow" when it opens its mouth.[177]

First heaven Second heaven Third heaven Fourth heaven Fifth heaven Sixth heaven Seventh heaven
Habib Angel of Death Maalik Salsa'il Kalqa'il Mikha'il (Archangel) Israfil
Rooster angel Angels of death Angel with seventy heads Angels of the sun - Cherubim Bearers of the Throne
Ismail (or Riḍwan) Mika'il Arina'il - - Shamka'il Afra'il

Mentioned in non canonical tradition

  • Ridwan, the keeper of Paradise.
  • Artiya'il, the angel who removes grief and depression from the children of Adam.[5]
  • The angels charged with each existent thing, maintaining order and warding off corruption. Their exact number is known only to God.[c][179]
  • Darda'il (The Journeyers), who travel the earth searching out assemblies where people remember God's name.[180]

Disputed

  • Dhul-Qarnayn, believed by some to be an angel or "part-angel" based on the statement of Umar bin Khattab.[181]
  • Khidr, sometimes regarded as an angel which took human form and thus able to reveal hidden knowledge exceeding those of the prophets to guide and help people or prophets.[182]
  • Azazil, considered the name of Satan before his fall by those who agree that he was an angel once.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angels in Islam.

Notes

  1. ^ Differences between nūr and nar have been debated in Islam. In Arabic, both terms are closely related morphologically and phonetically.[24] Baydawi explains that the term light serves only as a proverb, but fire and light refers actually to the same substance.[25] Apart from light, other traditions also mention exceptions about angels created from fire, ice or water.[26] Tabari argued that both can be seen as the same substance, since both pass into each other but refer to the same thing on different degrees.[27] Asserting that both fire and light are actually the same but on different degrees can also be found by Qazwini and Ibishi.[28][29] In his work Al-Hay'a as-samya fi l-hay'a as-sunmya, Suyuti asserts that the angels are created from "fire that eats, but does not drink".[30] Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi argued that only the angels of mercy are created from light, but angels of punishment have been created from fire.[31]
  2. ^ Al-Tabari recorded several interpretations about the Nashi'at and Nashitat angels from Ibn Abbas, Mujahid ibn Jabr, and Qatada ibn Di'ama, among others.[132]
  3. ^ According to Muhammad al-Bukhari, when Muhammad journeyed through the celestial spheres and met Ibrahim in Bait al-Makmur, there are 70,000 angels in that place.[7] [178] (not a total number of angels)

References

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    • Id: Ibnu Abbas ia berkata: “Pernah datang beberapa orang yahudi kepada Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam dan berkata, “Wahai Abul Qasim, beritahukanlah kami tentang guruh! Apa sebenarnya dia?” Beliau menjawab, “Dia adalah salah satu malaikat Allah yang ditugaskan mengurus awan mendung, di tangannya ada beberapa sabetan dari api, digiringnya awan dengan sabetan itu ke tempat yang Allah kehendaki.” Mereka bertanya lagi, “Lalu apa suara yang kami dengar ini?” Beliau menjawab, “Penggiringannya kepada awan ketika dia menggiringnya sampai tiba ke tempat yang diperintahkan.” Orang-orang Yahudi berkata, “Engkau benar.” (HR. Tirmidzi, dishahihkan oleh Syaikh Al Albani dalam Shahih At Tirmidzi 3/262 dan as-Sahihah no. 1872)
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  157. ^ Stephen Burge (2015). Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0.
  158. ^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009). The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 1) 2nd Edition. MSA Publication Limited. p. 180=190. ISBN 9781861797636. Retrieved 27 July 2024. Abu Ja'far ar-Razi said that Rabi bin Anas said that Qays bin Abbad said that Ibn Abbas said... "...they would discourage him and say to him 'We are only a test, so do not fall into disbelief..."; as-Suddi also said "...."...neither of these two (angels) taught anyone (such things) till they had said, "we are for trial, so disbelieve not (by learning magic from us)"
  159. ^ Surah Al-Anfaal Ayah #09 Where ALLAH said, (Remember) when you asked help of your Lord, and he answered you, indeed, I will reinforce you with a thousand from the Angels, following one another. This Ayah affirms the statement of Ar-Rabi bin Anas in Tafsir ibn e kathir while explaining the Tafsir of Ayah no 12 of surah Al-Anfal where he said in the Aftermath of badr, the people used to recognize whomever the Angels killed from those whom they killed, by the wound over their necks, fingers, and toes because those parts had Mark as if they were branded by fire.
  160. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:6:315
  161. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:54:454
  162. ^ Sahih al-Tirmidhi In-book reference  : Book 10, Hadith 107 | English translation  : Vol. 2, Book 5, Hadith 1071
  163. ^ Abu Dawud al-Sijistani. "متون الحديث chapter 4" [Matan Hadith (Hadith text)]. Islamweb. المكتبة العصرية. p. 240. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  164. ^ "التصنيف: الفضائل والآداب . الرقائق والمواعظ . أهوال القبور " [Classification: Virtues and manners. Asceticism and sermons. Horrors of the grave.]. hadeethenc.com (in Arabic). جرير قال: «ثم يُقَيَّض له أعمى أَبْكَم معه مِرْزَبّة من حديد، لو ضُرب بها جبل لصار ترابا» قال: «فيضربه بها ضربة يسمعها ما بين المشرق والمغرب إلا الثَّقَلين، فيصير ترابا» قال: «ثم تُعاد فيه الروح
  165. ^ "الموسوعة الحديثية". dorar.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 26 July 2024. Narrator: Al-Bara’ bin Azib; Narrator of Hadith: Abu Dawud; Source: Sunan Abi Dawud; Page or number: 4753; Addendum: Jabir ibn 'Abd Allah: Summary of the narrator's ruling: He was silent about it [and he said in his letter to the people of Mecca that everything he was silent about is authentic]; Grade: Narrated by Abu Dawud (4753) and the wording is his, and Ahmad (18557)
  166. ^ Al-Albani. Ahkam al-Janaiz wa Bid'aha (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Maktabat al-Ma'aref. p. 159. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  167. ^ Ibrahim Desai (2002). "Punishment in the Grave". albalagh.net. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  168. ^ Manshur El-Mubarok (2016). Rahman, Radindra (ed.). Panduan Praktis agar Selamat di Alam Kubur: Amalan-amalan agar selamat di alam kubur [Practical Guide to be Safe in the Grave: Practices to be safe in the grave] (in Indonesian). Wahyu Qolbu. p. 147. ISBN 978-6027331563. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  169. ^ Front Cover Muhammad Al-Manjabi Al-Hanbali (2007). Menghadapi Musibah Kematian: Cara Tepat Menyikapi Kepergian Orang-Orang Terdekat [Dealing with Death: The Right Way to Deal with the Passing of Those Closest to You] (in Indonesian). Hikmah. p. 184. ISBN 978-9791141048. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  170. ^ the Bavarian State Library (1892). "The Muslim Hell". The Nineteenth Century and After: A Monthly Review, Volume 31. King. pp. 435–436. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  171. ^ Agus Hasan Bashori (11 November 2009). "Aqidah Adzab Kubur Mutawatir" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 July 2024. Fath al-Bari 3/237-240
  172. ^ Muslim al-Atsariy (2007). "Malaikat Turun Dari Langit Karena Bacaan Al-Qur'an". At-Tabi'in. Qiyam At-Tabi'in Foundation (YAQITA). Retrieved 10 November 2023. "Sakinah hanya turun di dalam pembacaan Al-Qur'an saja, adapun pembacaan hadits, maka malaikat lain yang akan berkumpul. Dan tidak-lah sampai (riwayat) kepada kami tentang turunnya Sakinah kecuali di dalam pembacaan Al-Qur'an, dan ini tidak diqiyaskan (disamakan dengan pembacaan hadits atau lainnya). Adapun Sakinah adalah jenis khusus malaikat yang turun untuk mendengarkan Al-Qur'an" En= Sakinah only descends for the readers of the Koran, as for the reading of the hadith, other angels will gather. And none (exegesis) has come to us about the revelation of the Sakinah except in the reading of the Al-Qur'an, and this cannot be analogized (qiyas). Sakinah is a special type of angel who descends to listen to the Koran.
    The commentary of Sahih Bukhari by Ibn Baaz
  173. ^ Hajjah Amina Adil (2012). "Ezra". Muhammad the Messenger of Islam: His life & prophecy. BookBaby. ISBN 978-1-618-42913-1.
  174. ^ Colby, Frederick S (2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7518-8.
  175. ^ Josef von Hammer-Purgstall Die Geisterlehre der Moslimen Staatsdruckerei, 1852 digit. 22 July 2010 p. 8 (in German)
  176. ^ Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.). The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images. Köln: Taschen. p. 328. ISBN 978-3-8365-1448-4.
  177. ^ Vallance, Jeffrey. "#6". Hotel. Chapelle de Poulet. United Kingdom. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  178. ^ Kelas 07 SMP Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti Siswa 2017 (Islamic and Character Education for Grade 7 Junior High School 2017). Jakarta: Curriculum and Bookkeeping Center, Ministry of Education of Indonesia. 2017. p. 98. ISBN 978-602-282-912-6.
  179. ^ The Vision of Islam by Sachiko Murata & William Chittick pg 86-87
  180. ^ "Shirath (Jembatan) | www.dinul-islam.org". July 25, 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011.
  181. ^ Alfred Guillaume Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah
  182. ^ Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black 2002 ISBN 978-0-826-44956-6 page 225
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