Climate of Brazil: Difference between revisions

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The climate in Brazil varies considerably from mostly tropical north (the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon) to temperate zones south of the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26' S latitude).^[1]

Temperatures

Temperatures north of the Tropic of Capricorn, especially in low-altitude areas, are high, averaging above 25 °C (77 °F), but not reaching the summer extremes of up to 40 °C (104 °F) in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator other than the rainfall frequency. Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild, ranging from 13 °C (55 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F).

The highest temperature officially registered in Brazil was 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) in Araçuaí, Minas Gerais state, on 19 November 2023.^[2] The lowest temperature officially recorded in Brazil was −14 °C (7 °F) in Caçador, Santa Catarina state, on 11 June 1952.^[3] However, the summit of Morro da Igreja, a mountain situated in the municipality of Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, recorded a temperature of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 30 June 1996 unofficially.^[4] There are frosts south of the Tropic of Capricorn during the winter (June–September).

Although most of Brazil lies in the tropics, more than 60 percent of the country's population live in areas which are cooled either by altitude, sea winds or polar fronts. Some coastal cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Salvador can get extremely hot, with temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) in heat waves. For example, Rio reached 43.2 °C (110 °F) on 26 December 2012.^[5] However, plateau cities such as São Paulo, Brasília and Belo Horizonte have mild climates, and the southern cities of Porto Alegre and Curitiba have mild winters, but while Curitiba has a warm summer due to the average elevation of 934.6 metres (3,066 ft), Porto Alegre has a hot summer, with an average elevation of only 10 metres (33 ft).

Despite the popular image of the Amazon Rainforest as a hot and humid region, temperatures of more than 35 °C (95 °F) are unusual. The annual average temperature in the region is 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F), with not much variation between the warmest and the coldest months. Even so, on occasions polar air masses influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop below 18 °C (64.4 °F).^[6] The rainforest town of Cruzeiro do Sul has recorded temperatures below 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) twice.^[7]

The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38 °C (100 °F) are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F). Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from 19 to 21 °C (66 to 70 °F). South of Rio the seasons are more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the annual average falling between 17 and 19 °C (63 and 66 °F). The cities of Belo Horizonte and Brasília have moderate temperatures, usually between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F), because of their elevation of 852 metres (2,795 ft)^[8] and 1,172 metres (3,845 ft) respectively. Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures of each month ranging from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F), but enjoy constant trade winds. The cities of São Paulo, Curitiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre are known to have a subtropical climate, which is within contrast with central and northern Brazil. Furthermore, it is to note that the winters often are more similar to that of Florida, and temperatures seldom fall below freezing in winter.^[9]

Precipitation

Precipitation levels vary widely throughout Brazil. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39 and 59 in) a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than 2,000 mm (79 in) per year and reaching as high as 3,000 mm (118 in) in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator. For example, the dry season in Boa Vista is different to that of Manaus.^[10]

High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The Northeast is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example Quixeramobim receives only 499 mm of rain annually.^[11] The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than 40 °C (104 °F) are common. However, the sertão, a region of semidesert vegetation used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in) of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, Campo Grande has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year.^[12]^[13] In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period.^[14] Flooding has also been a major issue in cities without a dry season such as Porto Alegre.^[15]^[16]^[17] The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season. Brazil has experienced deadly and devastating droughts in some years.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Brazil's most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city of Belém, and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain fall every year. For example, Belém receives 3,084 millimetres (121.4 in) of rainfall annually.^[21] The warm weather lets many plants grow here. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres (39 and 59 in) a year, most of it coming between December and April.

Snowfall

Snow in Brazil often happens in winter in the mountains of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná, and is rarer at lower elevations. It is possible, but very rare, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Mato Grosso do Sul. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in Vacaria on 7 August 1879, when more than 2 metres (79 inches) of snow accumulated on the ground.^[22] Other significant snowfalls where more than 1 metre (39 inches) of snow accumulated happened on 20 July 1957 in São Joaquim^[23] and 15 June 1985, in Pico das Agulhas Negras.^[24] São Joaquim has the most snowy days of any settlement in Brazil.^[25]

Snow has been recorded in Curitiba during several years,^[26]^[27] but has not accumulated significantly since 1975.^[28] In 2013, snow hit several municipalities, including Curitiba.^[29]^[30] Snow has also occurred in Porto Alegre, but is very rare.^[31]^[32]

Extreme weather

Because the South Atlantic basin is generally not a favorable environment for their development, Brazil has only rarely experienced tropical cyclones. The country's coastal population centers are considered less burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones, as are cities at similar latitudes in the United States and Asia. In 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center started assigning official names to tropical and subtropical cyclones that develop within its area of responsibility, which is to the west of 20°W, when they have gained sustained wind speeds of 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph) and over.^[33]

Hurricane Catarina is the first and only South Atlantic tropical cyclone to have reached hurricane strength, and impacted Santa Catarina as a Category 2 storm in 2004.^[34]^[35]^[36] It reached sustained wind speeds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a pressure of 972 millibars.^[37] The hurricane damaged shipyards and several crop fields, and poorer people were affected the most.^[38] At least 2,000 people became homeless as a result of the storm.^[36]

Other weaker subtropical cyclones can also cause damage. In 2015, Subtropical Storm Cari caused flooding and landslides to some cities in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.^[39] In 2020, the front associated with Subtropical Storm Kurumí played a role in damaging floods and mudslides, with heavy rainfall. Large amounts of rain fell in Greater Belo Horizonte, triggering a landslide which killed three people and left one person missing.^[40] Later that year, Subtropical Storm Mani affected the state of Espírito Santo, with landslides leaving over 400 people homeless.^[41] In 2021, Subtropical Storm Ubá killed fifteen people and caused flooding and damage.^[42]^[43]^[44] Over 30 municipalities in Bahia decreed a state of emergency because of the storm.^[45] In May 2022, Subtropical Storm Yakecan killed two people in Brazil and Uruguay.^[46]^[47] Because of severed power cables, over 220,000 people were affected by power cuts as a result of the storm.^[48]

Climate change

Climate change in Brazil is mainly the climate of Brazil getting hotter and drier. The greenhouse effect of excess carbon dioxide and methane emissions makes the Amazon rainforest hotter and drier, resulting in more wildfires in Brazil. Parts of the rainforest risk becoming savanna.

Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions per person are higher than the global average, and Brazil is among the countries which emit a large amount of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gas emissions by Brazil are almost 3% of the annual world total,^[49] firstly due to cutting down trees in the Amazon rainforest, which emitted more carbon dioxide in the 2010s than it absorbed,^[50] and secondly from large cattle farms, where cows belch methane. In the Paris Agreement, Brazil promised to reduce its emissions, but the Bolsonaro government between 2019 and 2022 has been criticized for doing too little to limit climate change or adapt to climate change.^[51]

Examples

Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana, 1991–2020, extremes 1887–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	37.0 (98.6)	35.9 (96.6)	34.3 (93.7)	33.4 (92.1)	31.7 (89.1)	28.8 (83.8)	30.2 (86.4)	33.0 (91.4)	35.7 (96.3)	35.9 (96.6)	35.3 (95.5)	35.6 (96.1)	37.0 (98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	28.6 (83.5)	29.0 (84.2)	28.0 (82.4)	26.6 (79.9)	23.4 (74.1)	22.9 (73.2)	22.9 (73.2)	24.5 (76.1)	25.2 (77.4)	26.5 (79.7)	26.9 (80.4)	28.3 (82.9)	26.1 (79.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	23.1 (73.6)	23.5 (74.3)	22.5 (72.5)	21.2 (70.2)	18.4 (65.1)	17.5 (63.5)	17.2 (63.0)	18.1 (64.6)	19.1 (66.4)	20.5 (68.9)	21.2 (70.2)	22.6 (72.7)	20.4 (68.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	19.4 (66.9)	19.6 (67.3)	18.9 (66.0)	17.5 (63.5)	14.7 (58.5)	13.5 (56.3)	12.8 (55.0)	13.3 (55.9)	14.9 (58.8)	16.5 (61.7)	17.3 (63.1)	18.7 (65.7)	16.4 (61.5)
Record low °C (°F)	6.5 (43.7)	12.4 (54.3)	12.0 (53.6)	6.8 (44.2)	3.7 (38.7)	1.2 (34.2)	0.8 (33.4)	3.4 (38.1)	3.5 (38.3)	7.0 (44.6)	7.0 (44.6)	10.3 (50.5)	0.8 (33.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	292.1 (11.50)	257.7 (10.15)	229.1 (9.02)	87.0 (3.43)	66.3 (2.61)	59.7 (2.35)	48.4 (1.91)	32.3 (1.27)	83.3 (3.28)	127.2 (5.01)	143.9 (5.67)	231.3 (9.11)	1,658.3 (65.29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	17	14	13	6	6	5	4	4	7	10	11	13	110
Average relative humidity (%)	76.9	75.0	76.6	74.6	75.0	73.5	70.8	68.2	71.3	73.7	73.7	73.9	73.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours	139.1	153.5	161.6	169.3	167.6	160.0	169.0	173.1	144.5	157.9	152.8	145.1	1,893.5
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010)^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)^[59]

Climate data for Rio de Janeiro (Saúde station, 1961—1990)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	40.9 (105.6)	41.8 (107.2)	41.0 (105.8)	39.3 (102.7)	36.3 (97.3)	35.9 (96.6)	34.9 (94.8)	38.9 (102.0)	40.6 (105.1)	42.8 (109.0)	40.5 (104.9)	43.2 (109.8)	43.2 (109.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	30.2 (86.4)	30.2 (86.4)	29.4 (84.9)	27.8 (82.0)	26.4 (79.5)	25.2 (77.4)	25.0 (77.0)	25.5 (77.9)	25.4 (77.7)	26.0 (78.8)	27.4 (81.3)	28.6 (83.5)	27.3 (81.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	26.3 (79.3)	26.6 (79.9)	26.0 (78.8)	24.4 (75.9)	22.8 (73.0)	21.8 (71.2)	21.3 (70.3)	21.8 (71.2)	22.2 (72.0)	22.9 (73.2)	24.0 (75.2)	25.3 (77.5)	23.8 (74.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	23.3 (73.9)	23.5 (74.3)	23.3 (73.9)	21.9 (71.4)	20.4 (68.7)	18.7 (65.7)	18.4 (65.1)	18.9 (66.0)	19.2 (66.6)	20.2 (68.4)	21.4 (70.5)	22.4 (72.3)	21.0 (69.8)
Record low °C (°F)	17.7 (63.9)	18.9 (66.0)	18.6 (65.5)	16.2 (61.2)	11.1 (52.0)	11.6 (52.9)	12.2 (54.0)	10.6 (51.1)	10.2 (50.4)	10.1 (50.2)	15.1 (59.2)	17.1 (62.8)	10.1 (50.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	137.1 (5.40)	130.4 (5.13)	135.8 (5.35)	94.9 (3.74)	69.8 (2.75)	42.7 (1.68)	41.9 (1.65)	44.5 (1.75)	53.6 (2.11)	86.5 (3.41)	97.8 (3.85)	134.2 (5.28)	1,069.4 (42.10)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm)	11	7	8	9	6	6	4	5	7	9	10	11	93
Average relative humidity (%)	79	79	80	80	80	79	77	77	79	80	79	80	79.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours	211.9	201.3	206.4	181.0	186.3	175.1	188.6	184.8	146.2	152.1	168.5	179.6	2,181.8
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68]

Climate data for Brasília (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	32.6 (90.7)	32.0 (89.6)	32.1 (89.8)	31.6 (88.9)	31.6 (88.9)	31.6 (88.9)	30.8 (87.4)	33.0 (91.4)	35.7 (96.3)	36.4 (97.5)	34.5 (94.1)	33.7 (92.7)	36.4 (97.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	26.9 (80.4)	27.2 (81.0)	27.0 (80.6)	26.8 (80.2)	26.0 (78.8)	25.3 (77.5)	25.6 (78.1)	27.4 (81.3)	29.1 (84.4)	29.0 (84.2)	27.0 (80.6)	26.8 (80.2)	27.0 (80.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	21.9 (71.4)	21.9 (71.4)	21.8 (71.2)	21.6 (70.9)	20.3 (68.5)	19.3 (66.7)	19.3 (66.7)	21.0 (69.8)	22.8 (73.0)	23.1 (73.6)	21.7 (71.1)	21.7 (71.1)	21.4 (70.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	18.3 (64.9)	18.2 (64.8)	18.2 (64.8)	17.7 (63.9)	15.6 (60.1)	14.2 (57.6)	13.9 (57.0)	15.3 (59.5)	17.6 (63.7)	18.5 (65.3)	18.1 (64.6)	18.3 (64.9)	17.0 (62.6)
Record low °C (°F)	12.2 (54.0)	11.0 (51.8)	14.5 (58.1)	10.7 (51.3)	3.2 (37.8)	3.3 (37.9)	1.6 (34.9)	5.0 (41.0)	9.0 (48.2)	10.2 (50.4)	11.4 (52.5)	11.4 (52.5)	1.6 (34.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	206.0 (8.11)	179.5 (7.07)	226.0 (8.90)	145.2 (5.72)	26.9 (1.06)	3.3 (0.13)	1.5 (0.06)	16.3 (0.64)	38.1 (1.50)	141.8 (5.58)	253.1 (9.96)	241.1 (9.49)	1,478.8 (58.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	16	14	15	9	3	1	0	2	4	10	17	18	109
Average relative humidity (%)	74.7	74.2	76.1	72.2	65.4	58.8	51.0	43.5	46.4	58.8	74.5	76.0	64.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours	159.6	158.9	168.7	200.8	237.9	247.6	268.3	273.5	225.7	191.3	138.3	145.0	2,415.6
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[69]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)^[70]

Climate data for Manaus (1981–2010, extremes 1872–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	37.0 (98.6)	37.8 (100.0)	36.2 (97.2)	35.4 (95.7)	34.7 (94.5)	34.9 (94.8)	35.7 (96.3)	37.6 (99.7)	38.3 (100.9)	38.1 (100.6)	38.2 (100.8)	37.3 (99.1)	38.3 (100.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	30.9 (87.6)	30.8 (87.4)	30.9 (87.6)	31.0 (87.8)	31.1 (88.0)	31.4 (88.5)	32.1 (89.8)	33.1 (91.6)	33.5 (92.3)	33.4 (92.1)	32.6 (90.7)	31.7 (89.1)	31.9 (89.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	26.3 (79.3)	26.3 (79.3)	26.3 (79.3)	26.4 (79.5)	26.6 (79.9)	26.7 (80.1)	27.0 (80.6)	27.6 (81.7)	28.0 (82.4)	28.0 (82.4)	27.6 (81.7)	26.9 (80.4)	27.0 (80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	23.1 (73.6)	23.1 (73.6)	23.2 (73.8)	23.2 (73.8)	23.4 (74.1)	23.0 (73.4)	23.1 (73.6)	23.4 (74.1)	23.7 (74.7)	23.9 (75.0)	23.7 (74.7)	23.5 (74.3)	23.4 (74.1)
Record low °C (°F)	18.5 (65.3)	18.0 (64.4)	19.0 (66.2)	18.5 (65.3)	14.3 (57.7)	17.0 (62.6)	12.1 (53.8)	18.0 (64.4)	20.0 (68.0)	19.4 (66.9)	18.3 (64.9)	19.0 (66.2)	12.1 (53.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	287.0 (11.30)	295.1 (11.62)	300.0 (11.81)	319.0 (12.56)	246.9 (9.72)	118.3 (4.66)	75.4 (2.97)	64.3 (2.53)	76.3 (3.00)	104.1 (4.10)	169.2 (6.66)	245.6 (9.67)	2,301.2 (90.60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	19	18	19	18	16	11	7	7	6	8	11	15	155
Average relative humidity (%)	86.4	86.0	86.9	86.8	85.6	83.1	80.2	78.4	77.2	78.1	80.7	84.2	82.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours	112.7	93.4	95.8	107.3	144.2	186.8	218.5	215.7	183.8	158.1	140.0	118.5	1,774.8
Source 1: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) (climatological normals from 1981-2010;^[71] (temperature extremes: 1961-present).^[72]^[73]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)^[74]

Climate data for Fortaleza (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1849–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	37.7 (99.9)	34.0 (93.2)	33.8 (92.8)	34.0 (93.2)	33.2 (91.8)	33.8 (92.8)	33.8 (92.8)	36.7 (98.1)	39.6 (103.3)	33.8 (92.8)	34.3 (93.7)	37.0 (98.6)	39.6 (103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	31.2 (88.2)	31.1 (88.0)	30.8 (87.4)	30.6 (87.1)	30.8 (87.4)	30.5 (86.9)	30.6 (87.1)	31.1 (88.0)	31.4 (88.5)	31.6 (88.9)	31.7 (89.1)	31.7 (89.1)	31.1 (88.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	27.4 (81.3)	27.3 (81.1)	27.0 (80.6)	26.8 (80.2)	26.8 (80.2)	26.4 (79.5)	26.2 (79.2)	26.6 (79.9)	27.0 (80.6)	27.4 (81.3)	27.7 (81.9)	27.8 (82.0)	27.0 (80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	24.5 (76.1)	24.3 (75.7)	23.9 (75.0)	23.8 (74.8)	23.8 (74.8)	23.2 (73.8)	22.8 (73.0)	22.9 (73.2)	23.6 (74.5)	24.3 (75.7)	24.7 (76.5)	24.9 (76.8)	23.9 (75.0)
Record low °C (°F)	20.0 (68.0)	21.2 (70.2)	20.2 (68.4)	20.0 (68.0)	20.6 (69.1)	20.2 (68.4)	19.4 (66.9)	19.4 (66.9)	20.5 (68.9)	21.0 (69.8)	21.3 (70.3)	21.0 (69.8)	19.4 (66.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	156.4 (6.16)	187.0 (7.36)	336.9 (13.26)	385.0 (15.16)	229.0 (9.02)	130.0 (5.12)	69.7 (2.74)	20.0 (0.79)	13.6 (0.54)	9.5 (0.37)	9.8 (0.39)	37.1 (1.46)	1,584 (62.36)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	13	14	20	21	16	10	7	3	3	3	3	5	118
Average relative humidity (%)	78.4	80.4	83.0	85.1	82.6	79.9	76.9	73.3	71.7	72.0	72.7	74.4	77.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours	220.4	183.0	172.7	152.8	211.9	219.2	254.2	288.5	287.1	294.2	287.7	274.2	2,845.9
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)^[82]

Climate data for Belo Horizonte (1991–2020, extremes 1949–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	35.4 (95.7)	35.2 (95.4)	33.5 (92.3)	32.7 (90.9)	31.4 (88.5)	30.5 (86.9)	30.8 (87.4)	33.8 (92.8)	36.1 (97.0)	38.4 (101.1)	34.7 (94.5)	34.8 (94.6)	38.4 (101.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	28.7 (83.7)	29.1 (84.4)	28.4 (83.1)	27.6 (81.7)	25.7 (78.3)	24.9 (76.8)	24.9 (76.8)	26.3 (79.3)	27.9 (82.2)	28.7 (83.7)	27.7 (81.9)	28.2 (82.8)	27.3 (81.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	23.7 (74.7)	24.0 (75.2)	23.5 (74.3)	22.6 (72.7)	20.6 (69.1)	19.6 (67.3)	19.4 (66.9)	20.5 (68.9)	22.0 (71.6)	23.0 (73.4)	22.7 (72.9)	23.3 (73.9)	22.1 (71.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	20.0 (68.0)	20.2 (68.4)	19.8 (67.6)	18.8 (65.8)	16.6 (61.9)	15.4 (59.7)	15.2 (59.4)	15.8 (60.4)	17.4 (63.3)	18.8 (65.8)	18.9 (66.0)	19.5 (67.1)	18.0 (64.4)
Record low °C (°F)	10.4 (50.7)	12.8 (55.0)	11.7 (53.1)	8.8 (47.8)	7.5 (45.5)	3.1 (37.6)	5.4 (41.7)	7.2 (45.0)	9.8 (49.6)	11.4 (52.5)	9.1 (48.4)	13.5 (56.3)	3.1 (37.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	330.9 (13.03)	177.7 (7.00)	197.5 (7.78)	82.3 (3.24)	28.1 (1.11)	11.4 (0.45)	5.4 (0.21)	10.6 (0.42)	49.2 (1.94)	110.1 (4.33)	236.0 (9.29)	339.1 (13.35)	1,578.3 (62.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	15	10	11	7	3	1	1	1	4	8	14	17	92
Average relative humidity (%)	69.3	66.2	68.6	66.3	64.3	62.6	58.4	54.0	55.3	59.9	68.5	71.0	63.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	182.6	190.8	190.0	201.5	215.4	223.8	236.6	244.8	211.2	204.4	164.7	162.0	2,427.8
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)^[83]

Climate data for Curitiba (Elevation: 923.5 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1885–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	34.3 (93.7)	34.8 (94.6)	33.9 (93.0)	32.6 (90.7)	29.4 (84.9)	28.2 (82.8)	28.2 (82.8)	31.6 (88.9)	33.7 (92.7)	35.5 (95.9)	35.2 (95.4)	33.6 (92.5)	35.5 (95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	26.8 (80.2)	26.8 (80.2)	26.0 (78.8)	24.0 (75.2)	20.8 (69.4)	20.1 (68.2)	19.7 (67.5)	21.5 (70.7)	21.4 (70.5)	23.1 (73.6)	25.0 (77.0)	26.2 (79.2)	23.5 (74.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	20.9 (69.6)	21.0 (69.8)	20.1 (68.2)	18.3 (64.9)	15.1 (59.2)	13.9 (57.0)	13.5 (56.3)	14.6 (58.3)	15.3 (59.5)	17.1 (62.8)	18.9 (66.0)	20.2 (68.4)	17.4 (63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	17.2 (63.0)	17.4 (63.3)	16.5 (61.7)	14.6 (58.3)	11.2 (52.2)	9.7 (49.5)	9.0 (48.2)	9.6 (49.3)	11.1 (52.0)	13.2 (55.8)	14.9 (58.8)	16.2 (61.2)	13.4 (56.1)
Record low °C (°F)	8.2 (46.8)	6.8 (44.2)	3.9 (39.0)	−4.0 (24.8)	−2.3 (27.9)	−4.0 (24.8)	−5.2 (22.6)	−5.2 (22.6)	−5.4 (22.3)	−1.5 (29.3)	−0.9 (30.4)	−1.3 (29.7)	−5.4 (22.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	218.3 (8.59)	166.2 (6.54)	147.0 (5.79)	95.7 (3.77)	113.5 (4.47)	94.1 (3.70)	108.3 (4.26)	74.0 (2.91)	141.4 (5.57)	138.7 (5.46)	124.4 (4.90)	154.2 (6.07)	1,575.8 (62.04)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	15	13	11	8	8	7	7	6	9	11	10	12	117
Average relative humidity (%)	81.2	81.3	82.2	82.5	83.4	82.3	80.4	77.1	80.8	81.7	79.2	79.6	81.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours	160.5	151.3	163.1	155.5	148.8	141.3	162.1	173.0	124.3	136.7	163.5	164.7	1,844.8
Average ultraviolet index	12	12	12	9	6	5	5	7	9	11	12	12	9
Source: INMET,^[84]^[85] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)^[86] and Weather Atlas (UV index)^[87]

Climate data for Porto Alegre (1981–2010, extremes 1949–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	39.2 (102.6)	39.0 (102.2)	38.1 (100.6)	36.0 (96.8)	32.7 (90.9)	31.6 (88.9)	32.2 (90.0)	34.9 (94.8)	38.0 (100.4)	38.2 (100.8)	39.0 (102.2)	40.3 (104.5)	40.3 (104.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	30.5 (86.9)	30.2 (86.4)	29.1 (84.4)	25.9 (78.6)	22.2 (72.0)	19.8 (67.6)	19.3 (66.7)	21.3 (70.3)	22.1 (71.8)	25.0 (77.0)	27.4 (81.3)	29.5 (85.1)	25.2 (77.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	24.7 (76.5)	24.5 (76.1)	23.5 (74.3)	20.3 (68.5)	16.9 (62.4)	14.4 (57.9)	13.8 (56.8)	15.3 (59.5)	16.7 (62.1)	19.4 (66.9)	21.5 (70.7)	23.6 (74.5)	19.6 (67.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	20.6 (69.1)	20.5 (68.9)	19.5 (67.1)	16.5 (61.7)	13.3 (55.9)	10.8 (51.4)	10.1 (50.2)	11.1 (52.0)	12.8 (55.0)	15.3 (59.5)	17.1 (62.8)	19.0 (66.2)	15.6 (60.1)
Record low °C (°F)	10.1 (50.2)	11.9 (53.4)	9.6 (49.3)	4.5 (40.1)	2.3 (36.1)	−1.9 (28.6)	−1.1 (30.0)	−1.2 (29.8)	2.2 (36.0)	4.9 (40.8)	6.7 (44.1)	10.0 (50.0)	−1.9 (28.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	110.1 (4.33)	106.5 (4.19)	92.2 (3.63)	107.3 (4.22)	118.8 (4.68)	141.3 (5.56)	141.3 (5.56)	117.4 (4.62)	141.5 (5.57)	138.3 (5.44)	110.9 (4.37)	99.6 (3.92)	1,425.2 (56.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	9	9	8	9	9	9	9	9	10	10	8	8	107
Average relative humidity (%)	72.9	74.8	75.3	77.6	81.0	82.7	80.7	77.8	77.0	75.0	72.1	70.9	76.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours	227.2	195.2	202.4	166.0	146.9	115.6	131.4	145.3	145.8	178.0	215.2	232.4	2,101.4
Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia^[88]^[89]

References

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External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20101206014542/http://www.brazil.org.uk/brazilinbrief/climate.html

[1] Sánchez-Dávila, Gabriel (15 Sep 2022). "Clasificación climática de Sudamérica". ArcGIS StoryMaps (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 November 2024.

[aracuai-2] "Calor de 44,8°C: Araçuaí (MG) tem o dia mais quente no histórico de medições do Brasil, diz Inmet". G1. 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2023-11-20.

[3] (in Portuguese) Recordes de frio em SC Archived 2012-09-13 at the Wayback Machine, EPAGRI/CIRAM, retrieved May 15, 2013.

[4] (in Portuguese) Sibéria brasileira no sul do Brasil ("Brazilian Siberia in the South of Brazil"), Fantástico, July 18, 2006.

[5] "Temperatura desta quarta no Rio é recorde histórico, diz Inmet" (in Portuguese). G1 Rio de Janeiro. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.

[6] "Frente fria deve atingir Manaus e temperatura pode cair para 18°C" (in Portuguese). G1 Amazonas. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

[cruzeiro-7] "Station Cruzeiro do Sul" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 20 October 2018.

[8] "Estudo realiza medição de altitudes em Belo Horizonte". Prefeitura Belo Horizonte. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[9] Brasil - HotelStore.net - Hotel Reservations / Reservas de Hotel, archived from the original on 2013-06-07, retrieved 2018-03-31

[10] Revista Tocantinense de Geografia. Universidade Federal do Tocantins. doi:10.22241/2317-9430/rtg.

[11] Wernstadt, Frederick L.; World Climatic Data; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; p. 102.

[12] "Análise das precipitações em alguns municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-19.

[13] "Campo Grande climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Campo Grande weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2019-02-19.

[14] Sant'Anna Neto, João Lima; Andrade, Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação (2012). "Extremo climático e riscos na cidade de Campo Grande-MS/Brasil". Territorium: Revista Portuguesa de riscos, prevenção e segurança (19): 33–42. doi:10.14195/1647-7723_19_4. ISSN 1647-7723. Archived from the original on 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2019-02-19.

[15] "Veja como será a primavera no Rio Grande do Sul". GZH Ambiente (in Portuguese). 18 September 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2021.

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-{{Short description|Overview of the climate of Brazil}}
+{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 [[File:Köppen climate types of Brazil.svg|350px|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Brazil]]
 [[File:Neve em caxias do sul 26-27 agosto 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland]] climate during winter, with snowfall in [[Caxias do Sul]], [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]]]]
 [[File:Porto de Galinhas-003.jpg|thumb|The tropical climate during summer, in [[Porto de Galinhas]], Northeast region]]
-The '''climate in Brazil''' varies considerably from mostly tropical north (the [[equator]] traverses the mouth of [[Amazon River|the Amazon]]) to [[temperate zone]]s south of the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] (23°26' S latitude).
+The '''climate in Brazil''' varies considerably from mostly tropical north (the [[equator]] traverses the mouth of [[Amazon River|the Amazon]]) to [[temperate zone]]s south of the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] (23°26' S latitude).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sánchez-Dávila |first1=Gabriel |title=Clasificación climática de Sudamérica |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b74200791dda49958d6d39eddaca74a0 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=Spanish |date=15 Sep 2022}}</ref>
 ==Temperatures==
-Temperatures below the equator are high, averaging above {{convert|25|°C}}, but not reaching the summer extremes of up to {{convert|40|°C}} in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator other than the rainfall frequency. Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild, ranging from {{convert|13|°C}} to {{convert|22|°C}}.  The highest temperature officially registered in Brazil was {{convert|44.8|°C}} in [[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]] state, on 4 and 5 November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra |access-date= 7 November 2020}}</ref> The lowest temperature officially recorded in Brazil was {{convert|-14|°C}} in [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] state, on 11 June 1952.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/portal/website/index.jsp Recordes de frio em SC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913234846/http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/portal/website/index.jsp |date=2012-09-13 }}, EPAGRI/CIRAM, retrieved May 15, 2013.</ref> However, the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], a mountain situated in the municipality of [[Urubici]], also in Santa Catarina, recorded a temperature of {{convert|-17.8|°C}} on 30 June 1996 unofficially.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://fantastico.globo.com/Jornalismo/FANT/0,,MUL695732-15605,00.html ''Sibéria brasileira no sul do Brasil'' ("Brazilian Siberia in the South of Brazil")], [[Fantástico]], July 18, 2006.</ref>
+Temperatures north of the [[Tropic of Capricorn]], especially in low-altitude areas, are high, averaging above {{convert|25|°C}}, but not reaching the summer extremes of up to {{convert|40|°C}} in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator other than the rainfall frequency. Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild, ranging from {{convert|13|°C}} to {{convert|22|°C}}.
+The highest temperature officially registered in Brazil was {{convert|44.8|°C}} in [[Araçuaí]], [[Minas Gerais]] state, on 19 November 2023.<ref name="aracuai">{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/meio-ambiente/noticia/2023/11/20/calor-de-448c-aracuai-mg-tem-o-dia-mais-quente-da-historia-do-brasil-diz-inmet.ghtml |title=Calor de 44,8°C: Araçuaí (MG) tem o dia mais quente no histórico de medições do Brasil, diz Inmet |publisher=G1 |date=2023-11-20 |accessdate=2023-11-20}}</ref> The lowest temperature officially recorded in Brazil was {{convert|-14|°C}} in [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] state, on 11 June 1952.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/portal/website/index.jsp Recordes de frio em SC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913234846/http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/portal/website/index.jsp |date=2012-09-13 }}, EPAGRI/CIRAM, retrieved May 15, 2013.</ref> However, the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], a mountain situated in the municipality of [[Urubici]], also in Santa Catarina, recorded a temperature of {{convert|-17.8|°C}} on 30 June 1996 unofficially.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://fantastico.globo.com/Jornalismo/FANT/0,,MUL695732-15605,00.html ''Sibéria brasileira no sul do Brasil'' ("Brazilian Siberia in the South of Brazil")], [[Fantástico]], July 18, 2006.</ref>
 There are frosts south of the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] during the winter (June–September).
 Although most of Brazil lies in the tropics, more than 60 percent of the country's population live in areas which are cooled either by altitude, sea winds or polar fronts. Some coastal cities of [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Recife]] and [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] can get extremely hot, with temperatures exceeding {{convert|40|C|F|abbr=on}} in heat waves. For example, Rio reached {{convert|43.2|°C|0|abbr=on}} on 26 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2012 |title=Temperatura desta quarta no Rio é recorde histórico, diz Inmet |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/12/temperatura-desta-quarta-e-mais-alta-no-rio-em-29-anos-diz-inmet.html |access-date=8 September 2012 |publisher=G1 Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}</ref> However, plateau cities such as [[São Paulo]], [[Brasília]] and [[Belo Horizonte]] have mild climates, and the southern cities of [[Porto Alegre]] and [[Curitiba]] have mild winters, but while Curitiba has a warm summer due to the average elevation of {{convert|934.6|m}}, Porto Alegre has a hot summer, with an average elevation of only {{convert|10|m}}.
-Despite the popular image of the [[Amazon Rainforest]] as a region of hot, humid region, temperatures of more than {{convert|35|°C}} are unusual. The annual average temperature in the region is {{convert|22|to|26|°C}}, with not much variation between the warmest and the coldest months. Even so, on occasions polar air massed influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop below {{convert|18|°C|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2013/07/frente-fria-deve-atingir-manaus-e-temperatura-pode-cair-para-18c.html |publisher= G1 Amazonas |title= Frente fria deve atingir Manaus e temperatura pode cair para 18°C |date= 24 July 2013 |access-date= 9 April 2015 |language= pt |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150223200631/http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2013/07/frente-fria-deve-atingir-manaus-e-temperatura-pode-cair-para-18c.html |archive-date= 23 February 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref> The rainforest town of [[Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre|Cruzeiro do Sul]] has recorded temperatures below {{convert|2.5|C|F|abbr=on}} twice.<ref name = cruzeiro>
+Despite the popular image of the [[Amazon Rainforest]] as a hot and humid region, temperatures of more than {{convert|35|°C}} are unusual. The annual average temperature in the region is {{convert|22|to|26|°C}}, with not much variation between the warmest and the coldest months. Even so, on occasions polar air masses influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop below {{convert|18|°C|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2013/07/frente-fria-deve-atingir-manaus-e-temperatura-pode-cair-para-18c.html |publisher= G1 Amazonas |title= Frente fria deve atingir Manaus e temperatura pode cair para 18°C |date= 24 July 2013 |access-date= 9 April 2015 |language= pt |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150223200631/http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2013/07/frente-fria-deve-atingir-manaus-e-temperatura-pode-cair-para-18c.html |archive-date= 23 February 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref> The rainforest town of [[Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre|Cruzeiro do Sul]] has recorded temperatures below {{convert|2.5|C|F|abbr=on}} twice.<ref name = cruzeiro>
 {{cite web
 | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1278-Cruzeiro_do_sul.php
@@ Line 18: / Line 20: @@
 | publisher = Meteo Climat
 |language = French
+| access-date = 20 October 2018}}</ref>
-| access-date = 20 October 2018}}</ref> The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F) are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from {{convert|23|to|27|°C}}. Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from {{convert|19|to|21|°C}}. South of Rio the seasons are more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the annual average falling between {{convert|17|and|19|°C}}.
+The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F) are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from {{convert|23|to|27|°C}}. Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from {{convert|19|to|21|°C}}. South of Rio the seasons are more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the annual average falling between {{convert|17|and|19|°C}}.
 The cities of [[Belo Horizonte]] and [[Brasília]] have moderate temperatures, usually between {{convert|15|and|30|°C}}, because of their elevation of {{convert|852|m|ft|0}}<ref>{{cite web|date=20 November 2017|title=Estudo realiza medição de altitudes em Belo Horizonte
-|url=https://prefeitura.pbh.gov.br/noticias/estudo-realiza-medicao-de-altitudes-em-belo-horizonte|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2021|website=Prefeitura Belo Horizonte}}</ref> and {{convert|1172|m|ft|0}} respectively. [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Recife]], and [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures of each month ranging from {{convert|23|to|27|°C|°F}}, but enjoy constant trade winds. The cities of [[São Paulo]], [[Curitiba]], [[Florianópolis]] and [[Porto Alegre]] are known to have a [[subtropical climate]], which is within contrast with central and northern Brazil. Furthermore, it is to note that the winters often are more similar to that of [[Florida]], and temperatures seldom fall below freezing in winter.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.gobrasil.net/brasil/indexGER.shtml |title=Brasil - HotelStore.net - Hotel Reservations / Reservas de Hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607105611/http://www.gobrasil.net/brasil/indexGER.shtml |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref>
+|url=https://prefeitura.pbh.gov.br/noticias/estudo-realiza-medicao-de-altitudes-em-belo-horizonte|access-date=15 November 2021|website=Prefeitura Belo Horizonte}}</ref> and {{convert|1172|m|ft|0}} respectively. [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Recife]], and [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures of each month ranging from {{convert|23|to|27|°C|°F}}, but enjoy constant trade winds. The cities of [[São Paulo]], [[Curitiba]], [[Florianópolis]] and [[Porto Alegre]] are known to have a [[subtropical climate]], which is within contrast with central and northern Brazil. Furthermore, it is to note that the winters often are more similar to that of [[Florida]], and temperatures seldom fall below freezing in winter.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.gobrasil.net/brasil/indexGER.shtml |title=Brasil - HotelStore.net - Hotel Reservations / Reservas de Hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607105611/http://www.gobrasil.net/brasil/indexGER.shtml |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref>
 ==Precipitation==
 [[File:Average-precipitation-per-year (1).png|thumb|right|300x300px|Average Annual precipitation in Brazil 1962 - 2014]]
+[[File:Neve-caxias_do_sul-2013.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Snow in [[Caxias do Sul]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]] in 2013]]
 Precipitation levels vary widely throughout Brazil. Most of Brazil has moderate [[rainfall]] of between {{convert|1000|and|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The [[Amazon region]] is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than {{convert|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year and reaching as high as {{convert|3000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator. For example, the dry season in [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]] is different to that of [[Manaus]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22241/2317-9430/rtg|title=Revista Tocantinense de Geografia|publisher=Universidade Federal do Tocantins|doi=10.22241/2317-9430/rtg}}</ref>
+High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example [[Quixeramobim, Ceará|Quixeramobim]] receives only 499&nbsp;mm of rain annually.<ref>Wernstadt, Frederick L.; ''World Climatic Data''; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; p. 102.</ref> The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than {{convert|40|°C|°F}} are common. However, the [[sertão]], a region of [[desert|semidesert vegetation]] used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, [[Campo Grande]] has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|title=Análise das precipitações em alguns municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219202048/http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|title=Campo Grande climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Campo Grande weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063220/https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sant'Anna Neto|first1=João Lima|last2=Andrade|first2=Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação|date=2012|title=Extremo climático e riscos na cidade de Campo Grande-MS/Brasil|url=https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|journal=Territorium: Revista Portuguesa de riscos, prevenção e segurança|issue=19|pages=33–42|doi=10.14195/1647-7723_19_4|issn=1647-7723|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063320/https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> Flooding has also been a major issue in cities without a dry season such as Porto Alegre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/ambiente/noticia/2018/09/veja-como-sera-a-primavera-no-rio-grande-do-sul-cjm81k53o04bp01pxhw3yz2j7.html |title=Veja como será a primavera no Rio Grande do Sul |work=GZH Ambiente |language=Portuguese |date=18 September 2018 |access-date=12 July 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/primavera-deve-ter-inicio-chuvoso-e-temperaturas-amenas-no-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml |title=Primavera deve ter início chuvoso e temperaturas amenas no Rio Grande do Sul |work=g1.globo.com |date=22 September 2017 |access-date=12 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sul21.com.br/em-destaque/2015/12/temporais-enchentes-e-solidariedade-rs-sofreu-com-chuvas-historicas-em-2015/ |title=Temporais, enchentes e solidariedade: RS sofreu com chuvas históricas em 2015 |work=sul21.com |language=Portuguese |date=31 December 2015 |access-date=12 July 2021 }}</ref> The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season. Brazil has experienced deadly and devastating droughts in some years.<ref>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129144751/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm |date=29 November 2013 }}. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).</ref><ref>[http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061115/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html |date=12 January 2016 }}. Princeton University Press.</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm "Inland fishery enhancements"]. FAO.</ref>
-[[Snow in Brazil|Snowfalls on the high plateau]] of the mountains of the states of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and it is possible, but very rare, in the states of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Minas Gerais]], and [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in [[Vacaria]] on 7 August 1879, when more than {{convert|2|m|in|abbr=off}} of snow accumulated on the ground.<ref>[http://www.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/swf/especial_neve/index.html Especial A Neve e os gaúchos] Zero Hora, visto em 03/08/2011.</ref> Snow has been recorded in [[Curitiba]] during several years,<ref>{{cite web |title=SYNOP: SUMMARIZED DATA FOR CURITIBA |url=http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display |publisher=Mundomanz|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712081521/http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display|archive-date=12 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=METAR: Weather History for Curitiba, Brazil |url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1 |publisher=Weather Underground|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235705/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> but has not accumulated since 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Povo |first=Gazeta do |title=Curitiba amanhecia branca de neve em 17 de julho de 1975. Relembre em fotos |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gazeta do Povo |language=pt-BR |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215003926/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Snow has also occurred in [[Porto Alegre]], but is very rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2014/01/porto-alegre-registra-granizo-em-dia-mais-quente-de-2014-diz-meteorologia.html|title=Porto Alegre registra granizo em dia mais quente de 2014, diz meteorologia|date=18 January 2014|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014451/http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2014/01/porto-alegre-registra-granizo-em-dia-mais-quente-de-2014-diz-meteorologia.html|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2012/06/frio-se-intensifica-no-rs-e-porto-alegre-pode-ter-neve-nesta-quinta.html|title=Frio se intensifica no RS e Porto Alegre pode ter neve nesta quinta|date=4 June 2012|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014248/http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2012/06/frio-se-intensifica-no-rs-e-porto-alegre-pode-ter-neve-nesta-quinta.html|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
-High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example [[Quixeramobim, Ceará|Quixeramobim]] receives only 499 mm of rain annually.<ref>Wernstadt, Frederick L.; ''World Climatic Data''; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; p. 102.</ref> The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than {{convert|40|°C|°F}} are common. However, the [[sertão]], a region of [[desert|semidesert vegetation]] used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, [[Campo Grande]] has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|title=Análise das precipitações em alguns municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219202048/http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|title=Campo Grande climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Campo Grande weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063220/https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sant’Anna Neto|first=João Lima|last2=Andrade|first2=Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação|date=2012|title=Extremo climático e riscos na cidade de Campo Grande-MS/Brasil|url=https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|journal=Territorium: Revista Portuguesa de riscos, prevenção e segurança|issue=19|pages=33–42|doi=10.14195/1647-7723_19_4|issn=1647-7723|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063320/https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season.
 Brazil's most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city of [[Belém]], and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than {{convert|2000|mm}} of rain fall every year. For example, Belém receives {{convert|3084|mm}} of rainfall annually.<ref name="BelemRainfall">{{cite web |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1981-2010.xls |title=Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm) |date=1981–2010 |language=pt |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |access-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201081446/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1981-2010.xls |url-status=live |archive-date=February 1, 2022}}</ref> The warm weather lets many plants grow here. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between {{convert|1000|and|1500|mm}} a year, most of it coming between December and April.
+===Snowfall===
+{{See also|Snow in Brazil}}
+[[Snow in Brazil]] often happens in winter in the mountains of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], and is rarer at lower elevations. It is possible, but very rare, in the states of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Minas Gerais]], and [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in [[Vacaria]] on 7 August 1879, when more than {{convert|2|m|in|abbr=off}} of snow accumulated on the ground.<ref>[http://www.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/swf/especial_neve/index.html Especial A Neve e os gaúchos] Zero Hora, visto em 03/08/2011.</ref> Other significant snowfalls where more than {{convert|1|m|in|abbr=off}} of snow accumulated happened on 20 July 1957 in [[São Joaquim]]<ref>
+[http://www.overmundo.com.br/overblog/maior-nevasca-da-historia-do-brasil-faz-50-anos Maior nevasca da história do Brasil faz 50 anos] Overmundo, 23 de julho de 2007.</ref> and 15 June 1985, in [[Pico das Agulhas Negras]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brazadv.com/brasil/itatiaia.htm |title=Parque Nacional do Itatiaia |access-date=2014-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204103952/http://www.brazadv.com/brasil/itatiaia.htm |archive-date=2014-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> São Joaquim has the most snowy days of any settlement in Brazil.<ref name="SãoJoaquim">{{Cite web|url=https://clmais.com.br/sao-joaquim-e-a-cidade-que-mais-neva-no-brasil-diz-autor/|title=São Joaquim é a cidade que mais neva no Brasil, diz autor – CLMais {{!}} Correio Lageano|website=clmais.com.br|date=19 August 2018 |language=pt-BR|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref>
+Snow has been recorded in [[Curitiba]] during several years,<ref>{{cite web |title=SYNOP: SUMMARIZED DATA FOR CURITIBA |url=http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display |publisher=Mundomanz|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712081521/http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display|archive-date=12 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=METAR: Weather History for Curitiba, Brazil |url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1 |publisher=Weather Underground|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235705/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> but has not accumulated significantly since 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Povo |first=Gazeta do |title=Curitiba amanhecia branca de neve em 17 de julho de 1975. Relembre em fotos |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gazeta do Povo |language=pt-BR |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215003926/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, snow hit several municipalities, including Curitiba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metsul.com/blog2012/Home/home/351/Nevada_hist%25C3%25B3rica_nas_capas_dos_principais_jornais_do_Sul_do_Brasil|title=Historic snowfall in the cover of main newspapers|date=2013|publisher=METSUL Meteorologia|access-date=2018-11-07|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160626020311/http://www.metsul.com/blog2012/Home/home/351/Nevada_hist%25C3%25B3rica_nas_capas_dos_principais_jornais_do_Sul_do_Brasil|archive-date=2016-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/2013/07/instituto-confirma-neve-em-curitiba-e-regiao-metropolitana.html|title=Institute confirms snow in Curitiba|date=2013-07-23}}</ref> Snow has also occurred in [[Porto Alegre]], but is very rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2014/01/porto-alegre-registra-granizo-em-dia-mais-quente-de-2014-diz-meteorologia.html|title=Porto Alegre registra granizo em dia mais quente de 2014, diz meteorologia|date=18 January 2014|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014451/http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2014/01/porto-alegre-registra-granizo-em-dia-mais-quente-de-2014-diz-meteorologia.html|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2012/06/frio-se-intensifica-no-rs-e-porto-alegre-pode-ter-neve-nesta-quinta.html|title=Frio se intensifica no RS e Porto Alegre pode ter neve nesta quinta|date=4 June 2012|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014248/http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2012/06/frio-se-intensifica-no-rs-e-porto-alegre-pode-ter-neve-nesta-quinta.html|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Extreme weather==
@@ Line 36: / Line 46: @@
 [[Image:Cyclone Catarina from the ISS on March 26 2004.JPG|thumb|Hurricane Catarina on 26 March 2004]]
 [[File:Ubá 2021-12-10 1210Z.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Subtropical Storm Ubá caused fifteen deaths]]
-Because the [[South Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]] basin is generally not a favorable environment for their development, Brazil has only rarely experienced [[tropical cyclones]]. The country's coastal population centers are considered less burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones, as are cities at similar latitudes in the [[United States]] and [[Asia]].
+Because the [[South Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]] basin is generally not a favorable environment for their development, Brazil has only rarely experienced [[tropical cyclones]]. The country's coastal population centers are considered less burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones, as are cities at similar latitudes in the [[United States]] and [[Asia]]. In 2011, the [[Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center]] started assigning official [[Tropical cyclone naming#South Atlantic Ocean|names]] to tropical and subtropical cyclones that develop within its area of responsibility, which is to the west of [[20th meridian west|20°W]], when they have gained sustained wind speeds of {{convert|65|km/h|mph}} and over.<ref>{{cite web|title=Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima |url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/dhn/sites/www.marinha.mil.br.dhn/files/normam/normam_19.pdf |publisher=Brazilian Navy |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206213534/http://www.mar.mil.br/dhn/dhn/downloads/normam/normam_19.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2015 |language=pt |date=2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-[[Hurricane Catarina]] is the first and only [[South Atlantic tropical cyclone]] to have reached hurricane strength, and impacted [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] as a Category 2 storm in 2004.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/public/meteo/upperlevel_lows.html| author = Department of Meteorology, e-Education Institute| publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University]]| title = Upper-Level Lows| work = Meteorology 241: Fundamentals of Tropical Forecasting| access-date = 24 October 2006| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214919/https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/public/meteo/upperlevel_lows.html| archive-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Pessa, Alexandre B.  |author2=Ian Simmonds| title = Catarina: The First South Atlantic Hurricane and its Association with Vertical Wind Shear and High Latitude Blocking| url = http://gemini.dpi.inpe.br/col/cptec.inpe.br/adm_conf/2005/09.29.06.38/doc/353-364.pdf| publisher = [[University of Melbourne]]| work = 8th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography|date=April 2006| access-date = 24 December 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070616130344/http://gemini.dpi.inpe.br/col/cptec.inpe.br/adm_conf/2005/09.29.06.38/doc/353-364.pdf |archive-date = 16 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Catarina /> It reached sustained wind speeds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a pressure of 972 millibars.<ref name="MWR Catarina">{{cite journal|title=Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2004)|author=McTaggart-Cowan, R., Bosart, L. F., Davis, C. A., Atallah, E. H., Gyakum, J. R., and Emanuel, K. A.|date=November 2006|journal = [[Monthly Weather Review]]| volume = 134| issue = 11| pages = 3029–53| doi = 10.1175/MWR3330.1|bibcode = 2006MWRv..134.3029M }}</ref> At least 2,000 people became homeless as a result of the storm.<ref name=Catarina>{{cite news|author=Jefferson Bernardes|newspaper=USA Today|date=30 March 2004|access-date=23 February 2009|title=First South Atlantic hurricane hits Brazil|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2004-03-28-brazil-storm_x.htm}}</ref>
+[[Hurricane Catarina]] is the first and only [[South Atlantic tropical cyclone]] to have reached hurricane strength, and impacted [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] as a Category 2 storm in 2004.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/public/meteo/upperlevel_lows.html| author = Department of Meteorology, e-Education Institute| publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University]]| title = Upper-Level Lows| work = Meteorology 241: Fundamentals of Tropical Forecasting| access-date = 24 October 2006| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214919/https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/public/meteo/upperlevel_lows.html| archive-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Pessa, Alexandre B.  |author2=Ian Simmonds| title = Catarina: The First South Atlantic Hurricane and its Association with Vertical Wind Shear and High Latitude Blocking| url = http://gemini.dpi.inpe.br/col/cptec.inpe.br/adm_conf/2005/09.29.06.38/doc/353-364.pdf| publisher = [[University of Melbourne]]| work = 8th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography|date=April 2006| access-date = 24 December 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070616130344/http://gemini.dpi.inpe.br/col/cptec.inpe.br/adm_conf/2005/09.29.06.38/doc/353-364.pdf |archive-date = 16 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Catarina /> It reached sustained wind speeds of 155&nbsp;km/h (100&nbsp;mph) and a pressure of 972 millibars.<ref name="MWR Catarina">{{cite journal|title=Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2004)|author=McTaggart-Cowan, R., Bosart, L. F., Davis, C. A., Atallah, E. H., Gyakum, J. R., and Emanuel, K. A.|date=November 2006|journal = [[Monthly Weather Review]]| volume = 134| issue = 11| pages = 3029–53| doi = 10.1175/MWR3330.1|bibcode = 2006MWRv..134.3029M |doi-access = free}}</ref> The hurricane damaged shipyards and several crop fields, and poorer people were affected the most.<ref name="Emerson Marcelino">{{cite web| author1 = Marcelino, Emerson Vieira| author2 = Isabela Pena Viana de Oliveira Marcelino| author3 = Frederico de Moraes Rudorff| title = Cyclone Catarina: Damage and Vulnerability Assessment| url = http://www.dsr.inpe.br/geu/Rel_projetos/Relatorio_IAI_Emerson_Marcelino.pdf| year = 2004| access-date = 24 December 2006| publisher = Santa Catarina Federal University| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181933/http://www.dsr.inpe.br/geu/Rel_projetos/Relatorio_IAI_Emerson_Marcelino.pdf| archive-date = 3 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref> At least 2,000 people became homeless as a result of the storm.<ref name=Catarina>{{cite news|author=Jefferson Bernardes|newspaper=USA Today|date=30 March 2004|access-date=23 February 2009|title=First South Atlantic hurricane hits Brazil|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2004-03-28-brazil-storm_x.htm}}</ref>
-Other weaker [[subtropical cyclone]]s can also cause damage. In 2020, the [[weather front|front]] associated with [[Subtropical Storm Kurumí]] played a role in [[2020 Brazilian floods and mudslides|damaging floods and mudslides]], with heavy rainfall. Large amounts of rain fell in [[Greater Belo Horizonte]], triggering a landslide which killed three people and left one person missing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732892.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125162136/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732892.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2020|title=Heavy rains cause casualties, damage in southeast Brazilian region|date=24 January 2020|work=Xinhua News|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> Later that year, [[Subtropical Storm Mani]] affected the state of [[Espírito Santo]], with landslides leaving over 400 people homeless.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.inmet.gov.br/noticias/tempestade-subtropical-mani-causou-chuva-no-estado-do-esp%C3%ADrito-santo-neste-fim-de-semana|title=TEMPESTADE SUBTROPICAL MANI FAVORECEU A OCORRÊNCIA DE CHUVA NO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO NESTE FIM DE SEMANA.|language=Portuguese|website=portal.inmet.gov.br|author=Maisa Pereira de Souza|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|date=27 October 2020|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> In 2021, [[Subtropical Storm Ubá]] killed fifteen people and caused flooding and damage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sobe para 32 número de cidades em situação de emergência por causa das fortes chuvas na Bahia|url=https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2021/12/13/sobe-para-32-numero-de-cidades-em-situacao-de-emergencia-por-causa-das-fortes-chuvas-na-bahia.ghtml|access-date=2021-12-13 |agency=[[G1 (website)|g1]]
+Other weaker [[subtropical cyclone]]s can also cause damage. In 2015, [[Subtropical Storm Cari]] caused flooding and landslides to some cities in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]].<ref name="Metsul">{{cite web|url=http://www.metsul.com/blog2012/Home/home/843/Cari_%C3%A9_rebaixado_ao_enfraquecer_e_ciclone_se_afasta_do_continente|publisher=Metsul|access-date=14 March 2015|date=12 March 2015|title=Cari é rebaixado ao enfraquecer e ciclone se afasta do continente|language=pt|archive-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322070735/http://www.metsul.com/blog2012/Home/home/843/Cari_%C3%A9_rebaixado_ao_enfraquecer_e_ciclone_se_afasta_do_continente|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, the [[weather front|front]] associated with [[Subtropical Storm Kurumí]] played a role in [[2020 Brazilian floods and mudslides|damaging floods and mudslides]], with heavy rainfall. Large amounts of rain fell in [[Greater Belo Horizonte]], triggering a landslide which killed three people and left one person missing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732892.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125162136/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732892.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2020|title=Heavy rains cause casualties, damage in southeast Brazilian region|date=24 January 2020|work=Xinhua News|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> Later that year, [[Subtropical Storm Mani]] affected the state of [[Espírito Santo]], with landslides leaving over 400 people homeless.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.inmet.gov.br/noticias/tempestade-subtropical-mani-causou-chuva-no-estado-do-esp%C3%ADrito-santo-neste-fim-de-semana|title=TEMPESTADE SUBTROPICAL MANI FAVORECEU A OCORRÊNCIA DE CHUVA NO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO NESTE FIM DE SEMANA.|language=Portuguese|website=portal.inmet.gov.br|author=Maisa Pereira de Souza|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|date=27 October 2020|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> In 2021, [[Subtropical Storm Ubá]] killed fifteen people and caused flooding and damage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sobe para 32 número de cidades em situação de emergência por causa das fortes chuvas na Bahia|url=https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2021/12/13/sobe-para-32-numero-de-cidades-em-situacao-de-emergencia-por-causa-das-fortes-chuvas-na-bahia.ghtml|access-date=2021-12-13 |agency=[[G1 (website)|g1]]
-|date=2021-12-13 |language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Em 24 horas número de desabrigados pela chuva aumenta quase cinco vezes em MG|url=https://g1.globo.com/mg/minas-gerais/noticia/2021/12/11/em-24-horas-numero-de-desabrigados-pela-chuva-aumenta-quase-cinco-vezes-em-mg.ghtml|access-date=12 December 2021 |website=g1|date=11 December 2021|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CICLONE SE FORMA NA COSTA DO SUL DO BRASIL E PROVOCA CALAMIDADE NA BAHIA|url=https://metsul.com/ciclone-se-forma-na-costa-do-sul-do-brasil-e-provoca-calamidade-na-bahia/|access-date=12 December 2021 |agency=MetSul Meteorologia|date=10 December 2021 |language=Portuguese }}</ref> Over 30 municipalities in [[Bahia]] decreed a state of emergency because of the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/governo-atualiza-numero-mortes-e-pessoas-atingidas-por-chuvas-na-bahia/|title=Governo atualiza número de mortes e de pessoas atingidas na Bahia|access-date=2021-12-14|website=CNN Brasil|publisher=WarnerMedia|date=2021-12-13|language=pt-br|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213175852/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/governo-atualiza-numero-mortes-e-pessoas-atingidas-por-chuvas-na-bahia/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, [[Subtropical Storm Yakecan]] killed two people in Brazil and Uruguay.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/ambiente/noticia/2022/05/no-uruguai-yakecan-provoca-transtornos-e-causa-pelo-menos-uma-morte-cl3al945h003i019in0iqc5as.html | title=No Uruguai, Yakecan provoca transtornos e causa pelo menos uma morte | date=17 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2022/05/17/bombeiros-buscam-homem-que-desapareceu-apos-barco-afundar-em-porto-alegre.ghtml | title=Corpo é encontrado no Guaíba após barco afundar durante passagem de tempestade Yakecan no RS; suspeita é que seja de pescador desaparecido }}</ref> Because of severed power cables, over 220,000 people were affected by power cuts as a result of the storm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2022/05/rs-tem-pelo-menos-226-mil-clientes-sem-energia-eletrica-maioria-dos-casos-fica-na-area-da-ceee-equatorial-cl3apod47000d019iln1zy193.html|title=RS tem pelo menos 226 mil clientes sem energia elétrica; maioria dos casos fica na área da CEEE Equatorial|date=2022-05-17|accessdate=2022-05-18|website=GZH|lang=pt-BR}}</ref>
+|date=2021-12-13 |language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Em 24 horas número de desabrigados pela chuva aumenta quase cinco vezes em MG|url=https://g1.globo.com/mg/minas-gerais/noticia/2021/12/11/em-24-horas-numero-de-desabrigados-pela-chuva-aumenta-quase-cinco-vezes-em-mg.ghtml|access-date=12 December 2021 |website=g1|date=11 December 2021|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CICLONE SE FORMA NA COSTA DO SUL DO BRASIL E PROVOCA CALAMIDADE NA BAHIA|url=https://metsul.com/ciclone-se-forma-na-costa-do-sul-do-brasil-e-provoca-calamidade-na-bahia/|access-date=12 December 2021 |agency=MetSul Meteorologia|date=10 December 2021 |language=Portuguese }}</ref> Over 30 municipalities in [[Bahia]] decreed a state of emergency because of the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/governo-atualiza-numero-mortes-e-pessoas-atingidas-por-chuvas-na-bahia/|title=Governo atualiza número de mortes e de pessoas atingidas na Bahia|access-date=2021-12-14|website=CNN Brasil|publisher=WarnerMedia|date=2021-12-13|language=pt-br|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213175852/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/governo-atualiza-numero-mortes-e-pessoas-atingidas-por-chuvas-na-bahia/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, [[Subtropical Storm Yakecan]] killed two people in Brazil and Uruguay.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/ambiente/noticia/2022/05/no-uruguai-yakecan-provoca-transtornos-e-causa-pelo-menos-uma-morte-cl3al945h003i019in0iqc5as.html | title=No Uruguai, Yakecan provoca transtornos e causa pelo menos uma morte | date=17 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2022/05/17/bombeiros-buscam-homem-que-desapareceu-apos-barco-afundar-em-porto-alegre.ghtml | title=Corpo é encontrado no Guaíba após barco afundar durante passagem de tempestade Yakecan no RS; suspeita é que seja de pescador desaparecido }}</ref> Because of severed power cables, over 220,000 people were affected by power cuts as a result of the storm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2022/05/rs-tem-pelo-menos-226-mil-clientes-sem-energia-eletrica-maioria-dos-casos-fica-na-area-da-ceee-equatorial-cl3apod47000d019iln1zy193.html|title=RS tem pelo menos 226 mil clientes sem energia elétrica; maioria dos casos fica na área da CEEE Equatorial|date=2022-05-17|access-date=2022-05-18|website=GZH|language=pt-BR}}</ref>
 ==Climate change==
@@ Line 173: / Line 183: @@
 |Dec sun = 145.1
 |year sun = 1893.5
-|source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (sun 1981–2010)<ref name=INMETtmaxsaopaulo>
+|source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]] (sun 1981–2010)<ref name="INMETtmaxbrasilia">
 {{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043914/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
@@ Line 182: / Line 192: @@
 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
 | language = pt
-| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmedsaopaulo>
+| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="INMETtmedbrasilia">
 {{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043931/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
@@ Line 191: / Line 201: @@
 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
 | language = pt
-| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETtminsaopaulo>
+| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="INMETtminbrasilia">
 {{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044001/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
@@ Line 200: / Line 210: @@
 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
 | language = pt
-| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipsaopaulo>
+| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="INMETprecipbrasilia">
 {{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043703/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
@@ Line 209: / Line 219: @@
 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
 | language = pt
-| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipdayssaopaulo>
+| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="INMETprecipdaysbrasilia">
 {{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044003/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
@@ Line 218: / Line 228: @@
 | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
 | language = pt
-| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=INMEThumiditysaopaulo>
+| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="INMEThumidityBrasilia">
 {{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043838/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
@@ Line 249: / Line 259: @@
 |metric first = yes
 |single line = yes
 |collapsed = Yes
  |Jan high C = 30.2   |Jan record high C= 40.9
@@ Line 351: / Line 361: @@
  |year humidity= 79.1
- |source 1 = Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).<ref name="AverageLowC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Mínima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060545/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="AverageHighC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Máxima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060537/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="DailyMeanC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Média Compensada (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060540/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="Rainfall_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060527/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="RecordLowC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Mínima Absoluta (ºC) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="RecordHighC_INMET rio">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Máxima Absoluta (ºC) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="RainyDays_INMET rio">{{Cite web |title=Número de Dias com Precipitação Maior ou Igual a 1 mm (dias) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827173708/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref><ref name="Sunshine_INMET Rio">{{Cite web |title=Insolação Total (horas) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060530/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref><ref name="Humidity_INMET Rio">{{Cite web |title=Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada (%) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060524/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref>
+ |source 1 = Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).<ref name="AverageLowC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Mínima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060545/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="AverageHighC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Máxima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060537/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="DailyMeanC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Média Compensada (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060540/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="Rainfall_INMETrio">{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060527/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="RecordLowC_INMETrio">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Mínima Absoluta (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="RecordHighC_INMET rio">{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Máxima Absoluta (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="RainyDays_INMET rio">{{Cite web |title=Número de Dias com Precipitação Maior ou Igual a 1 mm (dias) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827173708/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref><ref name="Sunshine_INMET Rio">{{Cite web |title=Insolação Total (horas) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060530/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref><ref name="Humidity_INMET Rio">{{Cite web |title=Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada (%) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060524/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 818: / Line 828: @@
 |Dec sun = 274.2
 |year sun = 2845.9
-|source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]]<ref name=INMETtmaxfort>{{cite web
+|source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]]<ref name="INMETtmaxbelo">{{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043914/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
 | archive-date = March 24, 2022
@@ Line 828: / Line 838: @@
 | access-date = 24 March 2022
 | url-status = live
-}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmedfort>{{cite web
+}}</ref><ref name="INMETtmedbelo">{{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043931/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
 | archive-date = March 24, 2022
@@ Line 838: / Line 848: @@
 | access-date = 24 March 2022
 | url-status = live
-}}</ref><ref name=INMETtminfort>{{cite web
+}}</ref><ref name="INMETtminbelo">{{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044001/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
 | archive-date = March 24, 2022
@@ Line 848: / Line 858: @@
 | access-date = 24 March 2022
 | url-status = live
-}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipfort>{{cite web
+}}</ref><ref name="INMETprecipbelo">{{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043703/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
 | archive-date = March 24, 2022
@@ Line 858: / Line 868: @@
 | access-date = 24 March 2022
 | url-status = live
-}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipdaysfort>{{cite web
+}}</ref><ref name="INMETprecipdaysbelo">{{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044003/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
 | archive-date = March 24, 2022
@@ Line 868: / Line 878: @@
 | access-date = 24 March 2022
 | url-status = live
-}}</ref><ref name=INMEThumidityfort>{{cite web
+}}</ref><ref name="INMEThumiditybelo">{{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043838/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
 | archive-date = March 24, 2022
@@ Line 1,083: / Line 1,093: @@
 | access-date = 24 March 2022
 | url-status = live
-}}</ref><ref name=BeloINMETinsolacion>{{cite web
+}}</ref><ref name="FortalezaINMETinsolacion">{{cite web
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043829/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
 | archive-date = March 24, 2022
@@ Line 1,240: / Line 1,250: @@
 | Nov uv  =12
 | Dec uv  =12
-|source = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|INMET]],<ref name=INMETcuritiba>{{cite web |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas |title=Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia |language=pt| access-date = 14 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190922133747/http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima%2Fnormaisclimatologicas| archive-date = 22 September 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=INMET2curitiba>{{cite web |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/ |title=Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|INMET]] |language=pt| access-date = 14 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145218/http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/| archive-date = 8 October 2018| url-status = live}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimatcuritiba>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1281-Curitiba.php |title=Station Curitiba |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224064414/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1281-Curitiba.php |url-status=live }}</ref> and Weather Atlas (UV index)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/curitiba-climate |title=Curitiba, Brazil – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |last=d.o.o |first=Yu Media Group |website=Weather Atlas |language=en|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627172446/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/curitiba-climate|archive-date=27 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|source = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|INMET]],<ref name=INMETcuritiba>{{cite web |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas |title=Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia |language=pt| access-date = 14 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190922133747/http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima%2Fnormaisclimatologicas| archive-date = 22 September 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=INMET2curitiba>{{cite web |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/ |title=Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|INMET]] |language=pt| access-date = 14 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145218/http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/| archive-date = 8 October 2018| url-status = live}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimatcuritiba>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1281-Curitiba.php |title=Station Curitiba |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224064414/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1281-Curitiba.php |url-status=live }}</ref> and Weather Atlas (UV index)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/curitiba-climate |title=Curitiba, Brazil – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Yu Media Group |website=Weather Atlas |language=en|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627172446/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/curitiba-climate|archive-date=27 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 }}
@@ Line 1,378: / Line 1,388: @@
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref><ref name="Temperatura-INMET-83967-Porto-Alegre-RS">INMET. [http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83967&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/01/1961&mRelDtFim=31/12/2020&mAtributos=,,1,1,,,,,,,,,,,,, BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C), temperatura mínima (°C) - Porto Alegre]. Acesso em 19 ago. 2014.</ref>
+}}
-}}<noinclude>
 == See also ==

v t e Climate of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands