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Treaty of Riga

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This article is about Polish–Soviet peace treaty of 1921. For Latvian–Soviet treaty of 1920, see Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty.
Peace of Riga
(18 March, 1921)
Signed18 March 1921
LocationRiga, Latvia
Expiration17 September 1939
Signatories
Territorial changes of
the Baltic states
in the 20th century
Post World War I
World War II
Post World War II
Areas
Demarcation lines
Adjacent countries
Central and Eastern Europe after the Treaty of Riga

The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga; Template:Lang-pl was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish-Soviet War.[1]

The Soviet-Polish borders established by the treaty remained in force until the Second World War. They were later redrawn during the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference.

Background

Further information: Polish-Soviet War

World War I destabilized national borders in Europe. When the Russian Revolution renounced Tsarist claims to Poland at Brest-Litovsk in 1918, and the ancien regime in Germany was overthrown and the war ended, Poland established its independence; but its borders were not formally determined. The Russian Civil War presented an opportunity for Poland under Pilsudski to regain the Ukrainian territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lost to the Russian Empire during the late 18th century partition of Poland. Meanwhile, many in the Soviet leadership desired to respond to Pilsudki's moves into the Ukraine by dispatching two Red armies into Poland, and to extend the revolution by military force if necessary. Poland was seen by the Soviets as a land bridge to the West. The Polish-Soviet War ensued, culminating in the 1920 Battle of Warsaw (1920). Both sides were receptive to ending the conflict. After the military setbacks that followed their defeat near Warsaw, the Soviets were eager to begin peace treaty negotiations.[2] Likewise the Poles, pressured by the League of Nations, were willing to negotiate since its army controlled most of the disputed territories but was nearing exhaustion.

Negotiations

Peace talks were started on August 17, 1920, in Minsk, but as the Polish counter-offensive drew near, the talks were moved to Riga, and resumed on September 21.[3] The Soviets proposed two solutions, the first on September 21 and the second on the 28th. The Polish delegation made a counter-offer on 2 October. Three days later the Soviets offered amendments to the Polish offer, which Poland accepted. An armistice was signed on October 12 and went into effect on October 18.[4] The chief negotiators were Jan Dąbski for Poland[5] and Adolph Joffe for the RSFSR.[3] The Soviet side insisted, successfully, on excluding non-communist Ukrainian representatives from the negotiations.[3]

Due to their military setbacks, the Bolsheviks offered the Polish peace delegation substantial territorial concessions in the contested border areas. However, to many observers, it looked like the Polish side was conducting the Riga talks as if Poland had lost the war. The Polish delegations was dominated by the members of the national democrat movement.[5] The National Democrats envisioned the Polish state containing a population of no more than a third of minorities, a prerequisite, in their eyes, for any successful attempts at Polonization. The National Democrats were also motivated by internal political concerns. While the National Democrats' base of support was among Poles in central and western Poland, many of the hundreds of thousands of Poles left by them to live under Soviet rule were supporters of Piłsudski. The elections within the territories of the Treaty of Riga were evenly split. If the Poles and eastern Slavs in the territories given to the Soviet Union had remained in Poland, the National Democrats would have had a much harder time winning the demoratic elections.[6] War-weary public opinion in Poland also favored an end to the hostilities.[3] Both sides were also under pressure from the League of Nations to make peace.

A special parliamentary delegation consisting of six members of the Sejm held a vote on whether to accept the Soviets' far-reaching concessions, which would leave Minsk on the Polish side of the border. Pressured by the national democrat ideologue, Stanisław Grabski, the 100 km of extra territory was rejected, a victory for the nationalist doctrine and a stark defeat for Piłsudksi's federalism.[3][5]

Regardless, the negotiations for the peace treaty dragged on for months due to Soviet reluctance to sign. However, the Soviet leadership had to deal with increased internal unrest. Between February 23 and March 17, the Kronstadt rebellion occurred in Kronstadt, which was suppressed; peasants were also rising up against the Soviet authorities, who were collecting grain in order to feed the Red Army and this was causing food shortages. As a result of this situation, Lenin ordered the Soviet plenipotentiaries to secure the peace treaty with Poland.[2] The Peace of Riga was signed on March 18, 1921, partitioning the disputed territories in Belarus and Ukraine between Poland and Russia and ending the conflict.

Terms

The Treaty consisted of 26 articles.[7] Poland was to receive monetary compensation (30 million rubles in gold) for its economic input into the Russian Empire during the times of partitions of Poland. Under Article XIV Poland was also to receive railway materials (locomotives, rolling stock, etc.) with a value of 29 million gold roubles.[8] Russia was to surrender works of art and other Polish national treasures acquired from Polish territories after 1772 (such as the Jagiellonian tapestries and the Załuski Library). Both sides renounced claims to war compensation.

Article 3 stipulated that border issues between Poland and Lithuania would be settled by those states.[7] Article 6 created citizenship options for persons on either side of the new border.[7] Article 7 consisted of a mutual guarantee that all nationalities would be permitted "free intellectual development, the use of their national language, and the exercise of their religion."[7]

Treaty aftermath

Belarusian caricature decrying Peace Treaty of Riga as a partition of Belarus by Poland and Soviet Russia

The Soviet-Polish peace treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 12, 1921.[9]

The Allied Powers were reluctant to recognize the treaty, which had been concluded without their participation.[7] Their postwar conferences supported the Curzon Line as the Polish-Russian border, and Poland's territorial gains in the treaty lay about 250 km east of that line.[10][11] French support led to its recognition in March 1923 by France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan, followed by the US in April.[7]

In Poland, the Treaty of Riga was met with criticism from the very beginning. Some characterized the treaty as short-sighted and argued that much of what Poland had gained during the Polish-Soviet war was lost during the peace negotiations. By 1921, General Jozef Piłsudski was no longer the head of state and had participated in the Riga negotiations only as an observer, which he called an act of cowardice.[12] Piłsudski felt the agreement was a shameless and short-sighted political calculation, with Poland abandoning its Ukrainian ally.[3] On May 15 that year he apologized to the Ukrainian soldiers during his visit to the internment camp at Kalisz.[13][14][15]

Belarussian and Ukrainian independence movements saw the treaty as a setback.[16] Four million Ukrainians and over one million Belarussians lived within areas ceded to Poland; in one estimate, only 15% of the population was ethnically Polish.[17][18] The Ukrainian People's Republic led by Symon Petliura had been allied with Poland by Treaty of Warsaw, but the Treaty of Riga abrogated it.[2] The new treaty violated Poland's military alliance with the UPR, which had explicitly prohibited a separate peace. In doing so, it worsened relations between Poland and those Ukrainians who had supported Petliura. These supporters felt Ukraine had been betrayed by its Polish ally, a feeling that would be exploited by Ukrainian nationalists and contribute to the growing tensions and eventual violence in the 1930s and 1940s. By the end of 1921, the majority of Poland-allied Ukrainian, Belarusian and White Russian forces had either crossed the Polish border and laid down their arms or had been annihilated by Soviet forces.

Subsequent historians have criticized the Polish representatives. Belarusian historian Andrew Savchenko called the resulting eastern border "military indefensible and economically unviable"; and a source of growing ethnic tensions, as the resulting minorities in Poland were too large to be ignored or assimilated, and too small to win desired autonomy.[5]

Consequences

The treaty contributed to the failure of Józef Piłsudski's plans to create a Polish-led Intermarium federation of Eastern European countries, as portions of the territory proposed for the federation were ceded to the Soviets.[6] Lenin also considered the treaty unsatisfactory; he had to postpone his plans for exporting revolution to the West.[2]

Poland after the Treaty of Riga with the pre-partitions border of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth marked
Second page of the treaty, Polish version

While the Treaty of Riga led to a two-decade stabilization of the Soviet-Polish conflict, the conflict was renewed during World War II and the treaty's borders were overridden by decision of that war's Allied powers. In the view of some observers, the treaty's incorporation of significant minority populations into Poland did not serve Poland's best interests, since these minorities persistently pursued independence and borders passing through ethnically mixed areas would prove difficult to defend.[7][10]

See also: Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Belarusian minority in Poland, Ukrainian minority in Poland, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

The populations separated by the division suffered varying degrees of repressions under their respective governments, particularly in the 1930s. Ethnic Poles left within Soviet borders were subjected to persecution and repressions, their property confiscated.[19] Most Poles left in the Soviet Union by the Treaty of Riga would be deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan in the 1930s.[6] Belarussians and Ukrainians, having failed to create their own states, faced difficult situation or outright persecution on both sides of the border. Several hundred thousand Belorussians, Poles, Ukrainians and members of other minorities were executed or deported by the Soviet government during the 1930s.[19][20][21] The Polish portion of Belarus and Ukraine were in turn subjected to Polonization; the minorities, particularly Ukrainians, resisted, leading to the adoption of terrorist tactics by the Ukrainian extremists (OUN).[22][23] During government anti-guerrilla operations minority members were arrested or even executed, and cultural institutions lost much support.[20][24]

The Soviet Union, thwarted in 1921, would see its sphere of influence expand after World War II, with its control over the People's Republic of Poland and border changes that unified Belorussian and Ukrainian territory within the USSR. In 1989, however, Poland would regain its full sovereignty, and soon afterward, with the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus and Ukraine would go on to become independent nations.

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ K. Marek. Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Librairie Droz 1968. pp. 419-420.
  2. ^ a b c d THE REBIRTH OF POLAND. University of Kansas, lecture notes by professor Anna M. Cienciala, 2004. Last accessed on 2 June 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1 January 1962). France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-8166-5886-2.
  4. ^ Soviet foreign policy: 1917-1980, in two volumes, Volume 1. Progress Publishers. p. 181.
  5. ^ a b c d Andrew Savchenko (2009). Belarus: A Perpetual Borderland. BRILL. pp. 98–100. ISBN 90-04-17448-6.
  6. ^ a b c Timothy Snyder (2004). The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Michael Palij (1995). The Ukrainian-Polish defensive alliance, 1919-1921: an aspect of the Ukrainian revolution. CIUS Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-1-895571-05-9.
  8. ^ Template:En icon J.C. Johari (2000). Soviet Diplomacy 1925-41. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 42. ISBN 81-7488-491-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |chapterurl= and |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 6, pp. 52-169.
  10. ^ a b Dennis P. Hupchick (1995). Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-312-12116-7.
  11. ^ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne (2004). Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8264-7301-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Norman Davies (2003). White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20. Pimlico. p. 399. ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help) (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.)
  13. ^ Template:Pl icon Jan Jacek Bruski (August 2002). "Sojusznik Petlura". Wprost. 1029 (2002–08–18). ISSN 0209-1747. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  14. ^ Jerzy Borzęcki (2008). The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe. Yale University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-300-12121-6.
  15. ^ Polityka. Wydawn. Wspólczesne RSW "Prasa-Książka-Ruch". 2001. p. 74. Ja was przepraszam, panowie, ja was przepraszam - to miało być zupełnie inaczej
  16. ^ Jan Zaprudnik (1993). Belarus: at a crossroads in history. Westview Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8133-1794-6.
  17. ^ Antony Evelyn Alcock (2000). A history of the protection of regional cultural minorities in Europe: from the Edict of Nantes to the present day. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-312-23556-7.
  18. ^ Raymond Leslie Buell (2007). Poland - Key to Europe. READ BOOKS. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4067-4564-1.
  19. ^ a b J. M. Kupczak "Stosunek władz bolszewickich do polskiej ludności na Ukrainie (1921–1939)Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie 1 (1997) Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego , 1997 page 47–62" IPN Bulletin 11(34) 2003
  20. ^ a b Janusz Bugajski (2002). Political parties of Eastern Europe: a guide to politics in the post-Communist era. M.E. Sharpe. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-56324-676-0.
  21. ^ Myron Weiner; Sharon Stanton Russell (June 2001). Demography and national security. Berghahn Books. pp. 321–. ISBN 978-1-57181-339-8. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  22. ^ Jan S. Prybyla (2010). When Angels Wept: The Rebirth and Dismemberment of Poland and Her People in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century. Wheatmark, Inc. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-1-60494-325-2. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  23. ^ Aviel Roshwald (2001). Ethnic nationalism and the fall of empires: central Europe, Russia, and the Middle East, 1914-1923. Routledge. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-415-17893-8. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  24. ^ Ivan S. Lubachko. Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917-1957 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1972), 137

Notations

  • Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20, Pimlico, 2003, ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.)
  • Traktat ryski 1921 roku po 75 latach, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 1998, ISBN 83-231-0974-5 (Chapter summaries in English)

Polish

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