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Flaming sword (mythology)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Painting by Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix of an angel (Camael) expelling Adam and Eve with a flaming sword. According to Robert Means Lawrence,[1] Arthur de Bles, and R.L. Giles, the angel who cast Adam and Eve out of Paradise was said to be Jophiel.[2]

A flaming sword is a sword which is glowing with a flame which is produced by some supernatural power. Flaming swords have existed in legends and myths for thousands of years.

Abrahamic sources

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St Jophiel
St Jophiel, stained glass at St Michael's Church, Brighton.
St Uriel
St Uriel, stained glass at St James' Church, Ewhurst Green.
The flaming sword is an attribute of both Jophiel and Uriel.

According to the Bible, a flaming sword (Hebrew: להט החרב lahat chereb or literally "flame of the whirling sword" Hebrew: להט החרב המתהפכת lahaṭ haḥereb hammithappeket) was entrusted to the cherubim by God to guard the gates of Paradise after Adam and Eve were banished (Genesis 3:24).[3][4][6] Scholars have variously interpreted the sword as a weapon of the cherubim, as lightning, as a metaphor, as an independent divine being,[5][7][8] or even as a figurative description of bladed chariot wheels.[9]

In Kabbalah, the flaming sword represents the order which the sefirot were created in, also known as “the path of the flaming sword.”[10]

Dumah is an angel mentioned in Rabbinical literature and popular in Yiddish folklore. Isaac Bashevis Singer's Short Friday (1964), a collection of stories, mentions Dumah as a "thousand-eyed angel of death, armed with a flaming sword". The sword is otherwise associated with various angels, such as the archangel Uriel, Camael[citation needed] or Jophiel.[7][11]

Christianity

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Eastern Orthodox tradition (as expressed in the Lenten Triodion) says that after Jesus was crucified and resurrected, the flaming sword was removed from the Garden of Eden, making it possible for humanity to re-enter Paradise.[12]

Gnosticism

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The ancient Gnostic codex On the Origin of the World predicts that the kings under the archons will be drunken from the flaming sword during the end times.[13]

Germanic mythology

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In Norse mythology, the weapon wielded by the giant Surtr is referred to as a "flaming sword" (Old Norse: loganda sverð) by Snorri Sturluson in Gylfaginning 4, of the Prose Edda.[14][15][16] Snorri immediately afterwards quotes a stanza from his poetic source, (Völuspá 52),[17] where it is stated that Surt has fire with him, and that his sword shines with the "sun of the gods of the slain".[15][16] However, it has been argued that the poem might be stressing the fiery glare of Surtr himself more than the sword.[18] The relevant kenning from the quoted poem, svigi lævi ("destruction of twigs"), is usually interpreted to mean "fire".[a][19][20][21] However, Henrik Schück interpreted the kenning as referring to a sword, emending the phrase to svigi læva to identify it with the sword Lævateinn in Fjölsvinnsmál.[22] Snorri paraphrases the strophe of the poem a second time in Gylfaginning 51, merely saying: "Surt rides first, and before him and after him is burning fire",[19][23] afterwards requoting more extensively around the same strophe (Völuspá 48–56).[24] The possibility that this sword imagery was inspired by Christian writings have been speculated.[25]

Celtic legend

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According to the Welsh triads, the Dyrnwyn ('White-Hilt'), one of the Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain, is said to be a powerful sword belonging to Rhydderch Hael, one of the Three Generous Men of Britain.[26][27] When drawn by a worthy or well-born man, the entire blade would blaze with fire. Rhydderch was never reluctant to hand the weapon to anyone, hence his nickname; Hael (the Generous), but as soon as the recipients learned of its peculiar properties, they always rejected the sword.[26]

Hindu and Buddhist (Dharmic) sources

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The deity Acala (known as Fudō Myōō in Japan) is depicted in Buddhist art holding a sword which may or may not be flaming and sometimes described only generically as a treasure sword (宝剣, hōken) or as a vajra-sword (金剛剣, kongō-ken), as the pommel of the sword is shaped like a talon-like vajra (金剛杵, kongō-sho).

In Hinduism, Kalki (Sanskrit: कल्कि) also called Kalkin or karki, is the prophesied tenth and final incarnation of Hindu God Vishnu to end the Kali Yuga, one of the four periods in the endless cycle of existence (Krita) in Vaishnavism cosmology. The end of Kali Yuga states this will usher in the new epoch of Satya Yuga in the cycle of existence, until the MahaPralaya (the Great Dissolution of the Universe). Kalki is described in the Puranas as the avatar who rejuvenates existence by ending the darkest and destructive period to remove adharma and ushering in the Satya Yuga, while riding a white horse with a fiery sword. The description and details of Kalki are different among various Puranas.

In Vajrayana/Tibetan Buddhism, the flaming sword represents specifically wisdom-piercing-ignosis, and is depicted in the *right* hand of any Buddha in a T'hangka painting, whereas the *left* side of the same Buddha shows the BEing, instead of DOing, e.g. being the meanings of a particular dharma, as symbolized by a flower springing from their left hand, with some particular dharma text being in the open flower, to their left. Take a look at any such thangka ( pronounced t'hangka, but usually in English spelt thangka, which misleads English readers, because it is hard-T-then-H, not TH sound ) painting, and you will see the left-brain/right-body and right-brain/left-body instruction is consistent, and particularly see Manjushri for an example of the flaming-sword-which-pierces-ignosis. It can be represented as a sword made of flame, or as a conventional metal sword with flames about it, either way.

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ In the original text, með svigi lævi "with the destruction of twigs", in the dative case.

References

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  1. ^ Lawrence, Robert M. (1898), The Magic of the Horse-Shoe, With Other Folk-Lore Notes, Chapter III: The Number Seven at sacred-texts.com
  2. ^ Davidson, Gustav (1967), A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels, Entry: Iofiel, Free Press, p. 150, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-19757, ISBN 9780029070505
  3. ^ Genesis 3:24
  4. ^ John Bellamy; Francis George, eds. (1818). "Genesis III". The Holy Bible: Newly Translated from the Original Hebrew, with Notes Critical and Explanatory. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. p. 24, note to Gen. 3:24.
  5. ^ a b Hendel, Ronald S. (December 1985), "'The Flame of the Whirling Sword': A Note on Genesis 3:24" (PDF), Journal of Biblical Literature, 104 (4): 671–674, doi:10.2307/3260679, JSTOR 3260679
  6. ^ Brown–Driver–Briggs, cited by Hendel.[5]
  7. ^ a b Hopler, Whitney. "How Did an Angel Expel Adam and Eve From the Garden?". learnreligions.com. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  8. ^ Litvak, Salvador (16 October 2020). "Table For Five: Bereshit". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 4 November 2020. Alternate link
  9. ^ Lichtenstein, Murray H. (Spring 2015). "The Fearsome Sword of Genesis 3:24". Journal of Biblical Literature. 134 (1): 53–57. doi:10.15699/jbl.1341.2015.2739. JSTOR 10.15699/jbl.1341.2015.2739. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Path of the Flaming Sword - AnthroWiki". en.anthro.wiki. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  11. ^ Moretz, Matthew. "The Angel with the Flaming Sword". Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Orthodox liturgy of the third Sunday of Lent". Archived from the original on 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  13. ^ Marvin Meyer; Willis Barnstone (2009). "On the Origin of the World". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  14. ^ Gylf. 4, Finnur Jónsson (1910), p. 11
  15. ^ a b Gylf. 4, Faulkes tr. (1995), pp. 9–10: "There is one called Surt that is stationed.. he has a flaming sword". Quoted by Samplonius (2013), pp. 118–119, n9.
  16. ^ a b Brodeur tr. (1916), p. 16–17.
  17. ^ Martin (1967), p. 81
  18. ^ Martin (1967), p. 81: "When Snorri says that Surt's sword is “very good, from it there is a shine brighter than the sun,” [Gylf. 51] the brightness seems more likely to be attributable to Surtr who is linked with fire than to his unattested possession of Frey's sword".
  19. ^ a b Hollander (1922), p. 117.
  20. ^ Faulkes tr. (1995), p. 10: "stick-destroyer [fire]".
  21. ^ Cf. Cleasby=Vigfusson's Dictionary (1874), s.v. "svigi".
  22. ^ Ström, Folke (1956), Loki. Ein mythologisches Problem., Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 62, 8, Göteborgs universitet, p. 124
  23. ^ Gylf. 51, Faulkes tr. (1995), p. 53: "Surt will ride in front, and both before behind.."; Cf. p. 54 "After that Surt will fling fire over the earth".
  24. ^ Faulkes tr. (1995), pp. 54–55.
  25. ^ Samplonius (2013), p. 125.
  26. ^ a b Bromwich ed. tr. (1961). Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Brydain ('The Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain'). pp. 240–241.
  27. ^ Bromwich ed. tr. (1961) ed. and tr. Triad 2 "The Three Generous Men of the Island of Britain" . p. 5, and endnote to "Rhyderch Hael m. Tudwal Tutclyt", pp. 505–505.

Bibliography

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