8.

REDACCIONES:

RESUMEN DE INGLS PARA BACHILLERATO

1. TIPOS DE PREGUNTAS
1.PREGUNTAS DE COMPRENSIN DEL TEXTO:
Utiliza en tus respuestas expresiones como:

-According to the text..., The text says that..., The text mentions..., The text states that...
2. PREGUNTAS HIPOTTICAS:
En las que se supone que debes emplear oraciones condicionales.
- Ejemplo: Where would you like to spend your next few years? I would like to...
3. PREGUNTAS QUE SOLICITAN TU OPININ:
- Ejemplo: What do you think of...? Do you believe...?
Al responder utiliza expresiones como: I think that..., Well, personally, I feel..., I believe..., In
view..., etc.

my opinion..., From my point of

4. EJERCICIOS MORFOSINTCTICOS:
Debers demostrar tus conocimientos completando frases, formulando preguntas a respuestas dadas, uniendo oraciones mediante
pronombres relativos o conjunciones, transformando oraciones activas en pasivas, cambiando frases afirmativas en negativas o
interrogativas, reescribiendo en estilo indirecto, poniendo el verbo en infinitivo en su tiempo verbal correspondiente atendiendo al
contexto de la frase, ect.
5. EJERCICIOS DE VOCABULARIO:
Debers emparejar sinnimos, buscar antnimos, explicar en ingls el significado de varias palabras, usar una misma palabra en dos
frases con significados distintos, derivar palabras de una misma raz, etc.
6. EJERCICIOS DE PRONUNCIACIN:
Su finalidad es comprobar tu conocimiento de la pronunciacin de ciertas palabras aparecidas en el texto.
-Ejemplo: Buscar palabras con el mismo sonido voclico que ea en least.
7. RESMENES DEL CONTENIDO DEL TEXTO:

1- Lee detenidamente el ttulo de la redaccin. Fjate en el tiempo verbal si lo hubiere. Cerciorate sobre si debes escribir sobre algo ya
ocurrido (tiempos de pasado), rutinas diarias (formas de presente), predicciones (tiempos de futuro) o situaciones hipotticas
(condicionales).
2- Haz un listado mental de las ideas que quieres tratar. Si no se te ocurre nada, hazte preguntas bsicas para describir cualquier
suceso: Who, When, Where, What, How, Why...
- W&A: -Who, When, Where, Weather, What is he/she doing, What happens next...
3- Planifica el vocabulario que vas a emplear. Evita expresiones inglesas de las que no ests muy seguro, y, sobretodo no te inventes
palabras. No es nada aconsejable que traduzcas del castellano. Intenta recordar frases hechas y expresiones aprendidas que puedan
ser empleadas en ese contexto.
4- Tipos de redacciones que pueden salir: - Descriptivas - Narrativas - Argumentativas - Cartas.
5- Organiza tus ideas en dos o tres prrafos.:
- En narraciones: 1- descripcin del entorno espacial y temporal de la historia
2- secuencia de acontecimientos
3- final sorprendente
- En redacciones argumentativas:
1- introduccin del tema de forma general
2- concretar el tema con ejemplos que sostengan tus argumentos
3- opinin personal y preguntas sobre la validez de los argumentos empleados por otros.
6. Piensa en las partculas y conectores ms apropiados para unir tus frases.
7. Procura pensar cuidadosamente cada frase antes de escribirla.
8. Evita repetirte demasiado, ve al grano. No escribas frases demasiado largas con mltiples oraciones subordinadas.
9. Dedica unos minutos a repasar lo escrito. Presta atencin a los tiempos verbales que has empleado, la presencia del sujeto, la posicin
del adverbio y de los adjetivos...etc.

2. CONTENIDOS GRAMATICALES
1. FORMULACIN DE PREGUNTAS:
1. Orden de los elementos:
- Partcula interrogativa Wh- Verbo auxiliar
- Sujeto
- Verbo principal
- Objetos
- Complementos circunstanciales
- signo de interrogacin ?
Ejemplo: where have you put the books from the library?

1- Lee el texto y extrae el tema general de que trata.

2- Extrae las ideas fundamentales de cada prrafo. Una vez identificadas, trata de reescribirlas con tus propias palabras.
3- Piensa en el tipo de relacin sintctica que puede establecerse entre estas ideas:
-relacin aditiva, -relacin alternativa, -relacin contrastiva, -relacin de causa y efecto,
-relacin de ordenacin cronolgica o lgica.
4- Puedes introducir tu resumen diciendo:

* En el present y el past : auxiliar do/does y did . En estos casos el verbo principal: infinitive sin to
Ejemplo: Did they know what to do?

Cuando ests resumiendo el punto de vista del autor puedes iniciar tu resumen:
- The author states/ suggests/ criticizes/ explains/ points out...
5- Presta especial atencin a la coherencia entre los tiempos verbales empleados. Si escribes sobre algo que sucedi en el pasado
raramente podrs emplear tiempos de presente. Sin embargo, en el caso de introducir una opinin o comentario personal dentro de la
historia, stos podrn expresarse en presente.
Ejemplo: Primary school was a mixture of rules and games. I remember that we had to queue to go into class and we had to ask
permission for everything...Some of our teachers were strict but in general they were friendly.... On the whole I have very good
memories of my school days and of the people I worked with.
6. Lee de nuevo tu resumen y corrige posibles errores.

2. Pronombres y partculas interrogativas:

- Who?
Quin?
- Whom?
A quin?
- Whose?
De quin?
- What?
Qu?
- Which?
Qu? Cul?
- How?
Cmo?
- Where?
Dnde?
- When
Cundo?

- The text is about..., This is the story of..., The text deals with...

* Si el pronombre interrogativo es el sujeto de la oracin: no se utilizar el auxiliar do .

Ejemplos: - Who took the book away?
- What makes you think that way?

- Who sings in the bath every morning?

- Whom did you meet? (Se usa muy poco en la actualidad)
- Whose book is this?
- What is this?
- Which book do you want?
- How do you get to school?
- Where is the Post Office?
- When do you get up?

- Why?
- What about?
- What ... like?
- What time?
- How far?
- How long?
- How often?
- How old?
- How high?
- How many?
- How much?

Por qu?
(Sugerencias)
Cmo?
A qu hora?
A qu distancia?
Cunto tiempo?
Con qu frecuencia?
Qu edad?
Qu altura?
Cuntos/as?
Cunto?

- Why did you come?

- What about you? - What about going to the cinema?
- What's your brother like?
- What time does the disco open?
- How far is your house from school?
- How long have you studied English?
- How often do you go to a concert?
- How old is your grandmother?
- How high is The Eiffel Tower?
- How many friends have you got?
- How much coffee do you want?

2. SUBJUNTIVO:
1. Diferencias con el indicativo:
- En el present, la 3 persona sing. se pone en infinitive sin to .
Ejemplo: It is necessary that he remain here.
- En el past, el verbo to be usa la forma were para todas las personas.
Ejemplo: Just suppose the child were yours!
2. Usos del subjuntivo:
- Let's be friends. ....................................................... Seamos amigos.
- Tell him to come. ..................................................... Dile que venga.
- Don't do it. ............................................................... No lo hagas.
- Come what may, I'll help you. .................................. Pase lo que pase, te ayudar.
- Whoever wins, The result will be the same. ............. Gane quien gane, el resultado ser el mismo.
- Whether you like it or not, I'm going right now. ........ Lo quieras o no, me voy en seguida.
- I wish she were here. ............................................... Ojal estuviese aqu.
- It is time she were here. ........................................... Ya es hora de que estuviese aqu.
- I wish I could go. ....................................................... Ojal pudiese ir.
- I wish she hadn't left. ................................................ Ojal no se hubiese ido ella.
- I wish it would stop raining soon. ............................... Ojal dejase de llover pronto.
- If only I knew it. ......................................................... Ojal lo supiese.
- If only I had known. ................................................... Ojal lo hubiese sabido.
- You had better ring me later. .................................... Es mejor que me llames ms tarde.
- It is possible that he will come. ................................... Es posible que venga.
- It may rain tomorrow. ................................................ Quizs llueva maana.
- They might come later. .............................................. Tal vez vengan ms tarde.
- They didn't want him to drive the car. ........................ No queran que el condujese el coche.
- They asked him not to drive the car. ......................... Le pidieron que no condujese el coche.
- Excuse my ringing so late last night. .......................... Perdona que te llamase tan tarde anoche.
- He denied his having taken the money. ..................... Neg que se hubiese llevado el dinero.
- If he were here, you wouldn't say that. ....................... Si estuviese aqu, no lo diras.
- If we had time, we'd go with you. ................................ Si tuviesemos tiempo, iramos con vosotros.
- If they had told us, we wouldn't have come. ............... Si nos lo hubiesen dicho, no habramos venido.
- I left it on the table so that he might find it. ................. Lo dej sobre la mesa para que pudiera encontrarlo.
- She brought some documents for me to sign. ........... Trajo unos documentos para que los firmara.

3. LA PASIVA:
1. Cundo y para qu se usa:
- Realzar la importancia del objeto de una oracin activa.
Ejemplo: His daughter was run over by a motorbike.
- Se desconoce el sujeto de la accin o es obvio.
Ejemplo: His uncle was killed in the Civil War.

2. La transformacin en pasiva:
- El complemento directo de la oracin activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva.
- Si existe complemento indirecto en la oracin activa, es ste el que pasa a ser sujeto pasivo.
- La forma pasiva se forma conjugando el verbo to be en el tiempo verbal del verbo activo, seguido del participio pasado del verbo
activo.
- El sujeto de la activa pasa a ser agente precedido de la prep. by ( en algunos casos precedido de with). En la mayora de las frases
pasivas no se menciona el sujeto activo.
Ejemplos: - The police arrested TWO HUNDRED PEOPLE.
- TWO HUNDRED PEOPLE were arrested by the police.

- Someone has given HIM a lot of money.

- HE has been given a lot of money by someone.
* En ocasiones tambin se emplea get .
- Things are getting sorted out.
- Ill soon get dressed.
4. EL ESTILO INDIRECTO:
1. Cuando el verbo principal de la frase est en past, el tiempo verbal de la frase indirecta cambiar as:

present simple
present continuous
present perfect
is going to
must
can
past simple
past continuous
will
shall
imperative
Ejemplos:

D past simple
D past continuous
Dpast perfect
Dwas going to
Dhad to
Dcould
Dpast perfect
Dpast perfect continuous
Dwould
Dshould
D infinitive

- "I must go"

- "I havent seen anybody"
- "Ill talk to Mr Jones"

D He said he had to go.

D She said she hadnt seen anybody.
D He said he would talk to Mr Jones.

* Algunos tiempos verbales no cambian:

Would Dwould,
could Dcould,
might Dmight,

should Dshould

* Se puede poner u omitir that detrs del verbo principal: - He said he wasnt going
- He said that he wasnt going.
2. Adems de los tiempos verbales hay otras palabras que tambin deben cambiar en la frase indirecta:

tomorrow
yesterday
here
this / that
this morning
today
tonight
next / on Tuesday
last Tuesday
the day after tomorrow
ago

D the next day / the following day

D The day before
D there
D the
D that morning
D that day
D that night
D the following Tuesday
D the previous Tuesday
Din two days time
D before / previously

* Tambin cambian los pronombres personales y los adjetivos y pronombres posesivos. No se pueden dar reglas para estos cambios;
fjate en el sujeto del verbo introductorio y aplica tu sentido comn para determinar las nuevas relaciones entre las personas
mencionadas.
* Tambin algunos verbos cambian: come Dgo , bringDtake.
3. PREGUNTAS INDIRECTAS:
- Las preguntas indirectas cambian el orden de la pregunta original adems de los cambios verbales:
Ejemplos: - What is the time?
D She asked what time it was.
- How is your mother?
D He asked me how my mother was.

- Se usa if o whether cuando la pregunta no contiene ninguna particula interrogativa Wh-:

Ejemplo: - Did you see the film?
D She asked whether I had seen the film
4. IMPERATIVOS INDIRECTOS:
- Los mandatos indirectos usan un complemento indirecto y un infinitivo :
Ejemplos: - Stop
D He told them to stop .
- Dont go
D He told me not to go .
- Existe una diferencia entre las ofertas indirectas y las peticiones indirectas:
a) oferta: "Would you like a cigarette?"
D He asked if I would like a cigarette.
b) peticin: "Would you pass me a cigarette? D He asked me to pass him a cigarette.
5. VERBOS QUE RESUMEN FRASES:
No es siempre necesario pasar al estilo indirecto todas las palabras de las frases directas: algunos verbos se utilizan para resumir ciertas
frases.
Ejemplos: - "Oh dear", she said, "Im terribly sorry Im late".
D She apologized for being late.
- "I know a good restaurant. Why dont we go there?
D He suggested that we should go to a restaurant.
- Verbos que rigen infinitive:
advise, invite, offer , promise, refuse, remind, warn
- Verbos que rigen gerund:
apologize for, insist on, suggest
- Verbos seguidos de indirect speech:
agree, announce, boast , claim, concede..... that...
Ejemplo: "Were going to get married in June", she said.
D She announced that they were going to get married in June.

5. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO:
1. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO CON WHO, THAT Y WHICH:
Mira esta frase:
- The man gave me some money.
Si queremos describir al hombre, podemos usar un adjetivo (old, thin, young, etc):
- The old man gave me some money.
Sin embargo, a veces la informacin que queremos dar es ms complicada.
- The old man met me at the airport. He gave me some money.
Las dos frases pueden combinarse para mostrarme qu viejo me dio el dinero:
- The old man who met me at the airport gave me some money.
who met me at the airport es una frase (pequea dentro de otra mayor) que se llama oracin de relativo.
FORMA: Son oraciones que suelen comenzar por who (personas), that (personas o cosas), o which (cosas), y se colocan
inmediatamente despus del nombre al que describen:
- I was talking to a person who had worked with my father.
- The machine that I wanted to buy was too expensive.

* Who , that , y which sustituyen al pronombre:

- This is the man who I met in Paris. y NO: - This is the man who I met him in Paris.
2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES, y NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:
-Las oraciones especificativas o defining clauses definen o especifican el nombre de la oracin principal al que se refieren:
- "I saw that man again"
- "Which man?"
- "The man who wants to buy my house".
* who wants to buy my house es un ejemplo de defining clause.
- Las oraciones explicativas o non-defining clauses dan una informacin no imprescindible. Van entre comas:
- "A man, who said he knew my father, asked me for money".
* who said he knew my father es un hecho importante pero es una informacin extra ms que esencial.
- The house, which they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
* No se puede omitir el pronombre relativo (which).
-La diferencia entre Defining y Non-defining clauses es importante porque pueden cambiar el significado de una frase:
I have two sisters who are living in New York at the moment. (slo dos viven en New York).
- ( defining):
- ( non-defining): I have two sisters, who are living in New York at the moment. (tengo slo dos hermanas).
3. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO SUJETO Y OBJETO:
El nombre que se describe en la oracin de relativo puede ser sujeto u objeto de la oracin de relativo:
- The man who normally works here is ill.
Oracin principal: The man is ill.
Oracin relativa: Who normally works here. (he normally works here).
* Aqu el relativo Who es el sujeto de la oracin relativa: es una subject relative clause.
- The man who you saw yesterday is ill.
Oracin principal: The man is ill.
Oracin relativa: Who you saw yesterday. (you saw him yesterday).
* Aqu el relativo Who es el objeto de la oracin de relativo: es una object relative clause.
En este tipo de oracines de relativo, object relative clauses, si son defining , los relativos who , that , which no son necesarios y
se suelen suprimir:
Ejemplos: - Shes the person who I met at the conference. D Shes the person I met at the conference.
- Have you seen the dress that Ive just bought? D Have you seen the dress Ive just bought?
* Esto no puede hacerse con subject relative clauses:
- The man who was feeling ill left early
NO SE PUEDE DECIR:
- The man was feeling ill left early.
4. WHOSE (= cuyo , cuya, cuyos , cuyas):
Se usa para indicar posesin:
- Theres the man. His wallet was stolen D Theres the man whose wallet was stolen.
* No hay que confundirlo con whos que es la contraccin de who is, y de who has .
5. WHICH REFIRINDOSE A FRASES ENTERAS:
- His dog turned on the television. I thought it was rather surprising.
- His dog turned on the televsion, which I thought it was rather surprising.
6. WHERE, WHEN Y WHY EN ORACIONES RELATIVAS:
- Where y when introducen oraciones relativas de lugar y tiempo:
Ejemplos: - We visited the town where I was born. (defining).
- I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs Butler. (non-defining).
- I think that was the time when I lost all my money. (defining).
- I saw the film last year, when I was in Paris. (non-defining).
- Why, seguida de that's , a reason, o the reason (por lo que) suele introducir una defining clause.
Ejemplo: - There must be a reason why you said that.

6. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES:

2. SIGNIFICADOS:

1. Hay tres tipos de oraciones condicionales:

-1: POSIBLE:
If + present............. future / present / imperative
-2: IMPROBABLE:
If + past................... conditional / could , might + infinitive
-3: IMPOSIBLE:
If + past perfect...... conditional perfect / could , might + perfect infinitive
Ejemplos: - If you come at ten, well be ready.
- if you press this button, the machine switches off.
- If you hear the alarm, get out as fast as you can.

- If I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of swimming.

- If they asked me to work for them, I might accept.
- If I had worked harder, I would have passed the exam.
- If you had asked me for tickets, I could have got you some.
2. OTRAS PALABRAS ADEMS DE IF:
a) Unless = if not, (a menos que, a no ser que):
- Ill go home soon if the film doesnt start D Ill go home soon unless the film starts.
b) Provided that , on condition that , as long as = if and only if. ( siempre que, suponiendo que, con tal de que...)
- Provided that everybody agrees, well have the meeting on Tuesday.
c) Supposing that , imagine, just suppose
- Just suppose it didnt rain for four months, would we have enough water?
* Existe una construccin especial en la que se invierte el orden y desaparece la conjuncin if :
- Had I known, I wouldnt have come. = Si lo hubiese sabido, no habra venido.
7. CONJUNCIONES Y CONECTORES DE FRASES:

b) conectores: establecen relaciones entre frases independientes: however (sin embargo), indeed (de hecho).
c) conjunciones subordinantes, entre las que caben destacar:
- temporales:
after (despus de que)
as (cuando)
as long as (en tanto en cuanto)
as soon as (tan pronto como)
before (antes de que)
since (desde que)
till (hasta que)
until (hasta que)
when (cuando)
while (mientras)
Whenever (siempre que)
etc...

wherever (donde quiera que).

- causales: Because (porque) since (ya que, puesto que)

as (como).

- finalidad: In order that (para que) so that (para que).

- consecutivas:

as a result (consiguientemente) so + adj. / adv. + that (tan ... que).

so (por tanto)
such (a) + nombre + that (tan ... que).
then (entonces)

- concesivas: Although (aunque)

- de manera: As (como)

though (si bien) even though (aun cuando) etc...

as if (como si)

- Relacin aditiva:
and (y)
as well (tambin)
furthermore (adems)
both ... and (tanto .. como)
in adition to this (adems)
and what's more (y lo que es ms)

also (tambin)
besides (adems)
too (tambin) (se coloca al final de la frase)
not only ... but also (no slo ... sino tambin)
again (por otra parte)
as well as (adems de), etc...

- Relacin alternativa:
or (o)
either ... or (o ... o)
neither ... nor (ni ... ni)

whether ... or (tanto si ... como si no...)

otherwise (de lo contrario, en otro caso)
or else (si no), etc...

- Relacin contrastiva:
but (pero)
still (sin embargo)
whereas (mientras que)
yet (con todo)
despite (a pesar de)

however (sin embargo)

nevertheless (no obstante)
while (mientras que)
notwithstanding (no obstante, dejando a un lado)
on the other hand (por otra parte), etc...

- Relacin de causa y efecto:

so (por lo tanto)
consequently (en consecuencia)
due to the fact that (debido a que)

therefore (por esta razn)

because (porque)
because of (a causa de), etc...

- Relacin de orden:
Firstly ... secondly ... and finally (en primer lugar... en segundo lugar... y finalmente), etc...

1. TIPOS Y USOS:
a) conjunciones coordinantes: and , but , or.

- de lugar: Where (donde)

Las relaciones semnticas ms importantes que se establecen entre frases pueden ser:

as though (como si).

8. GERUNDIOS E INFINITIVOS:
- El GERUNDIO a veces se usa como nombre: - Smoking is bad for you - She's good at swimming.
* Nota algunos cambios necesarios: - lieDlying - takeDtaking
- sit Dsitt ing
- Un verbo DESPUS DE PREPOSICIN D va siempre en GERUNDIO: - After closing the door...
- Algunos verbos suelen ir seguidos por gerundio:
- like
- love
- start
- stop
- enjoy

- dislike

- hate

- begin

- Otros verbos menos usados que tambin rigen gerundio son:

- finish

- prefer

- miss
- give up

detest, prevent, avoid, risk, admit, deny, delay, postpone, fancy, imagine, forgive, pardon, excuse,
suggest, keep, understand, mind, consider, miss, involve, can't stand, can't help, it's no use/ no good.

- El INFINITIVO, precedido de la preposicin to se usa para expresar FINALIDAD:

- I came here to see you. - I went to London to study English. - I drove to the airport to meet my parents.
- Los verbos ms frecuentes que suelen ir seguidos de to + infinitive son:

learn, remember, forget, promise, swear, agree, refuse, regret, try, fail, hope, hesitate, prepare, decide,
determine, manage, arrange, seem, want...
- Se usa to + infinitive despus de ciertos adjetivos o de ciertos nombres o pronombres:
- Im SURPRISED to hear you say that.
- Ive got some HOMEWORK to do .
- Se usa infinitivo sin la preposicin to detrs de los verbos siguientes: - shall, will, can, could, must,
- despus de make y let + nombre/ pronombre: - We let THEM go home.
- despus de verbos de "seeing, hearing, & feeling" + nombre/ pronombre: - I saw HIM arrive

9. VERB TENSES:
10 ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

present

present perfect

present continuous

present perfect continuous

I drive
he drives

I have driven
he has driven

I am driving
he is driving

I have been driving

he has been driving

I don't drive
he doesn't drive

I haven't driven
he hasn't driven

I'm not driving

he's not driving

I haven't been driving

he hasn't been driving

do I drive?
does he drive?

have I driven?
has he driven?

am I driving?
is he driving?

have I been driving?

has he been driving?

past

past perfect

past continuous

past perfect continuous

I drove
he drove

I had driven
he had driven

I was driving
you were driving

I had been driving

he had been driving

I didn't drive
he didn't drive

I hadn't driven
he hadn't driven

I wasn't driving
you weren't driving

I hadn't been driving

he hadn't been driving

did I drive?
did he drive?

had I driven?
had he driven?

was I driving?
were you driving?

had I been driving?

had he been driving?

future

future perfect

future continuous

future perfect continuous

I'll drive
he'll drive

I'll have driven

he'll have driven

I'll be driving
he'll be driving

I'll have been driving

he'll have been driving

I shan't drive
he won't drive

I shan't have driven

he won't have driven

I shan't be driving
he won't be driving

I shan't have been driving

he won't have been driving

shall I drive?
will he drive?

shall I have driven?

will he have driven?

shall I be driving?
will he be driving?

shall I have been driving?

will he have been driving?

conditional

conditional perfect

conditional continuous

conditional perfect continuous

I'd drive
he'd drive

I'd have driven

he'd have driven

I'd be driving
he'd be driving

I'd have been driving

he'd have been driving

I shouldn't drive
he wouldn't drive

I shouldn't have driven

he wouldn't have driven

I shouldn't be driving
he wouldn't be driving

I shouldn't have been driving

he wouldn't have been driving

should I drive?
would he drive?

should I have driven?

would he have driven?

should I be driving?
would he be driving?

should I have been driving?

would he have been driving?

VOW VOWELS VOWELS

ELS KEY
OTHER
COMMON
SYMB WORD
SPELLINGS
OLS
field team key sc ene amoeba
savage guilt system w o men
any said bread bu ry friend
plaid lau gh (AmE) calf (AmE)
c alm heart lau gh (BrE)
bo ther (AmE)
w atch cou gh (BrE)
l au rel (BrE)
ball board draw fou r floo r
c ou gh (AmE)
w oo d w o lf cou ld
mo ve shoe grou p flew blue
ru de
s o me bloo d does
bu rn fern w o rm earn jou rnal
the colou r acto r natio n
danger asleep

i:
i
e

a:

sheep
ship
bed
bad
father

>

pot

>:

caught

u
u:

put
boot

$
U:
b

cut
bird
cupboard

ei
>u
ai
au
>i
ib
eb
ub

make
note
bite
now
boy
here
there
poor

eib
>ub
aib
aub
>ib

player
lower
tire
tower
employer

CONS
ON.
SYMB
OLS

CONSO- CONSONANTS
COMMON
NANTS OTHER
SPELLINGS
KEY
WORD

pray prey steak v ein gau ge

s oap sou l grow s ew toe
pie buy try guide sigh
spou t plou gh
poison lawyer
beer w eir appear fier ce
hair bear bare their prayer
tour s ure

i:

sheep
bean
eat
seat
leek
cheeks

D ship
D bin
D it
D sit
D lick
D chicks

cap
hat
cat
ban
match
clack

a:
D carp
D heart
D cart
D barn
D march
D clerk

u
look
pull
full
should
could
would

u:
D Luke
D pool
D fool
D shooed
D cooed
D wooed walker

x
pen
men
said
beg
bread

$
cup
hut
cut
bun
much
cluck

>:

D axe
D pan
D man
D sad
D bag
D Brad

a:
D carp
D heart
D cart
D barn
D march
D clerk

U:

cap
hat
sack
ban
bag
hag

>
Don
cod
cot
pot
fox
spots

D Dawn
D cord
D caught
D port
D forks
D sports

U:

four
D fur
ten
torn
D turn
Ben
Paul
D Pearl
bed
warm
D worm
head
ward
D word
west
D worker kennel D colonel

U:

>:

ou

shut
huts
bun
bud
bug
gull

D shirt
D hurts
D burn
D bird
D berg
D girl

caught
nought
bought
jaw
ball
saw

D coat
D note
D boat
D Joe
D bowl
D so

Sue
said
sip
bus
piece
price

bet
best
ban
bolts
boat
bowl

v
D vet
D vest
D van
D volts
D vote
D vole

d
Dan
day
dare
doze
Ida
den

/
D than
D they
D there
D those
D either
D then

D cup
D hut
D suck
D bun
D bug
D hug

>:

D turn
D burn
D bird
D heard
D worst

Z
D zoo
DZ
D zip
D buzz
D peas
D prize

d1

cheap
choke
chin
cherry
larch
H

D jeep
D joke
D gin
D Jerry
D large
D age

p
b
t
d
k
g
t
d?
f
v
?
?
s

pen
back
tea
day
key
get
cheer
jump
fat
view
thing
then
soon

zero
fishing

?
h
m
n
?
l
r
j
w
x

pleasure
hot
sum
sun
sung
led
red
yet
wet
loch

happ y
rubb er
butter walked doubt
ladd er called could
c ool socc er lock sch ool
bigg er gh ost
match natu re question c ello
age edge soldier grad ual
coffee cough ph ysics half
of navy

c ity psychology mess sc ene

li sten
was dazzle example (gz)
sure station tension vicious
ch evron
vi sion rouge
wh ole
hamm er calm bomb
funn y kn ow gn aw
si n k
balloon battle
mar r y wr ite r h ubarb
onio n u se new Europe
o ne wh en qu een (/kw/)

3. VERY COMMON MISTAKES

1. PALABRAS DE USO FRECUENTE:
- think (pensar)
- thing (cosa)
- which y NO wich
- with y NO whit
- cannot o can't y NO can not
- the y NO de
- practice (nombre)
* Los verbos suelen terminar en -ise o -ize, y los sustantivos en -ice.
- practise (verbo)
* Excepcin: surprise se escribe igual el verbo y el sustantivo.
2. DUPLICACIN DE LA CONSONANTE AL AADIR SUFIJOS:
Palabras monoslabas terminadas en una consonante precedida de una sola vocal, duplican la consonante ante un sufijo:
Ejemplos:
- big D bigger , biggest
- plan D planned - stop D stopping
* No duplican la consonante final las palabras que no reunan las condiciones anteriores:
Ejemplos:
- open D opening - lateD later
- read D reading
- bring D bringing .
Las palabras de ms de una slaba duplicarn la consonante final slo si se acenta su ltima slaba:
Ejemplos:
- begin D beginning
- refer D referring
En ingls britnico se dobla la -L final siempre, aunque la palabra no sea aguda. En ingls americano nunca se dobla:
- travel D travelled....... o...... traveled.
3. CAMBIO DE -Y POR -I AL AADIR UN SUFIJO:
Se sustituye la -y al final de palabra por - i slo si la - y va precedida de consonante:
ejemplos
- lady D ladies
- heavy D heavier, heaviest
- fly Dflies

- try D tried

- happy D happiness

Sin embargo se conserva la - y final si va precedida de vocal:

Ejemplos:
- day D days
- boy Dboys
- lay D lays

- easy D easily

- play D played

4. PALABRAS QUE DEBEN ESCRIBIRSE CON MAYSCULAS:

- Las que inicien una frase.
- Los das de la semana, y los meses del ao.
- Los adjetivos de nacionalidad: American, Spanish. Chinese...
5. POSICIN DE LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA FRASE:
En ingls el orden de los elementos de una frase es mucho ms estricto que en castellano.
1- FRASES AFIRMATIVAS: sujeto + auxiliar + verbo principal + objeto indirecto + objeto directo + circunstanciales...
* Los circunstanciales: 1 modo, 2 lugar, 3 tiempo. El circunstancial de tiempo puede tambin aparecer al principio de la frase.

2- FRASES NEGATIVAS: NOT aparecer siempre detrs del primer verbo auxiliar. Para la forma negativa del presente y del pasado
se emplean las formas correspondientes del auxiliar do.
Ejemplo: Bruce has lived in New York D Bruce has not lived in New York.
3- FRASES INTERROGATIVAS: Se forman invirtiendo el orden entre el sujeto y el primer verbo auxiliar. En el presente y el pasado
simple se emplearn las formas correspomdientes del auxiliar do, does o did , y el verbo principal se pondr en infinitivo sin to.
Ejemplos:
Jane can speak four languagesD
Can Jane speak four languages?
Neil dances very wellD
Does Neil dance very well?
Ian phoned me last nightD
Did Ian phone me last night?
* Si la pregunta es indirecta se deber emplear el mismo orden que en las afirmativas. Es decir, el sujeto debe preceder al verbo.
Ejemplo: They asked us if we had gone to Pauls party.
4- POSICIN DEL ADJETIVO: El adjetivo (siempre en singular) aparece siempre delante del sustantivo.
* Si hay ms de un adjetivo:
- Los adjetivos descriptivos aparecern antes que los restrictivos. Ej: A naughty little girl. A beautiful Italian car.
- Los sustantivos adjetivados preceden al sustantivo al que califican, y los otros adjetivos irn delante. Ej: The blue April sky.
- Orden: adjetivos de nmero, tamao, forma, color, material, nacionalidad... + nombre.
5. ADVERBIOS DE POSICIN INTERMEDIA: Entre el sujeto y el verbo, o despus del primer verbo auxiliar, si lo hay.
- Adverbios de frecuencia: Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never... y otros como just, only, already.
6. AUSENCIA DE SUJETO: En ingls siempre debe aparecer el sujeto precediendo al verbo. Sin embargo, no es necesario repetir el
sujeto en una secuencia de acciones: He went into the kitchen, put on the kettle and made some tea.
- I think it is better...
How difficult it is for people...
- But it is very probable...
Studying at home it is very boring.
7. DOBLE NEGACIN: not ... any = no There is nobody here = There isnt anybody here.
* La preposicin without y los adverbios hardly y never tienen significacin negativa.
8. SOME, ANY Y SUS COMPUESTOS:
- somebody
- anyboby

- someone
- something
- somewhere

- anyone
- anything
- anywhere

- nobody
- everybody
- no one
- everyone
- nothing
- everything
- nowhere
- everywhere

9. CREO QUE NO = I don't think so. ESPERO QUE NO = I hope not .... (page 24).
6. CONSTRUCCIONES CON MAKE:
- Para expresar que algo/alguien nos hace hacer otra cosa. Ejemplo: I made him call the police.
- Con los adjetivos clear, easy, sure, para significar: dejar claro, facilitar, asegurarse.
Ejemplos:
- Id like to make my views clear.
- Marys help made things easier.
- You should study hard to make sure that you pass the exam.
7. TRADUCCIN DE ME GUSTA, ME ENCANTA, ME DIVIERTE:
En ingls concuerdan la persona que gusta... y el verbo. Es una construccin diferente del castellano.
Ejemplos: - Me gusta el caf D
I like coffee ( = gusto caf)
- Les encantaron tus regalos D
They loved your presents.
- Me divirti la pelcula D
I enjoyed the film.

8. CMO EXPRESAR EXISTENCIA:

En ingls no se emplea el verbo have sino la construccin there + forma correspondiente de be. Es decir:
- there is
there was
there will be
there would be ...

- there are

there were

9. CMO EXPRESAR HABITUALIDAD EN PRESENTE Y EN PASADO:

- Para expresar habitualidad en el presente empleamos el present simple con algn adverbio de frecuencia.
- Tan solo en el pasado usamos el verbo modal used to para indicar "sola". En negativa: didn't use to .
* Tambin es posible usar would + infinitive para expresar lo mismo que con used to .
Ejemplos:
- He used to smoke too much.
- He usually reads in bed.
- My dog would go wild when I put on my jeans. That meant time for playing.
* No hay que confundir esto con la construccin inglesa to be used to doing something que se usa para expresar familiaridad con
algo. Ejemplo: I am used to working with him and understand his methods.
10. USOS ESPECIALES DEL VERBO TO BE:

- I am 17 years old
- it is very hot
- she is very lucky

- you are late

- I was hungry
- they were thirsty

- I am in a hurry
- Im in love with her
- ...

11. FINALIDAD:
- Para expresar finalidad se escribe: to + infinitive. Ejemplo: I am studying hard to pass the exam.
- Tambin podemos emplear in order to o so as to + infinitive.
Ejemplo: We wrote this book so as to / in order to help you pass the university entrance exam.
- Emplearemos for + - ing cuando queramos indicar el uso que se da a un objeto.
Ejemplo: A thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of a room or a persons body.
- "para que + subjuntivo "D so that + oracin, usualmente con can .
Ejemplo: Lo he arreglado todo para que vengas con nosotrosD Everything has been arranged so that you can come with us.
12. CONSTRUCCIONES DE INFINITIVO:
- I want to pass the exam
- I'd like to go to Africa

- I want you to pass the exam

- I'd like you to go to Africa

13. ARTCULO INDETERMINADO:

- El artculo a / an es singular. No puede ir con sustantivos plurales.
- Tambin es incorrecto emplear el artculo a / an delante de sustantivos no contables.Ej: I bought this for you with a great love.
- Debemos emplear el artculo indeterminado delante de los nombres de profesiones / oficios. Ej: Margaret is a doctor.
14. AUSENCIA DEL ARTCULO:
- No debemos emplear ningn artculo cuando nos refiramos a un sustantivo de forma genrica. Ej: I love chess.
- No debe emplearse el artculo en expresiones de uso comn como:
to / at / from... school / university / college
to / in / into / out of... prison / hospital / bed
to / at / from... work
to / in / from... town
* El uso del artculo modifica el significado de estas expresiones:
John went to hospital yesterday D (fue hospitalizado)
I went to the hospital D (fui a visitar a alguien).
15. PLURALES IRREGULARES:

- child Dchildren

21. EVERY, EACH Y ANY:

ox D oxen
goose Dgeese
tooth Dteeth
woman Dwomen

- foot D feet
- man D men
- mouse D mice

- Every significa "todos y cada uno". Recuerda que el sustantivo va en singular.

Ejemplo: Every sentence must have a subject = All the sentences must have a subject.
- Each significa "cada". Ej: One student from each school will be chosen.
- Any significa "cualquier/a" en oraciones afirmativas: Ej: You can take any book you like.

- Hay sustantivos que no cambian al formar el plural:

- fish
- salmon
- trout
- sheep
- deer
- spacecraft

22. FRASES COMPARATIVAS:

- Hay sustantivos que son plurales:

- people
- cattle
16. PLURAL DE LOS ADJETIVOS:
Los adjetivos en ingls no llevan forma de plural. Los nicos adjetivos que tienen formas distintas en singular y plural son los
demostrativos:
- this D these

- that D those

- Es frecuente la confusin de than de las frases comparativas con that .

- Tambin es frecuente el error de poner la forma comparativa dos veces en una frase:
Ejem: Travelling by train is more cheaper (cheap).
- Para expresar aumento dradual: "cada vez ms..." se utilizan dos comparativos unidos por and .
Ejem: The car was moving faster and faster .
- Para expresar proporcionalidad directa entre dos acciones: "cuanto ms/menos... tanto ms/menos", se utilizan dos comparativos
precedidos del artculo the: Ejemplos:
- The more he earns, the less he spends.
- The sooner, the better .
23. ENOUGH, QUITE, RATHER:

17. PRONOMBRES SUJETO / OBJETO. ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS:

pronombres sujeto

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

pronombres objeto

me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

adjetivos posesivos

my...
your...
his...
her...
its...
our...
your...
their...

pronombres posesivos

mine
yours
his
hers

ours
yours
theirs

reflexivos

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
theirselves

- Enough: - si acta como adjetivo predede al sustantivo: Ej: There wasnt enough bread.
- si acta como adverbio va detrs del adjetivo o adverbio al que modifica:
Ej: - The water was not wam enough
- The athletes didnt run quickly enough .

- Quite: tiene dos significados:

- "bastante": modifica a adjetivos cuya cualidad pueda ser medida gradualmente. The film was quite interesting.
- "absolutamente": va con adjetivos que no admiten gradacin en su cualidad. Its quite impossible to go there.
- Rather: significa "bastante" en sentido peyorativo. That was rather expensive.
- rather than : "antes que". Ejemplo: I expected him to write rather than telephone.
- or rather: "mejor dicho". Ejemplo: Ann is a biologist, or rather, an ecologist.

18. MUCH Y MANY:

- Much apompaa a sustantivos no contables: There wasnt much wine in the bottle.
- Many acompaa a sustantivos contables: Were there many people?
- Much y many se utilizan fundamentalmente en frases negativas e interrogativas. En afirmativas: a lot ( of ), plenty ( of ).
- Much y many se usa en frases afirmativas despus de las palabras: too, so y as. Ej: Too many people were invited.
19. LITTLE Y FEW:
- Se usan para expresar una cantidad pequea de algo.
- Little determina a sustantivos no contables, y few, a los contables.
- Pueden ir acompaados del artculo a, cambiando su significado:
- Theres little sugar. D poco azcar (cantidad insuficiente).
- Theres a little sugar on the table. D algo de azcar (cantidad pequea).
- Hes got few friends. D pocos amigos.
- Hes got a few friends. D unos cuantos amigos.
20. ANOTHER, OTHER, Y OTHERS:
- No se puede emplear another con sustantivos en plural.
- Con sustantivos en plural se usa other.
- Others slo se usa como pronombre.
Ejemplos: - Some people like reading but others dont.
- Give me another ticket, please.
- I didnt go with them, I went there with other people.

24. ALREADY, STILL, YET, NO LONGER:

* Para expresar la idea de "ya", empleamos:
- Already, en frases afirmativas e interrogativas. Queremos dar a entender que la accin acaba antes de lo esperado.
Ejemplo: They have already finished.
- Yet, en frases interrogativas, para referirnos a algo que estamos esperando.
Ejemplo: Has my mother phoned yet ?
- No longer , en frases negativas con el significado de "ya no". Ocupa una posicin intermedia entre el sujeto y el verbo.
Ejemplo: They no longer live in Seville.
- Any longer / any more, en frases negativas con el significado de "ya no". Va al final de la frase.
Ejemplo: He is not working here any longer .
* Para expresar la idea de "todava", empleamos:
- Still , en frases afirmativas e interrogativas. Aparece en posicin intermedia en la frase.
Ejemplos: - Does Paul still live in Madrid?
- John hasnt arrived yet, he is still in his office.
- Yet, en frases negativas, en posicin final de frase.
Ejemplo: Your mother hasnt phoned yet .
* A veces se usa still o yet en la misma frase para cambiar el significado ligeramente:
Ejemplos: - I dont understand it yet . D Todava no lo entiendo
- I still dont understand it. D Sigo sin entenderlo.

25. DIFERENCIAS ENTRE MAKE Y DO:

30. MODALS:

- Make: Significa "hacer", "fabricar" y suele usarse en expresiones como:

- make a telephone call
- make friends - make the beds

- make a journey
- make a meal
- make an effort
- make a bad impression
- make a good job

- make a choice - make a deal

- make an offer - make a speech
- make a visit
- make a suggestion
- make a mistake - make a trip
- make a change - make money...

- Do : Significa "hacer" en sentido ms abstracto, y suele usarse en expresiones como:

- do a lot of work
- do the housework

- do my homework
- do your best
- do some reading / writing

- do an exercise
- do a favour
.....

- adverbio:

* be able to se usa en lugar de can en todos los tiempos verbales, ya que can se usa slo en presente o en su pasado could .

* have to no es un verbo modal aunque se usa en lugar de must en todos los tiempos, con el significado de must.
* have to forma su negativa e interrogativa como cualquier verbo principal.

tell a lie, tell lies

tell the time

27. PALABRAS INGLESAS PARA EXPRESAR "COMO" Y "CMO":

- conjuncin:

- I can swim.
- Mary can speak Frech.
- You can sit here.
- My mother says I cant go out tonight.
- COULD: past of can , used in second conditional.
- Im sorry I couldnt come yesterday
- If you gave me the money, I could do the shopping.
* can y could se pueden usar en "requests". Could es ms formal: - Can I have a glass of water, please?
- Could you open the door for me, please?

- needless to say
- what would you say to a glass of wine?

- as you say

- Tell: "decir, contar, narrar", s que requiere la mencin de la persona a quien se dice algo.
Ejemplo: - Tell ME what you know, ...
- Tell a story, a joke, a tale...
* Frases hechas: - time will tell
tell the truth

- interrogativo:

- CAN: know how to, be able to, be allowed to.

- say what you like

- Say : "decir", no requiere la persona a quien se dice algo.

* Frases hechas: - say thank you
- let's say

- you never can tell

- I told YOU so

1. CAN, COULD:

2. MUST, HAVE TO:

- Must y have to tienen el mismo significado en la afirmativa: - You must leave. ( = you can't stay)
- You have to leave. ( = you can't stay)
- Must y have to tienen distinto significado en negativa:
- You mustnt leave. ( = obligation. You can't go)
- You dont have to leave. ( = no obligation. You can go or stay).

26. DIFERENCIAS ENTRE SAY Y TELL:

- they say
- say... ( = por ejemplo)
- that is to say
- say no

- Los modales son verbos que suelen dar significados especiales a verbos principales:
- Hay doce verbos modales: can, shall, must, could, should, ought to, may, will, need ( to ) , might, would, dare.

- How did you come?

- How are you?
- What is your house like?
- What ?
- As I had no money, I couldn't buy that motorbike.
- He behaved as if he didn't know us.
- Unless you go at once... = como no vayas enseguida...
- He sleeps like a log
- There are fish, such as herrings and salmon
- We can use the tin as an ashtray.

3. SHOULD, OUGHT TO: No significan obligacin sino consejo. Se pueden traducir por "deberas".
4. MAY Y MIGHT: Indican una posibilidad presente o futura.

- He may arrive soon. l puede llegar pronto.

- He might arrive soon. l podra llegar pronto.

* May I y may we se usan en ingls formal en lugar de can I y can we con el significado de pedir permiso.
5. NEED + INFINITIVE:
- Afirmativa:
I need to practise my English.
- negativa: a) don't need to se usa cuando la situacin no requiere que algo se haga:
- you dont need to have a visa to go to France from Britain.
b) needn't se usa cuando el que habla da permiso para que algo no se haga:
- Teacher to students: You neednt do any homework tonight.
- interrogativa: a) Do I need to apply for a visa?
b) Need I do any homework this weekend?
* Need puede usarse tambin como verbo principal: I need some petrol. Do you need anything else?
* Need + GERUND se usa con el mismo significado que una construccin pasiva:
- My car needs cleaning. ( = my car needs to be cleaned)
- Your hair needs washing. ( = your hair needs to be washed).

28. CMO EXPRESAR "TODO" Y "TODOS":

- Todos los das D Every day
- Todo el da D All day

- Todas las semanas D Every week

- Toda la semana D the whole week

29. FOR Y DURING:

- For significa "durante" y va con una frase en la que se expresa una CANTIDAD DE TIEMPO de modo explcito:
Ejemplo: - She has lived here for TEN years.
- During significa "durante" precediendo a una expresin temporal no cuantificable:
Ejemplo: We visited our friends in Paris during the war.

* NEED IN THE PAST:

- Afirmativa: - I needed something to eat
- I needed to rest for a few minutes.
- The house needed painting.
- Negativa: a) didn't need to + INFINITIVE:
- I didnt need to get up early yesterday.( = it wasn't necessary, so I didn't).
b) needn't have + PAST PARTICIPLE:
- I neednt have got up early yesterday.( = it wasn't necessary, but I did it, and now I realize it wasn't necessary).
= no necesitaba haberme levantado.

31. PHRASAL VERBS

1. Agree with: estar de acuerdo
- I'm afraid I can't agree with you in this matter.
2. Answer back: replicar.
- Dont answer me back!
3 Back out : volverse atrs, romper un acuerdo.
- Its too late to back out now; Im afraid we shall have to go through with it.
4. Back up : apoyar, respaldar
- If I protest against the decision, will you back me up?
5. Be after: querer, pretender
- What are you after? Just tell me plainly.
6. Be along : venir, llegar
- The doctor will be along any minute now.
7. Be back: regresar, volver
- Ill be back as soon as I can.
8. Be fed up : estar harto
- I'm fed up with this wet weather.
9. Be for: ser partidario de.
- Are you for or against the abolition of the death penalty?
10. Be in : estar en casa.
- Id like to see Dr Bentley. Is he in?
11. Be over: terminarse, acabarse
- Well, it's all over now. You needn't worry about it any longer.
12. Be up to : depender de uno, incumbir a uno
- It's not up to me to decide on these matters.
13. Blow up : estallar (una bomba), hacer saltar, volar
- The bomb blew up killing five people.
14. Blow up : hinchar
- The child kept blowing up the balloon till it burst.
15. Blow up : echar una bronca a uno.
- The teacher blew me up for arriving late this morning.
16. Break down : estropearse, averiarse
- These machines will break down if they are left without maintenance
17. Break in: entrar rompiendo la puerta...
- The thieves broke in and stole the paintings.
18. Break up: separarse (una pareja).
- Peter and Lily broke up nearly a year ago.
19. Bring back : devolver.
- Ill lend you my car provided you bring it back tomorrow.

20. Bring on : causar, ocasionar.

- Such cold and extremely damp weather often brings on influenza.
21. Bring up : educar.
- She brought up her children to be truthful.
22. Carry on: seguir, continuar
- Sorry if I interrupted you. Please, carry on.
23. Carry out: cumplir (una promesa), llevar a cabo
- They didn't carry out their promise to help us.
24. Clear up: aclarar
- I'd like to clear up this matter once and for all.
25. Do with : tener que ver con, tener relacin con
- She's very interested in anything to do with Roman art.
26. Do without : pasarse sin, prescindir de
- Children can't do without the help of their parents
27. Find out : averiguar
- In the end I found out what was wrong with my radio.
28. Fix up : fijar, arreglar, organizar (una fecha...)
- The club has already fixed up several matches for next season.
29. Get along = Get on : llevarse bien con uno
- It's very easy to get along with the new boss. He's very nice.
30. Get away: escaparse, evadirse
- The cashier got away with all the money in the safe.
31. Get away with: quedarse sin castigo
- Some people can get away with murder.
32. Get off : apearse, bajar (de un autobus...)
- You get off at the next station.
33. Get on : subir (a un autobus...) / hacer progresos
- How is he getting on at school?
34. Get through : comunicarse por telfono
- I coudn't get through (to him). The line was engaged all the time.
35. Get up : levantarse, ponerse en pie
- What time did you get up this morning?
36. Give away: regalar
- My aunt has given her old clothes away (to the poor).
37. Give back: devolver
- Having finished reading the book I gave it back to the library.
38. Give out: repartir
- The teacher gave out the exam papers to the students.
39. Give up: dejar de (fumar, beber...), ceder, rendirse
- I tried to give up smoking, but without success.

40. Go ahead : continuar, seguir (adelante)

- May I use your telephone? - Please go ahead.
- We have decided not to go ahead with the project, after all.

60. Make up (con MIND): decidirse

- My mind is made up. I am not going on that trip.

41. Go away: irse, salir de la ciudad

- Are you goig away for Christmas?

61. Mix up : confundir

- He mixed up the addresses so that no one got the right letter.

42. Go by : pasar, transcurrir

- As the months went by he got accostumed to the daily routine.

62. Pick up: recoger algo

- She scatters newspapers all over the floor and I have to pick them up.

43. Go on : durar, continuar

- It looks as though this war will go on forever.

63. Pick up: recoger a alguien (con el coche)

- I'll pick you up at six.

44. Go through : Sufrir, resistir

- No one knows what I went through while I was waiting for the verdict.

64. Point out : indicar, mostrar

- The guide pointed out the most important buildings in the city.

45. Go through : examinar, revisar, inspeccionar

- Let's go through the details of the plan once more.

65. Put away: poner algo en su sitio

- Don't leave your things about, put them away.

46. Grow up: hacerse adulto, educar

- What are you going to do when you grow up?

66. Put on : ponerse la ropa Take off: quitarse la ropa

- Take off that dirty shirt and put on a clean one.

47. Hang on : esperar

- Just hang on a second while I do up my dress.

67. Turn on : encender la luz Turn off : apagar (= put on /put off )
- She put on the radio to listen to the news.

48. Hold on : esperar

- If you hold on a moment, madam, I'll go and see if Mr Jones is free.

68. Turn up : subir el volumen Turn down : bajar el volumen

- Don't forget to turn down the gas when the water boils.

49. Keep off : no dejar acercarse

- "Keep off the grass" (sign displayed in public parks).

69. Put up : alojar

- Can you put me up for the night?

50. Keep on : seguir, insistir en

- Why do you have to keep on bothering me?

70. Talk over: discutir, comentar con alguien.

- Talk it over with your wife and give me your answer tomorrow.

51. Keep out : No permitir entrar, pasar

- "Private. Keep out" (notice on the door).

71. Think over: considerar, reflexionar sobre

- Please, think this matter over and let me know your answer soon.

52. Let down : fallar a uno

- I'll do everything I can to help you. I won't let you down.

72. Throw away: tirar, desechar

- We should throw away this table and buy a new one.

53. Let in : dejar entrar, hacer pasar

- She opened the door and let the cat in.

73. Try on: probarse una prenda de ropa.

- I like this dress, could I try it on?

54. Look after : cuidar de

- The nurse looks after the children when we go away.

74. Try out: comprobar

- We wont know how the plan works till we have tried it out.

55. Look for: buscar

- what do you look for in a woman?

75. Turn into : convertir

- I am going to turn my garage into a playroom for the children.

56. Look forward to : estar deseando (con gerundio)

- We are looking forward to going back to Spain.

76. Turn out : resultar ser

- He turned out to be a thoroughly dishonest person.

57. Look out : (imperative) ten cuidado, ojo

- Look out! You nearly ran over that child.

77. Turn over: volcar (vehculos), darse la vuelta (personas).

- The car struck the wall and turned over.
- When his alarm went off he just turned over and went to sleep again.

58. Make up : maquillarse

- It takes my wife ages to make up her face.
59. Make up : inventarse
- I'm not very good at making up excuses, I'm afraid.

78. Turn up : llegar, asistir

- I waited for him for nearly one hour but he didn't turn up.

32. IDIOMS
1. To be about to : estar a punto de
-They are about to come.
2. All over the world: por todo el mundo
-You find such people all over the world.
3. Come what may: pase lo que pase
- I'll go this weekend come what may.
4. To do : ser suficiente, servir (future, conditional)
- That'll do, thank you.
5. I'll do my best : har todo lo posible
6. Let's face it : reconozcmoslo
- Let's face it, we're ruined.
7. It isn't my fault : no es culpa ma
- It isn't my fault that the bus didn't come, so I was late.
8. To feel like (gerund): apetecer
- I feel like swimming
9. First things first : cada cosa a su tiempo
10. I haven't the foggiest idea: no tengo ni la ms remota idea.
- I haven't the foggiest idea what this means.
11. To get in touch with : ponerse en contacto con
- Can you tell me how to get in touch with him?
12. To get rid of : librarse de
- Let's get rid of that dog.
13. For goodness' sake: Por lo que ms quieras
- For goodness' sake, stop talking!
14. On the other hand : por otra parte
- On the other hand there are things that you should consider
15. To have a good time : pasrselo bien
- We had a very good time at the disco
16. To have to do with : tener que ver con
- It has nothing to do with me
17. By heart : de memoria
- He learnt his lesson by heart
18. To be in a hurry: tener prisa
- Are you in a hurry?
19. The last but one: el penltimo
20. To leave alone: dejar en paz
- Leave me alone

21. To manage to: arreglrselas

- He managed to get there in time.
22. What's the matter? = What's up? = What's wrong? : qu pasa?
23. Mind your own business : mtete en tus asuntos
24. To be... missing: faltar
- There are three books missing from this shelf.
25. Nothing doing : no hay nada que hacer
26. On foot : a pie
27. Once and for all: de una vez por todas
- I'll tell you once and for all, stop bothering me
28. To put something down to : atribuir a
- I put it down to lack of information
29. To see somebody off : despedir al que se va de viaje
- He went to the station to see her off
30. To take it easy: Tomrselo con calma
- Take it easy my friend, there's nothing to worry about
31. To take one's time : tomarse el tiempo necesario
- Take your time there's no hurry.
32. Not to think much of : no tener muy buena opinin de
- They don't think much of him as a writer
33. In time : a tiempo
- Are you still in time?
34. On time : puntual
- He likes to be on time.
35. To be in the way: estar estorbando
- You are in the way.
36. In a way : en cierto modo
- That's also yours in a way.
37. To be well off: estar acomodado, tener mucho dinero
- They're quite well off Sinnimo= Wealthy, rich
38. In a word : En una palabra
- In a word, my answer is no.
39. If the wost comes to the worst : en el peor de los casos
- If the worst comes to the worst we'll always have your flat
40. You are driving me mad: me ests volviendo loco
41. How is it going? = How are things ?:= How are you doing? (USA): qu tal?
42. Let alone: Y no digamos, y mucho menos
- He can't ride a bike, let alone a motorbike.

43. Over and over again: Una y otra vez

- I've told you over and over again not to be late

64. To make up one's mind: decidirse

- Have you made up your mind yet?

44. To vanish into thin air : desaparecer

- He just vanished into thin air.

65. Any minute now: en cualquier momento.

- They will arrive any minute now.

45. To change one's mind : cambiar de opinin

- I may have said that yesterday but I've changed my mind.

66. You asked for it : t te lo has buscado.

67. As busy as a bee: muy ocupado.

46. Day in and day out : todos los dias

- He went to school day in and day out but seemed to learn very little.

68. Stop bossing me about : deja de darme rdenes.

47. It doesn't make any difference: es igual

- It really doesn't make any difference to me wheter you go or not.

69. By all means = of course: por supuesto.

- May I borrow your ladder? - By all means.

48. To come to the point : ir al grano

- I'll come to the point, when are you going to pay us?

70. By myself = on my own : solo.

- She likes to be by herself.

49. I think so, I hope so, I suppose so... : Creo que s...

71. To cap it all : para colmo.

- And to cap it all, I got a fine too.

50. To have a go at : Intentarlo, probar

- Have a go at it yourself.
51. Last but not least : por ltimo pero no por eso menos importante.
52. It's a must : Es obligado, no te lo pierdas
- If you come to London, visit the National Gallery, it's a must.
53. Every now and then : de vez en cuando
- He comes to see us every now and then.
54. On second thoughts : pensndolo bien
- On second thoughts, I'd rather stay at home.
55. At random: al azar
- He chose ten men at random.
56. Two days (etc) running : dos dias (etc) seguidos
- This week I have to play basketball two days running
57. It's the last straw...(that breaks the camel's back): lo que faltaba, la gota que colma el vaso.
- He didn't come yesterday either. Really, it's the last straw.
58. Time is money: el tiempo es oro

72. Cheer up : anmate.

- Cheer up, everything will be all right.
73. Her dreams have come true: sus dueos se han cumplido.
74. That was a crying shame : eso fue una vergenza.
75. One must know where to draw the line: uno debe saber dnde poner los lmites.
76. What on earth are you talking about? : de qu demonios ests hablando?
77. He fell for it : se lo crey.
78. Things were going too far, so I had to put my foot down : tuve que plantarme.
79. You'll get into trouble: te meters en los.
80. They get on very well: se llevan muy bien.
81. Two heads are better than one: dos mejor que uno.
82. Ill do ir right away : lo har ahora mismo.
83. It's no laughing matter : no es cosa de risa.

59. The trouble is: lo malo es que

- The trouble is that I haven't got any either.

84. Leave me alone: djame en paz.

60. This way, please: por aqu, por favor

85. I'm looking forward to seeing her : Estoy deseando verla.

61. The other way round: Al revs, todo lo contrario

- So, you've got two and they haven't got any? - No, it's the other way round.

86. Make yourself at home : considrate en tu casa.

62. To come in handy: venir muy bien

- That money will come in handy one day.
63. To jump to conclusions : Sacar una conclusin precipitada
- Don't jump to conclusions, please.

87. To make the most of something: sacarle mximo provecho a algo

- She knows how to make the most of her good looks: Sabe sacarle partido a su belleza.
88. As a matter of fact: en realidad.
89. She understood me at once: me entendi enseguida.
90. I'm sure they can put you up for the night : Seguro que os pueden hospedar esta noche.

IRREGULAR VERBS
be
bear

was/were
bore

beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bite
bleed
blow
break
breed
bring
build
burn
burst
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
flee
fly
forbid
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
kneel
know
lay
lead

beat
became
began
bent
bet
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knew
laid
led

been
borne
born
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bit/bitten
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got/gotten
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
known
laid
led

ser, estar
llevar, soportar
(to be born: nacer)
batir, golpear, latir
llegar a ser, hacerse
empezar
doblar
apostar
morder
sangrar
soplar
romper
criar, educar
traer
edificar
arder, quemar
estallar
comprar
atrapar
escoger
venir
costar
arrastrarse
cortar
tratar
cavar
hacer
dibujar, tirar
soar
beber
conducir
comer
caer
alimentar
sentir
luchar
encontrar
huir
volar
prohibir
olvidar
perdonar
helar
conseguir
dar
ir
crecer, cultivar
colgar
tener
oir
esconder
golpear
sostener
hacer dao, doler
guardar
arrodillarse
saber, conocer
poner (la mesa...)
guiar

leap
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
put
pay
quit
read
ride
ring
rise
run
saw
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
shake
shine
shoot
show
shut
sing
sink
sit
sleep
slide
smell
speak
speed
spell
spend
spill
spit
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strike
swear
sweep
swim
swing
take
teach

leapt
learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
put
paid
quit
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
shook
shone
shot
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
slid
smelt
spoke
sped
spelt
spent
spilt
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
struck
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught

leapt
learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
put
paid
quit
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
sawn
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
shaken
shone
shot
shown
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
slid
smelt
spoken
sped
spelt
spent
spilt
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck
sworn
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught

saltar
aprender
dejar, salir
prestar
permitir
yacer, tenderse
encender
perder
hacer
querer decir
encontrarse con
poner
pagar
dejar, irse
leer
montar
tocar el timbre
levantarse, surgir
correr, dirigir
serrar
decir
ver
buscar, registrar
vender
enviar
establecer
sacudir, agitar
brillar
disparar
mostrar
cerrar
cantar
hundir
sentarse
dormir
deslizarse, resbalar
oler
hablar
acelerar
deletrear
gastar
derramar
escupir
partir
estropear, mimar
esparcir
brotar, saltar
estar de pie
robar
pegar, adherirse
picar
apestar
golpear
jurar
barrer
nadar
balancearse
coger, llevar
ensear

tear
tell
think
throw
thrust
understand
wake
wear
weep
win
write

tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
understood
woke
wore
wept
won
wrote

torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
understood
woken
worn
wept
won
written

rasgar
decir, contar
pensar, creer
tirar, arrojar
meter, empujar
comprender
despertar
llevar puesto
sollozar
ganar
escribir