Alto Horno
Alto Horno
Alto Horno
PROCESO DE HORNO
ALTO
Dr. IGNACIO GONZLEZ BAQUET
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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pantalones
Uptakes
domo
Top Cone
tragante
Throat
Throat Diameter
cuba
Stack
morcilla
Bustle Pipe
vientre
Belly
etalajes
Bosh
Tuyere Breast
toberas
crisol
Tuyeres
Hearth Diameter
Hearth
escorial
Iron Notch
piquera
Hearth Bottom
Under Hearth
Furnace Pad
or Foundation
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Cok
300 kg
BF
Escoria
300 kg
Aire
1000 m3
Arrabio
1000 kg
Carbn
200 kg
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El horno alto es un reactor vertical que emplea carbono para reducir los
xidos de hierro que se encuentran en la naturaleza. El objetivo del horno
alto es producir arrabio de una manera uniforme tanto en composicin
como en cantidad. El arrabio es hierro lquido con 4-5% C y 0,4-0,8% Si,
apto para su trasformacin posterior en acero. El parmetro operativo ms
crtico del horno alto es la temperatura de colada, la cual debe ser superior
a 1400C para facilitar la evacuacin del arrabio y la escoria lquidos, y su
posterior tratamiento en la acera.
El horno alto requiere una serie de instalaciones complementarias: tolvas,
estufas, tratamiento del gas, inyeccin de combustibles auxiliares, as
como equipos de transporte de arrabio y procesamiento de escoria.
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Burden
melts,
Carga funde
creates
creandovoidage
huecos
Gas Gas
ascent
asciende
Burden
Carga
descent
desciende
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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Gas HA
Zona cohesiva
Raceway
Dead Man/Hombre muerto
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
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100150C
Evaporacin de agua
100C
Inicio de reacciones de
reduccin
500 - 600C
ZONA COHESIVA:
Inicio
softening / reblandecimiento
1000C 1200C
Finalizacin melting / fusin
1400-1450C
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
The gas generated at the tuyeres is blown towards the center of the
furnace, where a coke chimney collects the gas and distributes the gas
via coke slits from inwards to outside through the furnace. Since the gas
flow is very high, the residence time of the gas is very short, typically 6-10
seconds. In the 6-10 seconds, the heat generated at the tuyeres is
transferred to the burden: the gas leaves the furnace with an average
temperature of 100-150C (212-300F). However, in the center of the
furnace the coke chimney will allow much higher temperatures to be
observed, up to 600-880C (1112-1472F) or even higher. In the same 610 seconds the gas carries out a number of chemical reactions that go
along way to make the furnace such an efficient process for the production
of iron.
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Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
10
The typical pattern of the gas flow through a stable operating furnace is
presented here. In the normal operational situation the furnace is filled with
alternating coke and ore layers. About 35-45 layers of ore separate the
coke. It is important to note that the permeability of coke is much better
than the permeability of ore. This is due to the fact that coke is much
coarser than sinter and pellets and that the void fraction within the coke
layer is higher. For example, the mean size of coke in a blast furnace is
typically 45-50 mm (1 2 in), while the average size of sinter is 12 to 25
mm (1/2 1 in) and of pellets is 10 to 12 mm ( - in).
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42
75
25
200
470
0,85
1,6
0,55
1,7
2,3
14
m3
%
%
kg/tHM
kg cok/tHM
kg cok/kg PCI
t carga/tHM
t/m3
t/m3
t/m3
m
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42,0
1,85
77,7
48,6
9,7
22,8
14,6
26,5
m3
t/m3
t
t HM
t PCI
t cok eq
t cok
m3
0,17 m
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+ calor
2200C
CO, N2
(+H2)
Viento,
Viento N2, CO, CO2
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
13
The tuyere flame is generated when the hot blast combusts the coke and
injected fuel to produce reducing carbon monoxide gas and heat. The
tuyere flame is the hottest part of the blast furnace.
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
15
In addition to the upward force arising from the blast pressure, the liquids
which remain in the hearth push the coke upwards. Coke is light and floats
in liquid iron and slag. It is like pushing balls filled with air under water - the
balls resist the downward force and try to float and push upwards.
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Empuje ascensional
del gas
Empuje ascensional de
lquidos en crisol
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
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The burden descends because the downward forces of the burden are
greater than counteracting upward forces. The most important downward
force is the weight of the burden and the most important upward force is
the pressure difference between the blast and top pressure. The cohesive
zone is the area with the highest resistance to gas flow, which leads to a
high pressure drop over the cohesive zone and to a large upward force. If
this pressure difference becomes too high, the burden descent can be
disturbed. This can occur in the instance when a blast furnace is driven to
its limits and exceeds the maximal allowable pressure difference over the
burden.
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Tuyeres
35%
20/64
15/48
10/32
5/16
0
0
0.5
7.5
1
15
1.5
22.5
2
30
Melting Active
zone coke
25% zone
10%
Shaft
zone
30%
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
17
In order to push the gas through the burden, the wind is pressurized. Part
of the pressure is used to accelerate the wind to a speed of some 200 m/s
(656 ft/s) in the tuyeres. The rest is used to push the furnace gas through
the ore layers. The operation of the furnace can be closely monitored by
observing the variation of the blast pressure, supposing that the furnace is
operating on a constant wind rate.
The blast pressure is influenced by many factors, such as:
Top pressure
The quality of the burden, especially the amount of fines charged into the
furnace.
The casthouse operation, especially the drainage of liquids.
The thermal state of the furnace - at higher temperature more gas volume
has to be pushed through the furnace.
The presence of gaps with a very low resistance for gas flow, such as
short-circuiting of gasses against the wall, which can occur at different
levels in a blast furnace.
The blast pressure has a major effect on burden descent, which in turn
determines the stability of the process. The pressure difference profile
across the height of the furnace is shown.
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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Seta
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
20
The hearth is a refractory vessel contained by the steel blast furnace shell.
Cooling of the steel shell is essential to avoid overheating of the refractory
and shell to the point of failure. The taphole or tapholes are positioned
such that a pool, or sump, of liquids remains in the bottom of the hearth to
protect the pad, even after casting. The lower part, known as the
salamander, is only tapped at the end of a campaign.
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The regular removal of liquids from the hearth is done through the taphole,
or tapholes. The number of tapholes can range from one to five, depending
on the size and output of the furnace. The majority of modern high
productivity blast furnaces have been between 2 and 4 tapholes. These
are openings in the BF shell with special refractory constructions built into
the hearth sidewall. The tapholes are opened by either drilling through the
refractory or by placing a bar in the refractory that is later removed. The
holes are closed by forcing a plug of malleable refractory clay into the hole,
which quickly hardens to securely seal the hole. In normal operation this
taphole clay will extend into the hearth, forming a taphole mushroom that
will protect the original refractory construction.
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iron
3
2
1
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
minutes
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
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Once the taphole refractory has been bored, the cast starts. The first liquid
to come out is normally iron (hot metal) because, due to its higher density,
it remains underneath the liquid slag in the inside of the hearth. After a few
minutes some slag starts to come out of the hearth together with the iron
(graph on the top).
At the beginning of the cast the taphole channel is still small, the extraction
of liquids is relatively slow, and the liquid level inside the hearth continues
growing due to the higher amount of fresh liquids produced by the BF
process. During the cast, the diameter of the taphole channel grows
progressively due to the attack of the molten slag. The casting speed
grows accordingly. At a certain moment, the casting speed becomes
higher than the melting speed of the BF. From that moment, the overall
liquid level inside the hearth starts to diminish (graph on the bottom).
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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Reduccin de la wustita:
Fe0,947 + CO Fe + CO2
H298 = -17000 KJ/Kmol CO
1400C
Regeneracin de CO:
CO2 + C 2CO
H298 = -172000 KJ/Kmol CO
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1400C
Regeneracin de CO:
CO2 + C 2CO
H298 = -172000 KJ/Kmol CO
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1400C
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Dirijamos por un momento nuestra atencin a lo que ocurre en la parte superior del horno.
Los xidos que componen la carga metlica son mayoritariamente hematticos. La
reduccin de hematites a magnetita tiene lugar a presiones parciales de CO muy
bajas (pCO/pCO2 < 10-4), y las cinticas de reaccin son aceptablemente rpidas.
Por otro lado, la reduccin de magnetita a wustita sita su equilibrio a una relacin de
presiones parciales pCO/pCO2 = 0,43 o, lo que es lo mismo, cuando la composicin
del gas presenta 31% de CO y 69% de CO2, y todo ello con cintica igualmente
rpida.
De lo anterior se deduce que:
1)
2)
adems cada mol de CO convertido a CO2 para reducir la magnetita, genera 3,8
moles de wustita.
Cabe concluir, por tanto, que el gas que asciende desde cotas inferiores presenta una
proporcin de CO (70%) que permite sobradamente la reduccin de todos los xidos
superiores a wustita, en la parte ms elevada de la cuba. De hecho, los xidos
hematticos y magnetticos slo estn presentes en el cuarto superior de la cuba,
zona que es conocida como de preparacin . En esta zona tiene tambin lugar el
secado de los materiales de la carga.
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950C
1400C
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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ARRABIO Y ESCORIA
Generalidades
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ARRABIO Y ESCORIA
Composicin qumica del arrabio
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ARRABIO Y ESCORIA
Composicin qumica de la escoria
Escoria Primaria:
- FeO y MnO elevados
- SiO2 y CaO de la carga mineral
Escoria secundaria:
- SiO2 y Al2O3 de cenizas de cok y carbn
- FeO y MnO disminuyendo por reduccin
- Cuarcita y caliza disolvindose
Escoria final:
- Fundentes (caliza, doloma y
cuarcitas) completamente disueltos
Escoria
Arrabio
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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ndice
Introduccin
Zonas del horno alto
Balance fluido-dinmico
Sangrado
Reacciones del horno alto
Arrabio y escoria
El cok en el horno alto
La carga metlica
Control del raceway
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LA CARGA METLICA
Carga mineral
Sinter
90% < 25 mm
Pellets
6.35 12.7 mm
Minerles gruesos
625 mm
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LA CARGA METLICA
Propiedades de la carga mineral
Throat / Tragante
Consistencia
Humedad baja
Resistencia en fro (tumbler)
Resistencia compresin
Granulometra
Stack / Cuba
Decrepitacin
Desintegracin durante reduccin
Belly / Vientre
Reducibilidad
Hinchamiento
Temp. reblandecimiento y fusin
Bosh / Etalajes
Fuente: Introduccin al proceso del horno alto (M. Geerdes and others, 2005)
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LOS RETOS
Aumento de productividad
Reduccin de costes
Cero residuos
Aumento de duracin de campaa
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BIBLIOGRAFA
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