Caso 2
Caso 2
Caso 2
Entre los objetivos del presente trabajo y bajo las lecturas del modulo 3, se desarrollará un
estudio de mercado de algunos electrodomésticos que presentan pago a cuotas mensuales
definiendo dos años de plazo.
Sistema Francés
En el sistema francés, la cuota total, se mantiene constante variando la pro- porción de capital e
intereses de cada cuota. En las primeras cuotas del préstamo se amortiza proporcionalmente
menos capital que en las últimas, es decir, en las primeras cuotas se paga más intereses que
capital.
Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que esta situación depende de la tasa de interés que se
haya pactado.
Sistema Alemán
La principal característica del Sistema Alemán es que en todas las cuotas la parte que se
encuentra destinada a amortizar capital es idéntica, mientras que los intereses son decrecientes.
Esta situación determina que la cuota total sea a su vez también decreciente.
Sistema Directo
a. Ubique cotizaciones de dos marcas distintas para cada uno de los electrodomésticos de
la lista indicada.
Opción 1
Opción 2
Opción 1
Opción 2
Opción 1
Opción 2
Opción 1
Opción 2
b. Lleve a cabo la tabla de amortización por el método francés, alemán y directo para cada
uno de los electrodomésticos indicados en la lista, (según las cotizaciones que pudo
obtener) a dos años plazo.
Cocina 1 – alemán
0 $ 349 000,00
1 $ 27 338,33 $ 12 796,67 $ 14 541,67 $ 334 458,33
2 $ 26 805,14 $ 12 263,47 $ 14 541,67 $ 319 916,67
3 $ 26 271,94 $ 11 730,28 $ 14 541,67 $ 305 375,00
4 $ 25 738,75 $ 11 197,08 $ 14 541,67 $ 290 833,33
5 $ 25 205,56 $ 10 663,89 $ 14 541,67 $ 276 291,67
6 $ 24 672,36 $ 10 130,69 $ 14 541,67 $ 261 750,00
7 $ 24 139,17 $ 9 597,50 $ 14 541,67 $ 247 208,33
8 $ 23 605,97 $ 9 064,31 $ 14 541,67 $ 232 666,67
9 $ 23 072,78 $ 8 531,11 $ 14 541,67 $ 218 125,00
10 $ 22 539,58 $ 7 997,92 $ 14 541,67 $ 203 583,33
11 $ 22 006,39 $ 7 464,72 $ 14 541,67 $ 189 041,67
12 $ 21 473,19 $ 6 931,53 $ 14 541,67 $ 174 500,00
13 $ 20 940,00 $ 6 398,33 $ 14 541,67 $ 159 958,33
14 $ 20 406,81 $ 5 865,14 $ 14 541,67 $ 145 416,67
15 $ 19 873,61 $ 5 331,94 $ 14 541,67 $ 130 875,00
16 $ 19 340,42 $ 4 798,75 $ 14 541,67 $ 116 333,33
17 $ 18 807,22 $ 4 265,56 $ 14 541,67 $ 101 791,67
18 $ 18 274,03 $ 3 732,36 $ 14 541,67 $ 87 250,00
19 $ 17 740,83 $ 3 199,17 $ 14 541,67 $ 72 708,33
20 $ 17 207,64 $ 2 665,97 $ 14 541,67 $ 58 166,67
21 $ 16 674,44 $ 2 132,78 $ 14 541,67 $ 43 625,00
22 $ 16 141,25 $ 1 599,58 $ 14 541,67 $ 29 083,33
23 $ 15 608,06 $ 1 066,39 $ 14 541,67 $ 14 541,67
24 $ 15 074,86 $ 533,19 $ 14 541,67 -$ 0,00
Cocina 1 - directo
Inicio Fin
N. º Saldo Pago Principal Interés Saldo
1 $349,000.00 $22,115.35 $9,318.68 $12,796.67 $339,681.32
2 $339,681.32 $22,115.35 $9,660.37 $12,454.98 $330,020.95
3 $330,020.95 $22,115.35 $10,014.58 $12,100.77 $320,006.36
4 $320,006.36 $22,115.35 $10,381.78 $11,733.57 $309,624.58
5 $309,624.58 $22,115.35 $10,762.45 $11,352.90 $298,862.13
6 $298,862.13 $22,115.35 $11,157.07 $10,958.28 $287,705.05
7 $287,705.05 $22,115.35 $11,566.17 $10,549.19 $276,138.89
8 $276,138.89 $22,115.35 $11,990.26 $10,125.09 $264,148.63
9 $264,148.63 $22,115.35 $12,429.90 $9,685.45 $251,718.73
10 $251,718.73 $22,115.35 $12,885.66 $9,229.69 $238,833.06
11 $238,833.06 $22,115.35 $13,358.14 $8,757.21 $225,474.92
12 $225,474.92 $22,115.35 $13,847.94 $8,267.41 $211,626.98
13 $211,626.98 $22,115.35 $14,355.70 $7,759.66 $197,271.29
14 $197,271.29 $22,115.35 $14,882.07 $7,233.28 $182,389.22
15 $182,389.22 $22,115.35 $15,427.75 $6,687.60 $166,961.47
16 $166,961.47 $22,115.35 $15,993.43 $6,121.92 $150,968.04
17 $150,968.04 $22,115.35 $16,579.86 $5,535.49 $134,388.18
18 $134,388.18 $22,115.35 $17,187.78 $4,927.57 $117,200.40
19 $117,200.40 $22,115.35 $17,818.00 $4,297.35 $99,382.40
20 $99,382.40 $22,115.35 $18,471.33 $3,644.02 $80,911.07
21 $80,911.07 $22,115.35 $19,148.61 $2,966.74 $61,762.45
22 $61,762.45 $22,115.35 $19,850.73 $2,264.62 $41,911.72
23 $41,911.72 $22,115.35 $20,578.59 $1,536.76 $21,333.14
24 $21,333.14 $22,115.35 $21,333.14 $782.22 $0.00
Cocina opción 2 – alemán
Cocina 2 – francés
Cocina 2 - directo
Inicio Fin
N. º Saldo Pago Principal Interés Saldo
1 $449,000.00 $28,452.13 $11,988.80 $16,463.33 $437,011.20
2 $437,011.20 $28,452.13 $12,428.38 $16,023.74 $424,582.82
3 $424,582.82 $28,452.13 $12,884.09 $15,568.04 $411,698.73
4 $411,698.73 $28,452.13 $13,356.51 $15,095.62 $398,342.22
5 $398,342.22 $28,452.13 $13,846.25 $14,605.88 $384,495.97
6 $384,495.97 $28,452.13 $14,353.94 $14,098.19 $370,142.03
7 $370,142.03 $28,452.13 $14,880.25 $13,571.87 $355,261.78
8 $355,261.78 $28,452.13 $15,425.86 $13,026.27 $339,835.91
9 $339,835.91 $28,452.13 $15,991.48 $12,460.65 $323,844.44
10 $323,844.44 $28,452.13 $16,577.83 $11,874.30 $307,266.60
11 $307,266.60 $28,452.13 $17,185.69 $11,266.44 $290,080.92
12 $290,080.92 $28,452.13 $17,815.83 $10,636.30 $272,265.09
13 $272,265.09 $28,452.13 $18,469.08 $9,983.05 $253,796.01
14 $253,796.01 $28,452.13 $19,146.27 $9,305.85 $234,649.74
15 $234,649.74 $28,452.13 $19,848.30 $8,603.82 $214,801.43
16 $214,801.43 $28,452.13 $20,576.08 $7,876.05 $194,225.36
17 $194,225.36 $28,452.13 $21,330.53 $7,121.60 $172,894.83
18 $172,894.83 $28,452.13 $22,112.65 $6,339.48 $150,782.18
19 $150,782.18 $28,452.13 $22,923.45 $5,528.68 $127,858.73
20 $127,858.73 $28,452.13 $23,763.98 $4,688.15 $104,094.75
21 $104,094.75 $28,452.13 $24,635.32 $3,816.81 $79,459.43
Refrigeradora 2 - francés
0 $ 399 000,00
1 $ 25 283,74 $ 14 630,00 $ 10 653,74 $ 388 346,26
2 $ 25 283,74 $ 14 239,36 $ 11 044,38 $ 377 301,88
3 $ 25 283,74 $ 13 834,40 $ 11 449,34 $ 365 852,55
4 $ 25 283,74 $ 13 414,59 $ 11 869,15 $ 353 983,40
5 $ 25 283,74 $ 12 979,39 $ 12 304,35 $ 341 679,05
6 $ 25 283,74 $ 12 528,23 $ 12 755,51 $ 328 923,54
7 $ 25 283,74 $ 12 060,53 $ 13 223,21 $ 315 700,33
8 $ 25 283,74 $ 11 575,68 $ 13 708,06 $ 301 992,27
9 $ 25 283,74 $ 11 073,05 $ 14 210,69 $ 287 781,58
10 $ 25 283,74 $ 10 551,99 $ 14 731,75 $ 273 049,83
11 $ 25 283,74 $ 10 011,83 $ 15 271,91 $ 257 777,92
12 $ 25 283,74 $ 9 451,86 $ 15 831,88 $ 241 946,04
13 $ 25 283,74 $ 8 871,35 $ 16 412,39 $ 225 533,65
14 $ 25 283,74 $ 8 269,57 $ 17 014,17 $ 208 519,48
15 $ 25 283,74 $ 7 645,71 $ 17 638,03 $ 190 881,45
16 $ 25 283,74 $ 6 998,99 $ 18 284,75 $ 172 596,70
17 $ 25 283,74 $ 6 328,55 $ 18 955,19 $ 153 641,51
18 $ 25 283,74 $ 5 633,52 $ 19 650,22 $ 133 991,29
19 $ 25 283,74 $ 4 913,01 $ 20 370,73 $ 113 620,56
20 $ 25 283,74 $ 4 166,09 $ 21 117,65 $ 92 502,91
21 $ 25 283,74 $ 3 391,77 $ 21 891,97 $ 70 610,94
22 $ 25 283,74 $ 2 589,07 $ 22 694,67 $ 47 916,27
23 $ 25 283,74 $ 1 756,93 $ 23 526,81 $ 24 389,46
24 $ 25 283,74 $ 894,28 $ 24 389,46 $ 0,00
Refrigeradora 2 – alemán
Inicio Fin
N. º Saldo Pago Principal Interés Saldo
1 $399,000.00 $25,283.74 $10,653.74 $14,630.00 $388,346.26
2 $388,346.26 $25,283.74 $11,044.38 $14,239.36 $377,301.88
3 $377,301.88 $25,283.74 $11,449.34 $13,834.40 $365,852.55
4 $365,852.55 $25,283.74 $11,869.15 $13,414.59 $353,983.40
5 $353,983.40 $25,283.74 $12,304.35 $12,979.39 $341,679.05
6 $341,679.05 $25,283.74 $12,755.51 $12,528.23 $328,923.54
7 $328,923.54 $25,283.74 $13,223.21 $12,060.53 $315,700.33
8 $315,700.33 $25,283.74 $13,708.06 $11,575.68 $301,992.27
9 $301,992.27 $25,283.74 $14,210.69 $11,073.05 $287,781.58
10 $287,781.58 $25,283.74 $14,731.75 $10,551.99 $273,049.83
11 $273,049.83 $25,283.74 $15,271.91 $10,011.83 $257,777.92
12 $257,777.92 $25,283.74 $15,831.88 $9,451.86 $241,946.04
13 $241,946.04 $25,283.74 $16,412.39 $8,871.35 $225,533.65
14 $225,533.65 $25,283.74 $17,014.17 $8,269.57 $208,519.48
15 $208,519.48 $25,283.74 $17,638.03 $7,645.71 $190,881.45
16 $190,881.45 $25,283.74 $18,284.75 $6,998.99 $172,596.70
17 $172,596.70 $25,283.74 $18,955.19 $6,328.55 $153,641.51
18 $153,641.51 $25,283.74 $19,650.22 $5,633.52 $133,991.29
19 $133,991.29 $25,283.74 $20,370.73 $4,913.01 $113,620.56
20 $113,620.56 $25,283.74 $21,117.65 $4,166.09 $92,502.91
21 $92,502.91 $25,283.74 $21,891.97 $3,391.77 $70,610.94
22 $70,610.94 $25,283.74 $22,694.67 $2,589.07 $47,916.27
23 $47,916.27 $25,283.74 $23,526.81 $1,756.93 $24,389.46
Tv 1 – francés
Tv 1 – alemán
Tv 1 – directo
Inicio Fin
N. º Saldo Pago Principal Interés Saldo
1 $349,900.00 $22,172.38 $9,342.72 $12,829.67 $340,557.28
2 $340,557.28 $22,172.38 $9,685.28 $12,487.10 $330,872.00
3 $330,872.00 $22,172.38 $10,040.41 $12,131.97 $320,831.59
4 $320,831.59 $22,172.38 $10,408.56 $11,763.83 $310,423.04
5 $310,423.04 $22,172.38 $10,790.20 $11,382.18 $299,632.83
6 $299,632.83 $22,172.38 $11,185.85 $10,986.54 $288,446.99
7 $288,446.99 $22,172.38 $11,595.99 $10,576.39 $276,850.99
8 $276,850.99 $22,172.38 $12,021.18 $10,151.20 $264,829.81
9 $264,829.81 $22,172.38 $12,461.96 $9,710.43 $252,367.86
10 $252,367.86 $22,172.38 $12,918.89 $9,253.49 $239,448.96
11 $239,448.96 $22,172.38 $13,392.59 $8,779.80 $226,056.38
12 $226,056.38 $22,172.38 $13,883.65 $8,288.73 $212,172.73
13 $212,172.73 $22,172.38 $14,392.72 $7,779.67 $197,780.01
14 $197,780.01 $22,172.38 $14,920.45 $7,251.93 $182,859.56
15 $182,859.56 $22,172.38 $15,467.53 $6,704.85 $167,392.03
16 $167,392.03 $22,172.38 $16,034.67 $6,137.71 $151,357.36
17 $151,357.36 $22,172.38 $16,622.61 $5,549.77 $134,734.74
18 $134,734.74 $22,172.38 $17,232.11 $4,940.27 $117,502.64
19 $117,502.64 $22,172.38 $17,863.95 $4,308.43 $99,638.68
20 $99,638.68 $22,172.38 $18,518.96 $3,653.42 $81,119.72
21 $81,119.72 $22,172.38 $19,197.99 $2,974.39 $61,921.73
22 $61,921.73 $22,172.38 $19,901.92 $2,270.46 $42,019.81
23 $42,019.81 $22,172.38 $20,631.66 $1,540.73 $21,388.15
24 $21,388.15 $22,172.38 $21,388.15 $784.23 $0.00
Tv 2 – francés
Inicio Fin
N. º Saldo Pago Principal Interés Saldo
1 $369,900.00 $23,439.74 $9,876.74 $13,563.00 $360,023.26
2 $360,023.26 $23,439.74 $10,238.88 $13,200.85 $349,784.38
3 $349,784.38 $23,439.74 $10,614.31 $12,825.43 $339,170.07
4 $339,170.07 $23,439.74 $11,003.50 $12,436.24 $328,166.56
5 $328,166.56 $23,439.74 $11,406.96 $12,032.77 $316,759.60
6 $316,759.60 $23,439.74 $11,825.22 $11,614.52 $304,934.38
7 $304,934.38 $23,439.74 $12,258.81 $11,180.93 $292,675.57
8 $292,675.57 $23,439.74 $12,708.30 $10,731.44 $279,967.27
9 $279,967.27 $23,439.74 $13,174.27 $10,265.47 $266,793.00
10 $266,793.00 $23,439.74 $13,657.33 $9,782.41 $253,135.67
11 $253,135.67 $23,439.74 $14,158.10 $9,281.64 $238,977.58
12 $238,977.58 $23,439.74 $14,677.23 $8,762.51 $224,300.35
13 $224,300.35 $23,439.74 $15,215.39 $8,224.35 $209,084.96
14 $209,084.96 $23,439.74 $15,773.29 $7,666.45 $193,311.67
15 $193,311.67 $23,439.74 $16,351.64 $7,088.09 $176,960.02
16 $176,960.02 $23,439.74 $16,951.20 $6,488.53 $160,008.82
17 $160,008.82 $23,439.74 $17,572.75 $5,866.99 $142,436.07
18 $142,436.07 $23,439.74 $18,217.08 $5,222.66 $124,218.99
19 $124,218.99 $23,439.74 $18,885.04 $4,554.70 $105,333.95
20 $105,333.95 $23,439.74 $19,577.49 $3,862.24 $85,756.46
21 $85,756.46 $23,439.74 $20,295.33 $3,144.40 $65,461.12
22 $65,461.12 $23,439.74 $21,039.50 $2,400.24 $44,421.62
23 $44,421.62 $23,439.74 $21,810.94 $1,628.79 $22,610.68
24 $22,610.68 $23,439.74 $22,610.68 $829.06 $0.00
Horno microondas 1 – francés
Inicio Fin
N. º Saldo Pago Principal Interés Saldo
1 $889,990.00 $56,396.68 $23,763.71 $32,632.97 $866,226.29
2 $866,226.29 $56,396.68 $24,635.05 $31,761.63 $841,591.24
3 $841,591.24 $56,396.68 $25,538.34 $30,858.35 $816,052.90
4 $816,052.90 $56,396.68 $26,474.74 $29,921.94 $789,578.16
5 $789,578.16 $56,396.68 $27,445.48 $28,951.20 $762,132.68
6 $762,132.68 $56,396.68 $28,451.82 $27,944.86 $733,680.86
7 $733,680.86 $56,396.68 $29,495.05 $26,901.63 $704,185.81
8 $704,185.81 $56,396.68 $30,576.53 $25,820.15 $673,609.28
9 $673,609.28 $56,396.68 $31,697.67 $24,699.01 $641,911.60
10 $641,911.60 $56,396.68 $32,859.92 $23,536.76 $609,051.68
11 $609,051.68 $56,396.68 $34,064.79 $22,331.89 $574,986.89
12 $574,986.89 $56,396.68 $35,313.83 $21,082.85 $539,673.07
13 $539,673.07 $56,396.68 $36,608.67 $19,788.01 $503,064.40
14 $503,064.40 $56,396.68 $37,950.99 $18,445.69 $465,113.41
15 $465,113.41 $56,396.68 $39,342.52 $17,054.16 $425,770.89
16 $425,770.89 $56,396.68 $40,785.08 $15,611.60 $384,985.81
17 $384,985.81 $56,396.68 $42,280.53 $14,116.15 $342,705.27
18 $342,705.27 $56,396.68 $43,830.82 $12,565.86 $298,874.45
19 $298,874.45 $56,396.68 $45,437.95 $10,958.73 $253,436.50
20 $253,436.50 $56,396.68 $47,104.01 $9,292.67 $206,332.49
21 $206,332.49 $56,396.68 $48,831.16 $7,565.52 $157,501.33
22 $157,501.33 $56,396.68 $50,621.63 $5,775.05 $106,879.70
23 $106,879.70 $56,396.68 $52,477.76 $3,918.92 $54,401.94
24 $54,401.94 $56,396.68 $54,401.94 $1,994.74 $0.00
0 $ 68 990,00
1 $ 5 404,22 $ 2 529,63 $ 2 874,58 $ 66 115,42
2 $ 5 298,82 $ 2 424,23 $ 2 874,58 $ 63 240,83
3 $ 5 193,41 $ 2 318,83 $ 2 874,58 $ 60 366,25
4 $ 5 088,01 $ 2 213,43 $ 2 874,58 $ 57 491,67
5 $ 4 982,61 $ 2 108,03 $ 2 874,58 $ 54 617,08
6 $ 4 877,21 $ 2 002,63 $ 2 874,58 $ 51 742,50
7 $ 4 771,81 $ 1 897,23 $ 2 874,58 $ 48 867,92
8 $ 4 666,41 $ 1 791,82 $ 2 874,58 $ 45 993,33
9 $ 4 561,01 $ 1 686,42 $ 2 874,58 $ 43 118,75
10 $ 4 455,60 $ 1 581,02 $ 2 874,58 $ 40 244,17
11 $ 4 350,20 $ 1 475,62 $ 2 874,58 $ 37 369,58
12 $ 4 244,80 $ 1 370,22 $ 2 874,58 $ 34 495,00
13 $ 4 139,40 $ 1 264,82 $ 2 874,58 $ 31 620,42
14 $ 4 034,00 $ 1 159,42 $ 2 874,58 $ 28 745,83
15 $ 3 928,60 $ 1 054,01 $ 2 874,58 $ 25 871,25
16 $ 3 823,20 $ 948,61 $ 2 874,58 $ 22 996,67
17 $ 3 717,79 $ 843,21 $ 2 874,58 $ 20 122,08
18 $ 3 612,39 $ 737,81 $ 2 874,58 $ 17 247,50
19 $ 3 506,99 $ 632,41 $ 2 874,58 $ 14 372,92
20 $ 3 401,59 $ 527,01 $ 2 874,58 $ 11 498,33
21 $ 3 296,19 $ 421,61 $ 2 874,58 $ 8 623,75
22 $ 3 190,79 $ 316,20 $ 2 874,58 $ 5 749,17
23 $ 3 085,39 $ 210,80 $ 2 874,58 $ 2 874,58
24 $ 2 979,98 $ 105,40 $ 2 874,58 $ 0,00
Horno microondas 2 – directo
Inicio Fin
N. º Saldo Pago Principal Interés Saldo
1 $68,990.00 $4,371.74 $1,842.11 $2,529.63 $67,147.89
2 $67,147.89 $4,371.74 $1,909.65 $2,462.09 $65,238.24
3 $65,238.24 $4,371.74 $1,979.67 $2,392.07 $63,258.56
4 $63,258.56 $4,371.74 $2,052.26 $2,319.48 $61,206.30
5 $61,206.30 $4,371.74 $2,127.51 $2,244.23 $59,078.79
6 $59,078.79 $4,371.74 $2,205.52 $2,166.22 $56,873.27
7 $56,873.27 $4,371.74 $2,286.39 $2,085.35 $54,586.88
8 $54,586.88 $4,371.74 $2,370.22 $2,001.52 $52,216.66
9 $52,216.66 $4,371.74 $2,457.13 $1,914.61 $49,759.53
10 $49,759.53 $4,371.74 $2,547.23 $1,824.52 $47,212.30
11 $47,212.30 $4,371.74 $2,640.62 $1,731.12 $44,571.68
12 $44,571.68 $4,371.74 $2,737.45 $1,634.29 $41,834.23
13 $41,834.23 $4,371.74 $2,837.82 $1,533.92 $38,996.41
14 $38,996.41 $4,371.74 $2,941.87 $1,429.87 $36,054.53
15 $36,054.53 $4,371.74 $3,049.74 $1,322.00 $33,004.79
16 $33,004.79 $4,371.74 $3,161.57 $1,210.18 $29,843.22
17 $29,843.22 $4,371.74 $3,277.49 $1,094.25 $26,565.73
18 $26,565.73 $4,371.74 $3,397.67 $974.08 $23,168.07
19 $23,168.07 $4,371.74 $3,522.25 $849.50 $19,645.82
20 $19,645.82 $4,371.74 $3,651.40 $720.35 $15,994.43
21 $15,994.43 $4,371.74 $3,785.28 $586.46 $12,209.15
22 $12,209.15 $4,371.74 $3,924.07 $447.67 $8,285.07
23 $8,285.07 $4,371.74 $4,067.96 $303.79 $4,217.11
24 $4,217.11 $4,371.74 $4,217.11 $154.63 $0.00
c. Seleccione el mejor método de amortización aplicable a cada electrodoméstico,
tomando su prioridad establecida además considerando que los dos electrodomésticos
más caros desea amortizarlos en mayor medida a largo plazo.
cliente promedio, debido a que con este método se mantiene el monto de la amortización
constante, mientras que el pago de los intereses se va rebajando con cada periodo como
resultado resulta ser más beneficioso en el contexto del cliente y su avance en el pago de cuotas.
Al reducir la cuota en cada periodo el cliente visualiza un avance constante hasta cancelar y se
previene que no abandone el pago hasta la cancelación, ya que va observan avances en el pago
de los intereses.
El Sistema Francés es el más aconsejable si se requiere obtener un mejor control sobre el monto
de las cuotas a pagar mensualmente, porque se pagan siempre las mismas cuotas.
Conclusión
Entre estos métodos es recomendable encontrar el que se adapte para mejorar nuestra
economía personal o empresarial, pero ante todo debemos de analizar si es necesario adquirir
nuevas deudas, si es de beneficio y si nos ayudará a crear estabilidad o margen de rentabilidad
en nuestras finanzas.
Se debe de tener claro los gastos en los que se incurre regularmente, la situación económica
actual y el panorama político social que se vive actualmente antes de involucrarse en deudas en
las que al pagar al contado puede resultar mejor mediante sistemas de ahorro personales o
empresariales
Bibliografía