Defectología
Defectología
Defectología
MATERIALES
Tema 7
Defectología
3
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Producción primaria de metales
y aleaciones
5
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Colada
6
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Grietas
‣ En caliente, en frío, de
fatiga, en taladros, etc.
7
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Discontinuidades en soldadura
8
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Discontinuidades producidas
por deformación plástica
9
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Discontinuidades inducidas
por corrosión
‣ Picaduras, grietas de
corrosión bajo tensión, etc.
10
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Discontinuidades inducidas
por la operación - Fatiga
11
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Discontinuidades inducidas
por la operación - Creep
12
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Discontinuidades inducidas
por la operación - fractura
frágil
‣ Fragilización por
hidrógeno
13
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
metálicos y aleaciones
• Discontinuidades geométricas
‣ Arañazos, cortes,
desalineaciones,
abolladuras, etc.
14
Tema 7. Defectología
3
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
poliméricos y elastómeros
• Estructura semi-cristalina
16
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
poliméricos y elastómeros
• Discontinuidades en el flujo
17
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
poliméricos y elastómeros
• Porosidad
18
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
poliméricos y elastómeros
• Cavitación en elastómeros
19
Tema 7. Defectología
3
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
cerámicos y vidrios
• Tamaño de las
discontinuidades
21
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
cerámicos y vidrios
• Porosidad
22
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
cerámicos y vidrios
• Grietas
23
Tema 7. Defectología
3
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Porosidad
25
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Huecos
26
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Grietas en la matriz
27
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Delaminaciones
28
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Zonas secas y acumulaciones
de resina
29
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Pandeo y rotura de fibras por
sobrecarga
30
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Ataque químico
31
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Ósmosis
32
Tema 7. Defectología en materiales
híbridos y compuestos
• Desalineación de fribras
33
Tema 7. Defectología
3
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
• Etapas en el proceso de evaluacion de la adecuación al
servicio
35
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
36
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
• ASTM
• ASTM-A275 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
• ASTM-A388 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
• ASTM-A418 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings
• ASTM-A435 - Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
• ASTM-A577 - Standard Specification for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination of Steel Plates
• ASTM-A578 - Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applications
• ASTM-A609 - Standard Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof
• ASTM-A745 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
• ASTM-A898 - Standard Specification for Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Structural Shapes
• ASTM-A966 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
• ASTM-A997 - Standard Practice for Investment Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual Examination
• ASTM-B886 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Magnetic Saturation (Ms) of Cemented Carbides
• ASTM-E1033 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Type F-Continuously Welded (Cw) Ferromagnetic Pipe and
Tubing Above the Curie Temperature
• ASTM-E1255 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
• ASTM-E1315 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel With Convex Cylindrically Curved Entry Surfaces
• ASTM-E1320 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings
• ASTM-E1444 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
• ASTM-E155 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
• ASTM-E1571 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope
• ASTM-E1629 - Standard Practice for Determining the Impedance of Absolute Eddy-Current Probes
• ASTM-E1734 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
• ASTM-E1742 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
• ASTM-E1814 - Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (Ct) Examination of Castings
37
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
• ASTM
• ASTM-E1815 - Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
• ASTM-E1816 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing Using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (Emat) Techniques
• ASTM-E1817 - Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (Rqis)
• ASTM-E186 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 To 4½-in. (50.8 To 114-Mm)) Steel Castings
• ASTM-E214 - Standard Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves (Withdrawn 2007)
• ASTM-E2218 - Standard Test Method for Determining Forming Limit Curves
• ASTM-E2465 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of NI-Base Alloys by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
• ASTM-E272 - Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
• ASTM-E280 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4½ To 12-in. (114 To 305-Mm)) Steel Castings
• ASTM-E2860 - Standard Test Method for Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction for Bearing Steels
• ASTM-E310 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
• ASTM-E428 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other Than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing
• ASTM-E446 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up To 2 in. (50.8 Mm) in Thickness
• ASTM-E494 - Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials
• ASTM-E505 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
• ASTM-E570 - Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Tubular Products
• ASTM-E571 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Tubular Products
• ASTM-E587 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
• ASTM-E588 - Standard Practice for Detection of Large Inclusions in Bearing Quality Steel by the Ultrasonic Method
• ASTM-E592 - Standard Guide To Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 To 2 in. [6 To 51 Mm]
Thick With X Rays and 1 To 6 in. [25 To 152 Mm] Thick With Cobalt-60
• ASTM-E709 - Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
• ASTM-E802 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up To 4 1/2 in. (114 Mm) in Thickness
• ASTM-E94 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination
• ASTM-F1761 - Standard Test Method for Pass Through Flux of Circular Magnetic Sputtering Targets
• ASTM-F2086 - Standard Test Method for Pass Through Flux of Circular Magnetic Sputtering Targets, Method 2 (Withdrawn 2007)
38
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
• BSI
• BS-2737 - Terminology of Internal Defects in Castings as Revealed by Radiography
• BS-6072 - Method for Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection
• BS-6208 - Method for Ultrasonic Testing of Ferritic Steel Castings Including Quality Levels
• BS-EN-10246-10 - Part 10: Radiographic Testing of the Weld Seam of Automaticfusion Arc Welded Steel Tu
• BS-EN-10246-11 - Part 11: Liquid Penetrant Testing of Seamless & Welded Steeltubes for the Detection Of
• BS-EN-10246-12 - Part 12: Magnetic Particle Inspection of Seamless & Welded Ferromagnetic Steel Tubes F
• BS-EN-10246-13 - Part 13: Automatic Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Thickness Testing for Seamless & Welded
• BS-EN-10246-14 - Part 14: Automatic Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless & Welded (Except Submerged Arcwelded
• BS-EN-10246-15 - Part 15: Automatic Ultrasonic Testing of Strip/Plate Used Inthe Manufacture of Welded
• BS-EN-10246-16 - Part 16: Automatic Ultrasonic Testing of the Area Adjacent To the Weld Seam of Welded
• BS-EN-10246-17 - Part 17: Ultrasonic Testing of Tube Ends of Seamless & Welded Steel Tubes for the Dete
• BS-EN-10246-18 - Part 18: Magnetic Particle Inspection of Tube Ends of Seamless & Welded Ferromagnetic
• BS-EN-10246-2 - Automatic Eddy Current Testing of Seamless & Welded (Exceptsubmerged Arc Welded) Aust
• BS-EN-10246-3 - Part 3: Automatic Eddy Current Testing of Seamless & Weldedsteel Tubes for the Detect
• BS-EN-10246-4 - Part 4: Automatic Full Peripheral Magnetic Transducer/Flux Leakage Testing of Seamless
• BS-EN-10246-5 - Part 5: Automatic Full Peripheral Magnetic Transducer/Flux Leakage Testing of Seamless
• BS-EN-10246-6 - Part 6: Automatic Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless Steel Tubes for the D
• BS-EN-10246-7 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes, Automatic Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing O
• BS-EN-10246-8 - Part 8: Automatic Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Seam of Electric Welded Steel Tubes F
• BS-EN-10246-9 - Part 9: Automatic Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Seam of Submerged Arc Welded Steel Tu
• BS-EN-10256 - Non-Destructive Testing on Steel Tubes. Qualification and Competence of Level 1 and Level 2 Non-Destructive Testing Personnel
• BS-EN-10306 - Iron and Steel. Ultrasonic Testing of H Beams With Parallel Flanges and Ipe Beams
• BS-EN-10307 - Non-Destructive Testing. Ultrasonic Testing of Austenitic and AUSTENTITIC-Ferritic Stainless Steels Flat Products of Thickness Equal
To or Greater Than 6 Mm (Reflection Method)
• BS-EN-10308 - Non-Destructive Testing. Ultrasonic Testing of Steel Bars
39
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
• BSI
• BS-EN-10308 - Non-Destructive Testing. Ultrasonic Testing of Steel Bars
• BS-EN-12680-1 - Founding. Ultrasonic Examination. Steel Castings for General Purposes
• BS-EN-12680-2 - Founding. Ultrasonic Examination. Steel Castings for Highly Stressed Components
• BS-EN-12680-3 - Founding. Ultrasonic Testing. Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Castings
• BS-EN-12681 - Founding. Radiographic Examination
• BS-EN-13068-3 - Non-Destructive Testing. Radioscopic Testing. General Principles of Radioscopic Testing of Metallic Materials by X- and Gamma
Rays
• BS-EN-1369 - Founding. Magnetic Particle Testing
• BS-EN-1371-1 - Founding. Liquid Penetrant Testing. Sand, Gravity Die and Low Pressure Die Castings
• BS-EN-1371-2 - Founding. Liquid Penetrant Inspection. Investment Castings
• BS-EN-14584 - Non-Destructive Testing. Acoustic Emission. Examination of Metallic Pressure Equipment During Proof Testing. Planar Location of Ae
Sources
• BS-EN-444 - Non-Destructive Testing. General Principles for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X- and Gamma-Rays
• BS-EN-ISO-10893-1 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes. Automated Electromagnetic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-
Welded) Steel Tubes for the Verification of Hydraulic Leaktightness
• BS-EN-ISO-10893-2 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes. Automated Eddy Current Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-
Welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Imperfections
• BS-ISO-11971 - Steel and Iron Castings. Visual Examination of Surface Quality
• BS-ISO-17577 - Steel. Ultrasonic Testing for Steel Flat Products of Thickness Equal To or Greater Than 6 Mm
• BS-ISO-4986 - Steel Castings. Magnetic Particle Inspection
• BS-ISO-4987 - Steel Castings. Liquid Penetrant Inspection
• BS-ISO-4992-1 - Steel Castings. Ultrasonic Examination. Steel Castings for General Purposes
• BS-ISO-4992-2 - Steel Castings. Ultrasonic Examination. Steel Castings for Highly Stressed Components
• BS-ISO-4993 - Steel and Iron Castings. Radiographic Inspection
40
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
• ISO
• ISO-10049 - Aluminium Alloy Castings - Visual Method for Assessing the Porosity
• ISO-10124 - Seamless & Welded (Except Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubesfor Pressure Purposes - Ultras
• ISO-10332 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Automated Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel
Tubes for Verification of Hydraulic Leak-Tightness
• ISO-10543 - Seamless & Hot-Stretch-Reduced Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure Purposes - Full Peripheral
• ISO-10893-1 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 1: Automated Electromagnetic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-
Welded) Steel Tubes for the Verification of Hydraulic Leaktightness
• ISO-10893-10 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 10: Automated Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except
Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• ISO-10893-11 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 11: Automated Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Seam of Welded Steel Tubes for the
Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• ISO-10893-12 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 12: Automated Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Thickness Testing of Seamless and Welded
(Except Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubes
• ISO-10893-2 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 2: Automated Eddy Current Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-
Welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Imperfections
• ISO-10893-3 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 3: Automated Full Peripheral Flux Leakage Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except
Submerged Arc-Welded) Ferromagnetic Steel Tubes for the Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• ISO-10893-4 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 4: Liquid Penetrant Inspection of Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection of
Surface Imperfections
• ISO-10893-5 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 5: Magnetic Particle Inspection of Seamless and Welded Ferromagnetic Steel Tubes for the
Detection of Surface Imperfections
• ISO-10893-6 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 6: Radiographic Testing of the Weld Seam of Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection of
Imperfections
• ISO-10893-7 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 7: Digital Radiographic Testing of the Weld Seam of Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection
of Imperfections
• ISO-10893-8 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 8: Automated Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection of
Laminar Imperfections
41
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
• ISO
• ISO-10049 - Aluminium Alloy Castings - Visual Method for Assessing the Porosity
• ISO-10124 - Seamless & Welded (Except Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubesfor Pressure Purposes - Ultras
• ISO-10332 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Automated Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel
Tubes for Verification of Hydraulic Leak-Tightness
• ISO-10543 - Seamless & Hot-Stretch-Reduced Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure Purposes - Full Peripheral
• ISO-10893-1 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 1: Automated Electromagnetic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-
Welded) Steel Tubes for the Verification of Hydraulic Leaktightness
• ISO-10893-10 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 10: Automated Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except
Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• ISO-10893-11 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 11: Automated Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Seam of Welded Steel Tubes for the
Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• ISO-10893-12 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 12: Automated Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Thickness Testing of Seamless and Welded
(Except Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubes
• ISO-10893-2 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 2: Automated Eddy Current Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-
Welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Imperfections
• ISO-10893-3 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 3: Automated Full Peripheral Flux Leakage Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except
Submerged Arc-Welded) Ferromagnetic Steel Tubes for the Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• ISO-10893-4 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 4: Liquid Penetrant Inspection of Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection of
Surface Imperfections
• ISO-10893-5 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 5: Magnetic Particle Inspection of Seamless and Welded Ferromagnetic Steel Tubes for the
Detection of Surface Imperfections
• ISO-10893-6 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 6: Radiographic Testing of the Weld Seam of Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection of
Imperfections
• ISO-10893-7 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 7: Digital Radiographic Testing of the Weld Seam of Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection
of Imperfections
• ISO-10893-8 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 8: Automated Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for the Detection of
Laminar Imperfections
42
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
• Otras normas
• DIN-EN-10246-7 - Part 7: Automatic Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless & Welded (Except Subm
• DIN-EN-10306 - Iron & Steel - Ultrasonic Testing of H Beams With Parallel Flanges & Ipe Beams, Englis
• DIN-EN-12680-3 - Founding - Ultrasonic Testing - Part 3: Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Castings
• DIN-EN-14584 - Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission, Examination of Metallic Pressure Equipme
• DIN-EN-15063-1 - Part 1: Guidelines To the Routine Method, Copper & Copper Alloys - Determination of Ma
• DIN-EN-15063-2 - Part 2: Routine Method, Copper & Cooper Alloys - Determination of Main Constituents &
• EN-10246-7 - Part 7: Automatic Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless & Welded (Except Subm
• EN-10307 - Non-Destructive Testing, Ultrasonic Testing of Austenitic & AUSTENITIC-Ferritic Stain
• EN-12680-3 - Founding - Ultrasonic Testing - Part 3: Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Castings
• EN-14584 - Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission, Examination of Metallic Pressure Equipme
• EN-15063-1 - Part 1: Guidelines To the Routine Method, Copper & Copper Alloys - Determination of Ma
• EN-ISO-10893-1 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 1: Automated Electromagnetic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged
Arc-Welded) Steel Tubes for the Verification of Hydraulic Leaktightness
• EN-ISO-10893-10 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 10: Automated Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except
Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• EN-ISO-10893-11 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 11: Automated Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Seam of Welded Steel Tubes for the
Detection of Longitudinal and/or Transverse Imperfections
• EN-ISO-10893-12 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 12: Automated Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Thickness Testing of Seamless and Welded
(Except Submerged Arc-Welded) Steel Tubes
• EN-ISO-10893-2 - Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Tubes - Part 2: Automated Eddy Current Testing of Seamless and Welded (Except Submerged Arc-
Welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Imperfections
• JIS-G-0582 - Automated Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Pipes and Tubes
• JIS-G-0583 - Automated Eddy Current Examination of Steel Pipes and Tubes
• JIS-H-0522 - Methods for Radiographic Test & Classification by Radiographs of Aluminium Castings
• JIS-Z-3062 - Method & Acceptance Criteria of Ultrasonic Examination for Gas Pressure Welds of Defor
43
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
Obtención e interpretación de la indicación propia
44
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
• Códigos de evaluación
‣ De carácter general:
➡ BS 7910 : 2005, Guide to methods for
assessing the acceptability of flaws in
metallic structures
Evaluación de discontinuidades
‣ De carácter específico:
➡ American Society of Mechanical Engineers’
B31.8 and B31.8S, Minimum Pipeline Safety
Standards
➡ USCG NVIC 7-68, Notes on Inspection and
Repair of Steel Hulls
45
Tema 7. Defectología
3
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
• Panorama global de los principales procedimientos de END
47
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
• Panorama global de los principales procedimientos de END
48
Tema 7. Fiabilidad y extensión de la vida
en servicio
• Panorama global de los principales procedimientos de END
49
ANÁLISIS Y ENSAYOS DE
MATERIALES