Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany by Tanya M Peres
Turtle shell rattles are percussion instruments used by Indigenous peoples of the Americas in cer... more Turtle shell rattles are percussion instruments used by Indigenous peoples of the Americas in ceremonial contexts to keep rhythm. Archaeological investigations in the southeastern United States produced several complete and partial Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) shell rattles from mortuary contexts dating from the Archaic (ca. 8000–1000 BC) through Mississippian periods (ca. AD 800–1500). Fragmentary turtle remains, some identified as Eastern box turtle, are frequently recovered from non-mortuary contexts. Traditionally, these fragmentary remains are attributed to food waste. Given the archaeological and ethnographic evidence for turtle shell rattles, we need to consider how fragmentary remains might fit into the chaîne opératoire of rattle production. This paper presents the results of an experimental study designed to identify one such chaîne opératoire of rattle production. During this experiment, the data on taphonomic processes such as manufacturing marks, use-wear, and breakage patterns, were recorded. We then tested the taphonomic findings from the experimental study and an object trait list we compiled from known rattle specimens and documentary sources with archaeological turtle remains recovered from non-mortuary contexts at two Mississippian period (ca. AD 1000–1450) sites in Middle Tennessee. Historic indigenous groups are known to have, and still do into the present-day, make and use turtle shell rattles in the region. Ultimately, we determined that “food refuse” should not be the default interpretation of fragmentary box turtle remains, and instead the taphonomic history and contextual associations must be considered in full. The experimental process of crafting turtle shell rattles enhances our understanding of an ancient musical instrument and the success rate of identifying musical artifacts and distinguishing between other modified turtle remains in the archaeological record. This study expands our knowledge of ancient music in North America and prompts re-analysis of curated turtle remains in museums for rattle-related modifications.
Understanding and explaining societal rules surrounding food and foodways have been the foci of a... more Understanding and explaining societal rules surrounding food and foodways have been the foci of anthropological studies since the early days of the discipline. Baking, Bourbon, and Black Drink: Foodways Archaeology in the American Southeast, however, is the first collection devoted exclusively to southeastern foodways analyzed through archaeological perspectives. These essays examine which foods were eaten and move the discussion of foodstuffs into the sociocultural realm of why, how, and when they were eaten. Editors Tanya M. Peres and Aaron Deter-Wolf present a volume that moves beyond basic understandings, applying new methods or focusing on subjects not widely discussed in the Southeast to date. Chapters are arranged using the dominant research themes of feasting, social and political status, food security and persistent places, and foodways histories. Contributors provide in-depth examination of specific food topics such as bone marrow, turkey, Black Drink, bourbon, earth ovens, and hominy. Contributors bring a broad range of expertise to the collection, resulting in an expansive look at all of the steps taken from field to table, including procurement, production, cooking, and consumption, all of which have embedded cultural meanings and traditions. The scope of the volume includes the diversity of research specialties brought to bear on the topic of foodways as well as the temporal and regional breadth and depth, the integration of multiple lines of evidence, and, in some cases, the reinvestigation of well-known sites with new questions and new data. “This volume is an excellent resource on the foodways of the southeast and provides fascinating new data, as well as revisiting previously studied sites and analyses of foodways.” —Renee B. Walker, coeditor of Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America “Baking, Bourbon, and Black Drink is a collection of works elucidating—and in some instances integrating—many diverse aspects of diet and cuisines, written by authors who bring a broad range of expertise to the field of archaeology. It is a major contribution.” —Gayle J. Fritz, professor of archaeology at Washington University in St. Louis CONTRIBUTORS Rachel V. Briggs / Stephen B. Carmody / Aaron Deter-Wolf / Thomas E. Emerson / Kandace D. Hollenbach / Megan C. Kassabaum / Scot Keith / Nicolas Laracuente / Kelly L. Ledford / Tanya M. Peres / Thomas J. Pluckhahn / Neill J. Wallis / Lauren A. Walls / Elic M. Weitzel University of Alabama Press, August 2018 232 PAGES / 6 x 9 / 33 B&W FIGURES / 4 MAPS / 6 TABLES ISBN 978-0-8173-1992-2 / HARDCOVER ISBN 978-0-8173-9195-9 / EBOOK
Ethnobiology Letters, 2018
Mammal fat is an important industrial product and ingredient in culinary dishes and medicines the... more Mammal fat is an important industrial product and ingredient in culinary dishes and medicines the world over, yet evidence for its use is not often identified in the archaeological record. I first give a brief overview of the importance of bone fats to subsistence and industrial economies. I follow this with criteria for identifying these activities archaeologically. This review concludes with why the identification of such activities are important to our understanding of ancient foodways.
Interest in the study of foodways through an archaeological lens, par-ticularly in the American S... more Interest in the study of foodways through an archaeological lens, par-ticularly in the American Southeast, is evident in the abundance of literature on thistopic over the past decade. Foodways as a concept includes all of the activities,rules, and meanings that surround the production, harvesting, processing, cooking,serving, and consumption of food. We study foodways and components of foodwaysarchaeol ogically through direct and indirect evidence. The current synthesis isconcerned with research themes in the archaeology of Southeastern foodways,including feasting, gender, social and political status, and food insecurity. In this review, I explore the information that can be learned from material remains of the foodstuffs themselves and the multiple lines of evidence that can help us better understand the meanings, rituals, processes, and cultural meanings and motivations of foodways.
Southeastern Zooarchaeology - general by Tanya M Peres
"Trends and Traditions in Southeastern Zooarchaeology," pp. 161-185. Edited by T. M. Peres., Feb 2014
The myriad of imagery depicted on marine shell during the late prehistoric period in the American... more The myriad of imagery depicted on marine shell during the late prehistoric period in the American Southeast was meaningful and significant, and has provided the basis for important examinations of Mississippian art and iconography. However, we argue that the selection of marine mollusks by late prehistoric artisans as an iconographic substrate was explicit and deliberate. By the late prehistoric period, shells were embedded with 5,000 years of physical and symbolic geography. This chapter examines the use of both freshwater and marine shell by ancient Native Americans in the Southeast to recall ancestral origins, sanctify and lay claim to the landscape through the construction of landmarks, legitimize political power through the acquisition and display of symbolic, exotic material, and to signify and enable access to supernatural power.
http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kesmith/TNARCH/tennesseearchaeology.html
Indiana Archaeology, 2014
Integrating Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany, Jan 1, 2010
pp. 35-48 in "Tattoos and Body Modifications in Antiquity: Proceedings of the Sessions at the Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologist in The Hague and Oslo, 2010/11", 2013
This chapter describes ongoing research into the archaeological remains of ancient tattooing in N... more This chapter describes ongoing research into the archaeological remains of ancient tattooing in North America’s Eastern Woodlands. Ethnohistorical sources are first examined to identify indigenous tattoo technologies. Those tools are then recreated and applied in an experimental test to determine which are best suited to the practice of tattooing. Finally, this research explores the utility of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in identifying tattoo implements from archaeological collections. While none of these techniques provide indisputable means of identifying ancient tattoo implements, together they provide a more robust understanding of ancient Native American tattooing practices.
First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page- …, Jan 1, 2006
The richest concentration of vertebrate fossils and cultural remains in the Page-Ladson site was ... more The richest concentration of vertebrate fossils and cultural remains in the Page-Ladson site was scattered on the upper surface of stratigraphic Unit 5. This bone layer was encountered most clearly in Test C and was worked, as the site was extended, during seven different field ...
The Online Bibliography of Southeastern U.S. Zooarchaeology is meant to be a useful source of inf... more The Online Bibliography of Southeastern U.S. Zooarchaeology is meant to be a useful source of information for students, professionals, avocationals, and others interested in research into human-animal relationships in the past. This bibliography is not meant to be static, and the goal is to keep it current via user-submissions of information. Please use this form to submit publication information that is not already included in the bibliography. Currently the bibliography is organized by journal/publication source. This was done instead of other organizing categories (i.e., state, time period, animals) as many studies span multiple categories. This may change depending on how useful users find it.
There is a long-held bias among archaeologists regarding the role of shellfish in the diets of pr... more There is a long-held bias among archaeologists regarding the role of shellfish in the diets of pre-Columbian North Americans. Despite presenting an easily accessible and nutritionally beneficial resource, shellfish have been traditionally viewed as a marginal food source consumed in response to starvation or environmental crisis. This bias stems from the emphasis on dietary protein sources during the heyday of Processualism, the supplemental role of shellfish and their association with women and children in modern and ethnographic gathering-collecting cultures, and the
lack of large quantitative datasets on such sites that allow us to look at long-term occupations. Recent surveys and excavations of shellfish-bearing sites along the Middle Cumberland River in Tennessee have yielded temporal and spatial data that allow us to re-evaluate the role of shellfishing in the lifeways of people occupying these sites from the middle to late Archaic through Mississippian periods.
Zooarchaeological remains of gar (Lepisosteidae) appear throughout the prehistoric archaeological... more Zooarchaeological remains of gar (Lepisosteidae) appear throughout the prehistoric archaeological record of the American Southeast. Although these remains have been predominantly interpreted as food waste or residue of elite feasting events, ethnographic and ethnohistoric data provide conflicting views on how these fish were used by Native Americans. By examining ethnohistoric accounts, modern ethnographic studies, archaeological contexts, and archaeofaunal remains we attempt to explore the full range of gar use in the ethnographic past and present, and suggest new interpretive possibilities for archaeologists faced with gar remains from prehistoric contexts.
While most works of southeastern archaeology focus on stone artifacts or ceramics, this volume is... more While most works of southeastern archaeology focus on stone artifacts or ceramics, this volume is the first to bring together past and current trends in zooarchaeological studies. Faunal reports are often relegated to appendices and not synthesized with the rest of the archaeological data, but Trends and Traditions in Southeastern Zooarchaeology calls attention to the diversity of information that faunal remains can reveal about rituals, ideologies, socio-economic organization, trade, and past environments.
These essays, by leading practitioners in this developing field, highlight the differences between the archaeological focus on animals as the food source of their time and the belief among zooarchaeologists that animals represent a far more complex ecology. With broad methodological and interpretive analysis of sites throughout the region, the essays range in topic from the enduring symbolism of shells for more than 5,000 years to the domesticated dog cemeteries of Spirit Hill in Jackson County, Alabama, and to the subsistence strategies of Confederate soldiers at the Florence Stockade in South Carolina.
Ultimately challenging traditional concepts of the roles animals have played in the social and economic development of southeastern cultures, this book is a groundbreaking and seminal archaeological study.
Southeastern Archaic Period - general by Tanya M Peres
Bundles, whether personal or corporate, were a real and important component of the lived experien... more Bundles, whether personal or corporate, were a real and important component of the lived experience of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern US. The objects encapsulated in various bundles held information related to the use and care-taking of the bundle and the importance of ritual to group identity. In some cases bundles became part of the archaeological record through interment with humans, dogs, or as stand-alone burials. In this paper we highlight the antiquity of the bundling concept by outlining material markers of bundles from the Archaic period, and extrapolate on their functions using examples from the greater
Southeast.
The historic component of 40RD299 is notorious in local lore as the site of a speakeasy during Pr... more The historic component of 40RD299 is notorious in local lore as the site of a speakeasy during Prohibition and later a dance cave. This was all that was known about the cave until 2004, when Native American remains were discovered inside, buried just inches under the concrete slab that had been used as a dance floor for many years. Reconnaissance, monitoring, and salvage work have been on-going by the authors since 2011. Here we present the results of these efforts including radiocarbon dates associated with the Archaic occupation and on-going efforts to protect and preserve the site.
Catastrophic flooding throughout Middle Tennessee in May of 2010 resulted in substantial damage t... more Catastrophic flooding throughout Middle Tennessee in May of 2010 resulted in substantial damage to the numerous prehistoric sites situated along the Cumberland River. The force of the flood waters eroded large sections of bank line, severely truncating and in some cases completely destroying many riverbank sites. Immediately after the floodwaters receded, a number of sites began to suffer from widespread and systematic looting activity targeting newly-exposed midden deposits. In June, MTSU and the Tennessee Division of Archaeology were awarded a Rapid Response Research Grant from the National Science Foundation to fund a survey and assessment of natural and anthropogenic damage to more than 120 previously recorded prehistoric sites located between Cheatham and Old Hickory Dams. In addition to documenting site disturbances and collecting critical and endangered site data, the survey and ongoing site monitoring have provided an opportunity to integrate undergraduates into an active research program.
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Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany by Tanya M Peres
Southeastern Zooarchaeology - general by Tanya M Peres
lack of large quantitative datasets on such sites that allow us to look at long-term occupations. Recent surveys and excavations of shellfish-bearing sites along the Middle Cumberland River in Tennessee have yielded temporal and spatial data that allow us to re-evaluate the role of shellfishing in the lifeways of people occupying these sites from the middle to late Archaic through Mississippian periods.
These essays, by leading practitioners in this developing field, highlight the differences between the archaeological focus on animals as the food source of their time and the belief among zooarchaeologists that animals represent a far more complex ecology. With broad methodological and interpretive analysis of sites throughout the region, the essays range in topic from the enduring symbolism of shells for more than 5,000 years to the domesticated dog cemeteries of Spirit Hill in Jackson County, Alabama, and to the subsistence strategies of Confederate soldiers at the Florence Stockade in South Carolina.
Ultimately challenging traditional concepts of the roles animals have played in the social and economic development of southeastern cultures, this book is a groundbreaking and seminal archaeological study.
Southeastern Archaic Period - general by Tanya M Peres
Southeast.
lack of large quantitative datasets on such sites that allow us to look at long-term occupations. Recent surveys and excavations of shellfish-bearing sites along the Middle Cumberland River in Tennessee have yielded temporal and spatial data that allow us to re-evaluate the role of shellfishing in the lifeways of people occupying these sites from the middle to late Archaic through Mississippian periods.
These essays, by leading practitioners in this developing field, highlight the differences between the archaeological focus on animals as the food source of their time and the belief among zooarchaeologists that animals represent a far more complex ecology. With broad methodological and interpretive analysis of sites throughout the region, the essays range in topic from the enduring symbolism of shells for more than 5,000 years to the domesticated dog cemeteries of Spirit Hill in Jackson County, Alabama, and to the subsistence strategies of Confederate soldiers at the Florence Stockade in South Carolina.
Ultimately challenging traditional concepts of the roles animals have played in the social and economic development of southeastern cultures, this book is a groundbreaking and seminal archaeological study.
Southeast.
in western Rutherford County. Geophysical survey, shovel-testing, and unit and feature excavation were all completed during the seven-week field season. During the geophysical survey portion of the field school a number of large anomalies were located and a select number excavated. Feature 3
was chosen for further investigation. This rock-lined pit yielded carbonized plant materials, faunal remains, lithic flakes and a partial projectile point. Its location adjacent to a larger circular feature is also intriguing. Analysis of the remains from Feature 3 are used to identify the feature’s function at this Archaic Period habitation site.
gradiometry, frequency-domain electromagnetic-induction (EMI), and ground-penetrating radar was necessary to distinguish feature type. Ground-truthing the results via excavation proved the efficacy of this multi-method survey strategy and resulted in the identification of Archaic and Historic period features. Funding for this project was provided by the Tennessee Council for Professional Archaeology, Tennessee Historical Commission, and MTSU.
(RCARP). We collected data using Geometrics G-858 cesium vapor magnetometer, GSSI’s Pro ler EMP-400 multifrequency electromagnetic conductivity meter, and Sensor’s & Software’s pulseEKKO PRO GPR with 500 MHz antennas at a line spacing of 0.5 m and station spacing of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.025 m, respectively. The use of multiple methods was necessary to distinguish feature type. Negative apparent conductivity paired with strong
dipolar magnetic responses were indicative of historic metal artifacts. High magnetic susceptibility and strong magnetic gradient contrasts indicated probable Archaic pit and habitation features. A historic two track wagon road was identifi ed approximately 25 cm below the surface with both GPR and
magnetometry. Ground-truthing the results proved the e fficacy of this multi-method survey strategy and resulted in the identi cation of an Archaic rocklined earth oven, several large (over 1 m in diameter and 1 m in depth) pits, and a possible Archaic structure/living space footprint along with the historic
two-track road and metal artifacts.
One visually-striking archaeological facet of the Middle Cumberland River Valley is the densely deposited remains of freshwater shellfish that appear at Archaic sites throughout the region. These deposits span the period from approximately 6500 to 1000 BC, and comprise a regional manifestation of the cultural phase traditionally known as the Shell Mound Archaic. Recent survey and excavation efforts along with site file research have identified 22 sites within the Middle Cumberland Valley that exhibit intact Archaic shell-bearing components. An additional 59 sites in the region also exhibit a high probability for containing intact Archaic shell-bearing deposits, but require additional testing to determine their integrity.
The Archaic shell-bearing sites in the Middle Cumberland River Valley provide unique opportunities to examine research topics including how mid-Holocene occupants of the region adapted to changing environments, modified the natural landscape, and altered the local ecology both deliberately and indirectly. In addition, data preserved within these sites has the potential to address numerous research questions regarding settlement patterning, regional population density, social structure, initial plant domestication, the development of regional trade networks, and environmental change within the Middle Cumberland River Valley, and more broadly in the American Southeast, between approximately 6500 and 1000 BC. Because of this information potential, the archaic shell-bearing sites of the Middle Cumberland River Valley are worthy of acknowledgement, protection, and preservation under Criterion D of 36 CFR 60.4.
what we think we know about Archaic Period shell sites is not
sufficient to support such generalizations. By considering the full
range of site use and occupation via radiocarbon assays,
environmental reconstructions, and 100% samples, we develop a more complete understanding of the various activities that took
place at 40DV7 over several thousands of years, and the
implications this data provides for future research on shell‐bearing sites."
"
refuse, particularly when a carapace is not burnt or modified. In addition, diversity, abundance, and distribution of chelonian taxa varies throughout the southeastern United States, creating differential access for indigenous groups. Thus, multiple lines of evidence are needed from archaeological, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric records to successfully argue for the production and use of turtle shell rattles in the prehistoric southeastern United States. In this article, we present examples of turtle shell rattles in the southeastern United States to highlight their function and use by indigenous groups,
the construction process, and several common characteristics, or an object trait list, that can aid in the identification of fragmentary turtle shell rattle remains. Accurate functional identification of turtle remains is important for identifying turtle shell rattle artifacts and may be of interest to indigenous groups claiming cultural items under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA).
The purpose of the blog is to highlight research into ancient uses of shellfish across the Southeastern US. Currently the main focus of the blog is the MTSU Middle Cumberland Archaeology Project (MCAP). You can sign up to receive research alerts via email when new posts are added. Posts are sporadic throughout the academic year, but will be daily once the field season has begun in May.
This blog is maintained by Dr. Tanya M. Peres, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Middle Tennessee State University and Director of MTSU MCAP.
Paper presented in the symposium “In the Service of a Greater Good: Broader Applications of Zooarchaeology in the Era of Interdisciplinary Research.” 83rd Annual Meeting, of the Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.
In these essays, contributors describe an emergency riverbank survey of shell-bearing sites that were discovered, reopened, or damaged in the aftermath of recent flooding. Their studies of these sites feature stratigraphic analysis, radiocarbon dating, zooarchaeological data, and other interpretive methods. Other essays in the volume provide the first widely accessible summary of previous work on sites that have long been known. Contributors also address larger topics such as GIS analysis of settlement patterns, research biases, and current debates about the purpose of shell mounds.
This volume provides an enormous amount of valuable data from the abundant material record of a fascinating people, place, and time. It is a landmark synthesis that will improve our understanding of the individual communities and broader cultures that created shell mounds across the southeastern United States.
In these essays, contributors describe an emergency riverbank survey of shell-bearing sites that were discovered, reopened, or damaged in the aftermath of recent flooding. Their studies of these sites feature stratigraphic analysis, radiocarbon dating, zooarchaeological data, and other interpretive methods. Other essays in the volume provide the first widely accessible summary of previous work on sites that have long been known. Contributors also address larger topics such as GIS analysis of settlement patterns, research biases, and current debates about the purpose of shell mounds.
This volume provides an enormous amount of valuable data from the abundant material record of a fascinating people, place, and time. It is a landmark synthesis that will improve our understanding of the individual communities and broader cultures that created shell mounds across the southeastern United States.
level rise and coastal flooding being the two most often cited issues. However, damage caused by flooding of interior areas and
waterways has received less consideration. In this article, we present a case study of a collaborative emergency response to a significant
weather event and the ensuing impacts on archaeological resources. Our project, located in Middle Tennessee, documented severe erosion and subsequent anthropogenic disturbances to ancient Native American sites following massive flooding of the Cumberland River in 2010. While striving to mitigate this damage via the systematic collection of imperiled archaeological samples, we were also able to strengthen partnerships among professional archaeologists working in different arenas (academia, state and federal agencies) and the avocational archaeological community. As these types of weather-related events become more common, published case studies of response efforts will be crucial in archaeological site management, planning, and disaster response.
En tiempos recientes, el efecto del cambio climático y desastres naturales en el registro arqueología y patrimonio ha ganado mucha
atención, especialmente el aumento del nivel del mar y la inundación del litoral. La destrucción en la interior por cause de la inundación
fluvial ha recibido menos consideración. En este artículo, presentamos un caso involucrando un programa emergencia en respuesta a un
evento climático y subsecuentes impactos al registro arqueología. Nuestro proyecto, de 2010 en el valle de Río Cumberland de Medio
Tennessee, ha documentado erosión severa y cambios a sitios arqueológicos indígenas. Durante nuestros trabajos de rescate y
documentación, fortalecimos las relaciones entre arqueólogos académicos, estatales y federales y la comunidad. Viendo que estos tipos
de eventos de la clima están ocurriendo con más frecuencia, este modelo de estudio podría ser más importante en el manejo,
planificación y respuesta al desastre.
With such a rich and ancient history, one would think a published synthesis of archaeology along the Cumberland River would have occurred years ago. Unfortunately, primary data and site information are found mainly within the “grey literature” -- technical reports, state site files, and field notes -- and no synthesis, or attempt at a synthesis, exists. We offer this special guest-edited volume of Tennessee Archaeology as an effort to highlight the distinct archaeological record of the Middle Cumberland River valley and encourage future scholarship. In this Introduction we offer a description and definition of the Middle Cumberland River valley, a brief overview of the history of archaeology in the region, and highlight the current state of archaeological research and resource management addressed by the contributors to this volume.
You may also download an annotated PDF of this chapter here: https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/archaeology/documents/staffpubs/arch_Deter-Wolf%20and%20Peres%202019.pdf
Authors not found on Academia:
Torben Rick, Tim Denham, Jonathan Driver, Heather Thakar, Amber L. Johnson, R. Alan Covey, Jason Herrmann, Carrie Hritz, Catherine Kearns, Dan Lawrence, Michael Morrison, Robert J. Speakman, Martina L. Steffen, Keir M. Strickland, M. Cemre Ustunkaya, Jeremy Powell, Alexa Thornton.
Editors Tanya M. Peres and Aaron Deter-Wolf present a volume that moves beyond basic understandings, applying new methods or focusing on subjects not widely discussed in the Southeast to date. Chapters are arranged using the dominant research themes of feasting, social and political status, food security and persistent places, and foodways histories. Contributors provide in-depth examination of specific food topics such as bone marrow, turkey, Black Drink, bourbon, earth ovens, and hominy.
Contributors bring a broad range of expertise to the collection, resulting in an expansive look at all of the steps taken from field to table, including procurement, production, cooking, and consumption, all of which have embedded cultural meanings and traditions. The scope of the volume includes the diversity of research specialties brought to bear on the topic of foodways as well as the temporal and regional breadth and depth, the integration of multiple lines of evidence, and, in some cases, the reinvestigation of well-known sites with new questions and new data.
“This volume is an excellent resource on the foodways of the southeast and provides fascinating new data, as well as revisiting previously studied sites and analyses of foodways.”
—Renee B. Walker, coeditor of Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America
“Baking, Bourbon, and Black Drink is a collection of works elucidating—and in some instances integrating—many diverse aspects of diet and cuisines, written by authors who bring a broad range of expertise to the field of archaeology. It is a major contribution.”
—Gayle J. Fritz, professor of archaeology at Washington University in St. Louis
CONTRIBUTORS
Rachel V. Briggs / Stephen B. Carmody / Aaron Deter-Wolf / Thomas E. Emerson / Kandace D. Hollenbach / Megan C. Kassabaum / Scot Keith / Nicolas Laracuente / Kelly L. Ledford / Tanya M. Peres / Thomas J. Pluckhahn / Neill J. Wallis / Lauren A. Walls / Elic M. Weitzel
University of Alabama Press, August 2018
232 PAGES / 6 x 9 / 33 B&W FIGURES / 4 MAPS / 6 TABLES
ISBN 978-0-8173-1992-2 / HARDCOVER
ISBN 978-0-8173-9195-9 / EBOOK